How the mansard roof truss system works: an overview of structures for low-rise buildings. Construction of a mansard roof: differences in truss systems, installation stages, photo Video - Construction of a gable roof of a mansard type

How to build a mansard roof with your own hands. Stages of construction. Heater installation. Creation of a truss system. Construction technology.

After building the frame of the building, many want to save money and do the construction of a mansard roof with their own hands. However, in order for this process to go "without a hitch," you need to know all the nuances of installation at each stage.

Stages of work. Roof device. Types of roofing materials. Features of the truss system. Installation of lathing, waterproofing and insulation. Roof types. The correctness of the work.

Skylights

Use the entire possible area, give the house originality and significantly reduce heat loss through the roof - these are the tasks that the attic solves. If there is a certain margin of safety at the foundation, in this way you can turn cottage into two levels. It is also attractive that a do-it-yourself mansard roof can be built even without special building skills.

It is important not to make a mistake with the choice of materials and do everything according to the rules.

Windows in the usual floor are located in the walls. There are no or almost no walls in the attics. Roofing replaces them. That is why windows are made special: they not only have to let in enough light, but also withstand wind and snow loads, which are much more on the roof than on the walls.

When planning an attic, it is worth considering the recommendations of SNiP. They recommend that the window area be at least 10% of the floor area. So if the attic is divided into several rooms, each should have a window.

Of all the methods shown in the photo for arranging skylights with an attic, the inclined installation is the easiest to implement. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the proper degree of waterproofing of the junction, as well as to use special models with a reinforced frame and reinforced glass - the load on the surface can be significant.

Benefits of a sloped roof window:

more light, not so sharp borders of light and shadow;
the roof surface remains flat, its relief is not complicated;
relatively easy installation.

When planning such a window, it must be remembered that its area increases with an increase in the angle of inclination.

The width of the window frame should be 4-6 cm less than the pitch between the rafters. Then it can be easily installed without disturbing the structure of the frame. If the window is wider, it is necessary to make a reinforced beam above it, calculate the load.

If you need to have a larger window, it is easier to put two narrow ones side by side. They look no worse than one big one, and there will be fewer problems.

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Filimonov Evgeny

Professional builder. 20 years of experience

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When installing a dormer window, the geometry of the roof becomes more complicated: a valley appears on top and on the sides. Because of this, the truss system becomes more complex in both planning and assembly.

The complexity of laying roofing also increases. All valleys are the places of the most probable occurrence of leaks. That is why it is necessary to do everything very carefully. In regions with a lot of snow, it is advisable to install snow retainers above such windows: so that they are not blown away during a sharp descent.

The advantage of such a window: you can stand near it in full height. But they let in less light, the terrain becomes more difficult and the roof becomes more problematic.

A recessed window is usually used if an exit to a balcony is made through it. In other cases, this method of device is not the best option: little light enters, the shadows are very deep, which is tiring for the eye, the geometry also becomes more complicated, although not to the same extent as in the previous version.

The easiest way is to make a window in the end part of the attic. In this case, a reinforced frame or reinforced glass is not needed. Quite simply high-quality glasses are enough. This option is most often seen on country mansards: this is the most inexpensive option, which is easily implemented with your own hands.

truss system

At self construction private houses with an attic usually choose a sloping roof. It allows you to get a room of a significant area, larger than under the gable.

The design of the sloping mansard roof is such that the overhangs can be lowered quite low, giving the house an interesting look. But the long overhang of the roof is not only a decorative role. They also cover the upper part of the wall from precipitation and divert the bulk of the water away from the foundation. Although when planning, you need to keep in mind that in strong winds they increase the windage. Because of this, it is necessary to use more powerful boards and beams. Therefore, the size of the roof overhang is chosen based on several considerations, the main of which is weather conditions.

Tilt angle

It depends on the roofing material, but most of all - on the region and weather conditions. The classic version is shown in the figure: the lower slopes in relation to the plane of the attic floor are inclined by 60 °, the upper ones - by 30 °. Based on these data and the parameters of your building, all lengths can be calculated. Just keep in mind that according to SNiP, the ceiling height in the attic cannot be less than 2 m. Then, by definition, this is an attic. A person will feel comfortable if the ceiling is raised to a height of at least 2.2-2.3 m. Based on this, according to the rules of geometry, calculate the required lengths.

In the classic version, the load from precipitation on the side surfaces may not be taken into account. Precipitation can only be held on the upper part, the angle of inclination of which is less than 45 °.

In general, the slope of the side surfaces usually ranges between 45° and up to 80°. The steeper the slope, the greater the windage it has, this must be taken into account: in regions with strong winds, it is better to make flatter roofs. Then the wind loads will be perceived much better.

Types of rafter systems of broken roofs

For the manufacture of a sloping roof frame with their own hands, pine lumber is most often used, the grade is not lower than 2. The choice of the cross-section of timber and boards depends on the size of the roof, the selected roofing (its weight), wind and snow load in the region, the installation step of the rafters. All these parameters are taken into account in the calculation. The technique is prescribed in SNiP 2.08.01-89 and TCP 45-5.05-146-2009.

For a small-sized building, the roof frame can be generally simple: at the top there are two hanging rafter legs, a puff, floor beams, racks and side rafters

Modern people try to use the area of their home as efficiently as possible. Therefore, the proposal to equip additional space under the roof is always met with enthusiasm. It is much easier to plan the construction of an attic at the stage of building a house, but you can make an additional superstructure above the old building.

How to make an attic on an old house

The presence of an attic not only increases the living space, but also gives the building a colorful look.

Attic turns Vacation home in a fabulous building

An old house can be updated by building a superstructure in accordance with existing standards.

The attic superstructure begins with calculations of the strength of the old house

First you need to decide: can they withstand the load attic floor and new roof existing foundation and walls. If they have a sufficient margin of safety, then you can start remodeling the house. Otherwise, they should be strengthened.

old brick walls sometimes they seem strong, but with additional load, cracks may appear in the solution over time. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately consider their condition, and, if necessary, tie them with a rigid belt. This is done as follows:

metal poles with a section of 10x10 cm are inserted into the foundation with the lower edge, and connected with the armored belt of the first floor with the upper edge. Installed around the perimeter of the house every 2 meters;
metal fittings with a cross section of 12 mm are placed in strakes and tie the house along the walls: from the bottom of the window every 2 meters up;
a metal mesh with a cell size of 2x2 cm is laid on top of the reinforcement, which, after completion of all work, is covered with plaster.

Strengthening the foundation is carried out by tying with a reinforcing belt from all sides.

If the old foundation cannot withstand the attic, then it must be sheathed with reinforcement

Having decided on the strengthening of the building, you can proceed to the choice of the project of the future superstructure. It should look harmonious against the background of other buildings and match the style of the whole house.

The type of mansard roof will determine the calculation of the dimensions of the inner upper room and necessary materials for construction

There are several types of attics:

single-level with a gable roof - low ceilings with a small living space;
A single-level attic with a gable roof is the simplest type of superstructure for small buildings
single-level with a sloping gable roof - increased interior space, but serious costs and time for construction;
A single-level attic with a broken gable roof is usually built on a brick house
single-level with cantilever extensions - a complex structure that allows you to get even more area, since the attic frame extends beyond the building, and the windows are installed vertically;
A single-level attic with cantilever extensions allows you to get a lot of internal space by increasing the upper structure
multi-level with mixed roof support - used in the construction of a new house, built only by specialists.
A multi-level attic with a mixed roof support on old houses is usually not installed due to the complexity and large amount of work.

Video: converting half of the old roof into an attic - an easy way

Alteration of the roof under the attic is a relatively cheap way to increase living space. In a private house is usually placed pitched roof, so you can make an additional spacious and bright room with your own hands.

Internal wood paneling makes the attic warm and bright

And if the house is large enough in length, then the attic can turn into a real floor: with several rooms and even a balcony.

A large attic allows you to divide the area into different residential areas

Advantages of creating an attic:

the possibility of arranging one or more new living rooms;
Attic with low ceilings under a gable roof it is most convenient to furnish low sunbeds
low costs compared to the construction of a full-fledged floor or a side extension to the house;
renovation of the exterior of the building;
A house with an attic under construction always attracts the eyes of passers-by and is interested in the final result.
opportunity to observe beautiful view from the attic window.
A lot of sunlight comes through the windows in the attic, illuminating the room all day

However, this solution also has certain disadvantages that must also be taken into account:

the need for insulation and soundproofing of the ceiling and a new roof, the installation of several double-glazed windows;
the difficulty of conducting additional heating and lighting in the upper part of the old house - you will have to combine it with home wiring or use an autonomous connection;
To heat the attic with access to the balcony, you can use a potbelly stove
layout of a part of the home space under the stairs leading to the attic;
The stairs leading to the attic must be fenced for safety.
the need to purchase special furniture for a sloping roof or purchase squat models: low cabinets, sofas and tables.
Low furniture is best suited for attic interiors

The presence of sloping walls makes the room unusual and romantic, but with this decision you will have to take a more responsible approach to design development. You can make furniture for an inclined superstructure yourself or assemble a single complex from existing multi-level models, painting everything in one color.

Furniture that repeats the slope of the attic can be made independently

So, the main disadvantage of reworking attic space under the attic is the need for investment, but it's worth it.

Building an attic will cost much less than creating an additional floor, regardless of what materials will be used to build the walls. Indeed, to create them, you will need the main material, insulation and decoration, while for the attic superstructure you only need roof insulation and a new truss system.

The superstructure is made in a symmetrical or asymmetrical shape. Internal walls are designed both inclined and vertical.

Having studied the schemes of single-level attics with different types of roofs, it is easier to make a choice when planning

Alteration of the attic into an attic does not require the dismantling of all existing structures. But you need to make sure that the ceiling is reliable: check its condition, reinforce it with wooden or metal beams, sheathe it with a new board. Then it will be able to withstand the weight of furniture and people.

For frequent climbing to the attic, you will need to make a comfortable staircase, provide for the installation of ventilation, natural and artificial lighting, and perform interior decoration - all this will create a cozy and comfortable room.

The sloping roof superstructure, decorated in light colors, visually enlarges the space, while splashes of color add brightness to the interior.

When building an attic floor, the following conditions must be met:

rafters are made of glued timber with a thickness of at least 250 mm so that the required amount of insulation can be laid;
foamed polystyrene is used for insulation due to its low weight and high thermal insulation characteristics;
between insulation and roofing material a gap is left to allow natural ventilation;
a hydro- and sound-proof layer must be laid.

Alteration of the roof under the attic do it yourself

During the construction of a house, there is usually not enough money, so many refuse to build a second floor. Or another situation may arise when an old one-story house is purchased along with the site small area. In both cases there is affordable option increasing space for living - do-it-yourself restructuring of the attic space into an attic.

Create a project

Before starting work, you need to draw up a plan and develop a project with accurate drawings. The correct calculation will allow you to get a cozy, durable and reliable room. You can perform all the calculations yourself or entrust it to specialists.

You can draw a plan and develop a draft design yourself by studying different variants in the Internet

Reinforcement of walls and foundations may be necessary in case of complete replacement rafters. If the roof is partially redone, then reinforcement may be needed only for overlapping. You also need to immediately decide what types of windows will be used in the attic: the reinforcement in the truss system will depend on this.

The location of all windows in the attic roof must be thought out in advance and this data entered into the project plan

truss system

Rafters can be layered or hanging. The former rest on the inner walls of the house or additional supports, and the latter on the outer walls.

In the attic, layered and hanging rafters are used.

Hanging rafters are best suited for the attic.

Attic with hanging rafters looks prettier and wins in the size of the internal area

The attic usually occupies the entire space of the attic, and its walls are combined with the outer ones.

The best option for creating an attic is a layered truss system.

The rafter system consists of different load-bearing bars. To understand the structure of the entire structure and build it correctly, you need to understand the purpose and operation of its individual elements.

Image individual elements truss system helps to understand the device of the whole structure

Refurbishment of the premises

With a sufficient height of the attic, the truss system does not need to be redone. It is enough to inspect the old rafters, identify possible flaws and eliminate them.

If the truss system is in good condition, you can proceed to the arrangement of the floor. Insulation is first laid between the lags, after which the surface is sheathed ordinary boards or sheets of OSB, chipboard.

The floor in the attic is insulated and covered with boards

Before laying the insulation, all necessary communications are mounted between the rafters, places are cut in the roof for installing windows. carried out before warming.

All wires and pipes of communications must be placed in special corrugations

Care must be taken to create natural ventilation of the under-roof space through the vents so that moisture does not accumulate inside the room.

Roof insulation

It is necessary to insulate the roof correctly and efficiently - the microclimate under the roof will depend on this. Typically, mineral wool, polystyrene foam or sprayed polyurethane foam is used as insulation.

A thick layer of heat insulator is tightly laid and fixed between the rafters so that there are no gaps or gaps anywhere. On the upper part of the roof - between the roof and the insulation - waterproofing is mounted, then it is laid thermal insulation material from the side of the room. Then from the inside the insulation is covered with a vapor barrier film.

For better ventilation a small distance is left between the roofing material and the insulation: this is how air circulates through the holes in the cornice and ridge. If the roof is covered with corrugated sheets, then the thickness of the gap should be 25 mm, if with flat material, then it should be increased to 50 mm.

When creating attic thermal insulation, it is necessary to strictly observe the sequence of layers

When planning an ascent to the attic, you need to take care of the convenience and safety of movement. Therefore, the ladder is usually mounted inside the house. It is constructed from wood or metal: it can be either a screw or a marching structure.

The stairs to the attic can be different kind and design, which allows it to fit into any interior

An opening is cut in the ceiling of the first floor, which is reinforced along the perimeter with metal or wooden strapping.

The design of the stairs to the attic must be durable, reliable, safe and beautiful.

Interior decoration

For wall cladding, in most cases, gypsum boards are used, the seams between them are plastered. Wallpaper is glued on top or superimposed decorative plaster. An alternative option is lining or natural wood.

If some rafters protrude through the walls into the attic, then they can be designed as decorative elements and even use it as a horizontal bar for hanging a hammock, swing, chandelier and other fixtures.

The design of the visible parts of the rafters in the interior of the attic is an interesting and creative business.

Use heavy Decoration Materials in the attic is not recommended, as they increase the load on the walls, ceiling and foundation of the building.

There are many options interior decoration attic, but it is advisable to use only light materials

To cover the floor, you can use a laminate or linoleum, and it is better to refuse tiles or porcelain stoneware.

Roof of the attic floor

The roof of a residential superstructure should consist of the following layers (in order - from the street to the interior):

Video: why and how to properly lay layers on the roof of the attic

Mansard roof calculations for a house

Determination of the total weight of the roof

To calculate the total weight of roofing materials, it is necessary specific gravity multiply one square meter of coverage by total area mansard roof. To obtain the weight of one square meter, it is necessary to add up the specific gravity of all the materials that make up the roofing cake, and multiply it by the safety factor (1.1).

If the thickness of the crate is 25 mm, then its specific gravity is 15 kg / m 2, a 10 cm thick insulation has a specific gravity of 10 kg / m 2, and ondulin roofing material has a weight of 3 kg / m 2. It turns out: (15 + 10 + 3) x1.1 \u003d 30.8 kg / m 2.

According to existing standards, the load on the ceiling in a residential building should not exceed 50 kg / m 2.

Roof area determination

To calculate the surface of a sloping roof, you need to break it into simple shapes (square, rectangle, trapezium, etc.) and determine their area, and then add everything up. To define a surface gable roof you need to multiply the length by the width, the resulting value is multiplied by two.

Table: determination of the attic roof area

When calculating the angle of inclination, the climatic zone in which the house is located is taken into account, and that it is convenient to move in the attic in full growth

It is also necessary to calculate the slope of the roof. Usually the angle is 45–60 degrees, but when determining it, one must take into account the climatic zone in which the house is located, the type of attic construction, snow, wind loads, and the architectural design of the house.

The greater the angle of inclination of the roof, the less will be the load on the truss system, but the consumption of materials will increase.

Calculation of the truss system

When choosing a truss system, you can stop at the following options:

hanging rafters;
oblique type;
skating run;
combined design.

If the length of the roof is more than 4.5 m, then support runs and struts can be used for reinforcement. With a length of more than 7 meters, a ridge beam is installed.

For wooden rafters, a bar with a thickness of at least 70 mm is used. The step of their installation should be 50 cm.

On a large area, it is better to fix a metal truss system: due to the increase in the distance between the rafters, the absence of spacers and struts, the weight of such a structure will be less than that of a wooden one, and the strength will increase significantly.

If the attic area is large, then it is better to install metal rafters

Calculation of the required amount of materials

To carry out the calculation, you need to know the following parameters:

width, thickness and pitch of the rafters;
distance from the edge of the roof to the rafters;
the size of the boards for the crate and the step between them;
size, type of roofing material and overlap between its sheets;
type of steam, hydro and thermal insulation material.

The roof is divided into simple shapes and the required amount of each of the materials is determined. For this, simple mathematical formulas are used.

The results obtained are converted into standard values: for wood - in cubic meters, for roofing materials, steam, hydro and thermal insulation - in square meters. And you can go to the store.

Common Mistakes

Most often when independent calculation errors are obtained during the determination of the required amount of insulation. If a climatic conditions severe, then its volume will have to be increased, otherwise it will not work to create in the attic comfortable conditions residence. The insulation is laid on the floor of the house, the walls of the gable and the slopes of the roof. But everywhere the thickness of the insulation can be different.

Video: calculation of a mansard roof with diagrams and loads

The attic floor allows you to get additional living space and gives the private house a modern attractive appearance. It is not difficult to create an attic with your own hands, you just need to correctly draw up a project, perform calculations and carry out quality installation all materials. And the result will please the owners for a long time.

The attic device allows you to expand the usable space of the house. A structure with a high roof slope will look solid, and its construction will require less effort than the construction of a two-story building. The article will discuss how to make a mansard roof at home with your own hands.

Varieties of roof structures and roofs

How to make a mansard roof at home depends primarily on the intended design of the roof.

There are 2 types of roof for the organization of the attic:

Standard double slope. The roof structure has 2 inclined slopes. The pediments in this case are triangular.
broken roof. Both slopes in this design are divided into 2 more. The gables have a pentagonal shape.

How to make a mansard roof

Device gable roof much easier. But it should be understood that the attic in this design will come out small and with low ceilings. Therefore, to complete the task, a sloping roof with a slope angle of 40 to 45 degrees is preferable. And the smaller the slope, the larger the attic room will turn out. But in this case, additional strengthening of the structure is necessary, adjacent beams between the rafters.

There are 2 types of roof structures:

Layered structures. In this case, only the outer walls serve as a support for the rafters.
Hanging structures. In them, additional strength is given due to the capital partitions on which the rafters rest.

The layered version can be implemented if there are no such partitions. But in this case, the load-bearing walls will have a very high load. Therefore, it is allowed to install layered structures only if the distance between the main walls is not more than 8 meters. If this is not the case, then it is preferable to organize hanging truss systems.

How to build a mansard-type roof with a broken slope? For this purpose, combined types of structures are mainly installed. In them, the upper rafters are mounted in a hanging manner, the rest - in a layered manner. This design is the most rational for buildings with a small roof slope.

To organize an attic room with ceilings of 2.5 meters, you need to make a roof with a height of 3.1 meters to a break. The preferred design slope is 60 and 30 degrees. At the top of the rafters, angles from 15 to 45 degrees are possible.

Do-it-yourself Mauerlat installation

Mauerlat in construction is the lower roof support, which is installed on top of the load-bearing outer walls. It allows you to support the roof structure, taking on a certain part of the load. Let's figure out how to make a mansard roof yourself.

To organize a gable structure, it is necessary to fix the Mauerlat on both sides of the building where the rafters are located. In this case, the load from the roof will be distributed over the surface of the walls. If the roof structure is relatively light, then it is possible to install a power plate under the rafter legs. In other cases, it is placed around the entire perimeter of the walls.

It is necessary to prepare a beam of coniferous wood, which will be used for the manufacture of Mauerlat. It is recommended to apply a waterproofing layer on the material. Roofing felt or bitumen are great for the task.

For do-it-yourself installation of a mansard roof to the base, threaded studs are used, designed for a wide washer. In its design, you need to make holes corresponding to the size of the mount. The drilling step should not exceed 2 meters.

Now consider the option of how to make an attic roof with your own hands, if the house is brick. Wooden plugs are used to install the Mauerlat on brick walls. It is advisable to leave pockets in the masonry - special gaps for laying the structure. In this case, the installation procedure will be easier. AT brickwork you can place a wire rod, to which it will be possible to screw the Mauerlat to the base without any problems. If you plan to build a house from concrete slabs or aerated concrete, it is necessary to install an armored belt with metal studs. Moreover, their length should be such that it is enough to install the Mauerlat, followed by tightening with a lock nut.

AT wooden structures it is possible to replace the standard support with a beam or an upper log of a log house. This is another way to properly make a mansard roof.

Installation of runs and struts

Runs - additional horizontal beams designed to strengthen the structure.

Types of runs:

Side. Such runs are placed along the entire slope of the roof. Their number depends on the surface area, as well as its slope.
Skate. Used as a support for the top of the rafters. Ridge runs do not have to be used for broken roofs.

Instructions for the construction of a mansard roof with your own hands step by step:

The first step is laying the Mauerlat.
Then you need to place a temporary flooring on the roof so that it is convenient to move along it.
Now the installation of a U-shaped frame of racks, crossbars and girders is underway.
When the frame is completed, 50x150 mm rafters must be laid on it. Struts will add rigidity to the structure.

Installation of rafter legs

There are 2 types of fastening rafters:

sliding(it is also called hinged). It provides for the so-called sled in the mount, along which the rafters move along the Mauerlat. It is suitable for the possibility of settling at home.
Rigid. In this case, staples with bolts or wire with nails are used for connection.

The option of how to properly make an attic with a sliding mount demonstrates greater reliability, since it takes into account the mobility of the roof elements when the soil subsides. Sliding mount will be useful during construction wooden house, for which shrinkage is possible. It will help the roof "adjust" to the movement of the building.

How to build a roof correctly

Recommendation: to understand the location of the upper rafters, it is worth making a temporary rack of bars. It is fixed on the Mauerlat so that its top is located along the center line of the roof. This design will be a hint when aligning the upper rafters, which will greatly facilitate the task.

It is necessary to make the upper part of the Mauerlat bevelled. It is advisable to pre-make thinner boards. Then it must be attached to the run and circle its contours. And already according to the received form, drink it down. This approach will allow you to do the job more accurately. Now you know how to build a mansard roof with your own hands.

The attic in the room not only provides additional living space, but also creates a cozy atmosphere, ennobles the general appearance of the building. Due to the fact that an "air cushion" is created, the presence of an attic ensures the preservation of heat inside the most capital premises, despite the fact that it can be used by residents only in the hot season, and not heated in the cold. When constructing an additional room, it must be borne in mind that the attic can be made, however, independent work may be complicated by the complexity of the design and its size, so it is better to turn to the services of a professional.

Roof modifications are varied, but the most commonly used are gable or broken modification. They differ in their organization. Before you make a mansard roof at home with your own hands, you should decide which of the two modifications is more preferable for a particular house, and also easier to install in a particular case, you need to study the features of both structures. When building an attic, it is necessary to understand which type of reference reception to prefer from the two available. The roof of any building is one of two variations truss systems, or layered construction, or hanging. Both of these structures have their own characteristics, their choice depends on the placement of the load-bearing wall of the building.

Top hanging device type

This name is given to the organization of rafters, the base for which are only the extreme base walls of the building. This model is used if the building has no other capital floors other than external walls. The use of this design is permissible, taking into account that the distance between both capital foundations does not exceed eight meters, the reason for this is a noticeable weight on the base load-bearing structures. As you understand, this load should be reduced. To do this, you can use the following devices:

struts;
crossbars;
grandmas;
puffs.

Beams that are used, for example, for overlapping are pulled by means of braces to the supporting legs, and the puff is suspended by the headstock to the upper knot. For overlapping in this type of structure, hewn logs or wide beams placed on the edge are used. The profile must be at least 100 by 200 mm. In order to comply with the required dimensions, it is recommended to contact a specialist to perform all calculations, the floor in the attic room must be reliable.

Type of layered structure

Unlike the previous scheme, the structure is mounted not only on both supporting external walls, but also on solid ceilings placed on the base. Therefore, before you build a mansard roof with your own hands, you need to plan in advance the construction of the attic itself, namely, the foundation. In the event that the base is made tape, on which it is already planned to raise the load-bearing partitions, then the layered system is the best option. In this case, the structure withstands impressive loads and has an advantage over the hanging scheme in this regard, in addition, it provides a powerful base for the logs and deck of the building. Thanks to the base floors, the layered structure has additional support. When the builder chooses a broken roofing option for the attic, a mixed roof organization system can be used, in which the side rafters are of a layered system, and the upper ones are by a hanging method.

When building a building from blocks or bricks, often the front of the attic is built from the same material. The main plus is that the builder does not need to calculate the dimensions of the top elements, assemble them and move them to the wall. However, it must be remembered that a do-it-yourself mansard roof involves a preliminary carefully designed structure scheme. With such a scheme, the foundation must be strong and the thickness of the walls is appropriate, since with such a pediment there is a huge weight on the base building.

Let's take a look at this situation. You decide to use the attic as part of your living space, what will it take. First, decide how you want to use it. If it is year-round and as a living room, then the most acceptable option for you will be the front wall lined with brick or foam blocks. To provide optimal height attic room under a gable roof, the slopes must be made at an angle of 45-50 degrees, based on the width of the end of the building. With a smaller angle, the living space of the room is significantly reduced. In order to avoid building an unreasonably high roof, which will lead to overspending of materials, weighting of the structure and significant windage of the roof in strong winds, it is not recommended to increase the steepness of the slopes.

The construction of a gable roof is more simplified than that of a broken structure, due to the use of even rafters from the top to the edge of the walls, and the absence of additional joints and kinks. But a broken device has its advantages, it allows you to organize high ceilings in this part of the home and a spacious room. Installation of a broken system is much more difficult in all respects: in design, in laying roofing, in execution, but in this case the building receives external solidity, and a significant space is formed under the roof. Complicates the installation of a broken structure a large number connecting nodes, it is necessary to perform all the ligaments in accordance with the rules, only in this case the whole structure will be reliable and immovable.

This design provides for a significant number of complex articulations of the components. In that circumstance, if the building is made of brick or stone, then the front parts can be erected in advance, as in the original version of the attic, during the main masonry. To create a support system in this case, it is necessary to organize intermediate supports and retaining connections to them, focusing on the gables already made. Before you implement your idea, you need to prepare. To build a mansard roof with your own hands, project drawings of the entire structure are required. They should be developed in advance, they should display the dimensions, and only after that it is necessary to organize the purchase of materials for the selected building from the above scheme.

Design dimensions for the gable top of the attic

In order to correctly position all the elements in the overall model, it is necessary to take a figure with right angles as a starting point, for example, from a square or rectangle - the profile created by the attic room. Taking as a basis the parameters of the height and width of the room, it is almost impossible to make a mistake in the meaning of the angles at which the slopes of the top, all retaining elements, rafters and the location of the top will be located. After calculating these parameters, you must immediately transfer the digital data to the drawing. At the very beginning, the middle of the width of the front wall is determined. Taking this value as a basis, it is necessary to determine the height of the ridge, ceiling attic space, dimensions of the overhang of the cornice and the placement of the base-walls.

Any of the designs implies the necessary volume of connecting joints, of various modifications, therefore, each bundle must be drawn separately in order to see in detail the connections of all nodes that converge at a point.

Each basic scheme contains the main links and additional, optional in a number of designs. The main components of the attic roof are:

floor logs are the basis for other elements of the truss structure, they are mounted on the supporting walls of the building;
the supporting leg, which is straight with a gable roof, and in a broken pattern formed from two components. With such a scheme, the upper support is called the ridge, as it forms the upper point of the roof - the ridge, the walls of the attic are formed by rafters, which are called side;
a sleeper or ridge board is an indispensable element of a gable roof, an exception can sometimes be, for example, when a broken structure is installed;
the mauerlat is attached to the base side walls of the building and is a powerful legel on which the supporting legs are mounted;
to strengthen both the gable and the broken structure, supporting elements are needed - racks. With a broken pattern, side and upper supports are attached, and when constructing a gable roof, the rack is the basis for sheathing and insulating the walls of the room;
bevels or connecting diagonal parts auxiliaryly fasten the longitudinal beams or posts and supports, thus, the structure is more monolithic.
Attic floor beams are designed to connect racks. They are considered the main basis in the attics of all types.
in the broken structure of the top, inter-rafter runs are provided, which are needed to give the structure hardness.

In order to be sure that the created plan is carried out correctly, it is recommended to consult with an expert. He will be able to check how correctly all the indicators of the entire building are calculated. Also, there are various training systems not for professionals, developed for advisory purposes, you can familiarize yourself with them by watching the video of a do-it-yourself mansard roof step by step on our website.

After preparing the drawing, based on the dimensions fixed in it, you can begin to calculate the amount of materials that are needed for work. The choice of materials should be based on the requirements of environmental friendliness and fire fighting equipment. Wooden elements must be treated with special impregnations to reduce the combustibility of the material. For the construction of the structure, it will be necessary to purchase:

a tree for supporting legs, the profile is selected based on calculations;
depending on the selected support system, the crossbar, which has a profile of either 100 by 15 mm, or 150 by 200 mm, in addition, the distance between the main wall structures must be taken into account;
for rolling the Mauerlat, a sleeper with a profile of 100 by 150 or 150 by 150 mm is purchased;
logs for racks 100 by 100 or 150 by 150 mm;
the deck of the subfloor is made of unedged boards, in addition, it will be needed for a number of fasteners;
it is necessary to purchase various mounting hardware and a sheet of metal for cutting overlays with a thickness of at least 1 mm;

Surely, sooner or later, every owner of a private house comes up with the idea of arranging an attic roof - the so-called attic. It allows you to expand the space of the building, thereby preserving the treasured meters of the site itself. In addition, if you show a little imagination in the construction and decoration of this part of the house, then a non-standard and attractive look will delight not only guests, but also ordinary passers-by. You can learn how to competently combine all the requirements for the safety of construction and an individual design plan from this article.

What it is?

Many people associate the image of the attic with the bohemian creative life of Paris, whose representatives - writers, musicians and artists - lived on the topmost dimly lit and unheated floors. In the literal sense, these were utility rooms that the poor could only afford.

Today, the presence and design of the mansard roof speaks of the wealth and sense of taste of the owner. The architectural geometry of the roof, unusual combinations of window openings and balconies will not only highlight a private house among others, but also functionally increase the living space, eliminating the cost of another floor.

Also, the room can affect the reduction of heat loss of the building. Officially, according to all standards, the attic must have a height of at least 2.5 m from the floor level, otherwise it will be considered an attic.

When building a mansard roof in Russia, one should remember about the peculiarities of natural conditions - rather frosty winters with frequent temperature changes require special attention to the quality of insulation of the attic room.

Device Features

The design features of the attic oblige to adhere to some rules:

soundproofing;
reliable insulation and vapor barrier;
no stretch marks and bevels;
ventilation gap;
functional and aesthetic combination with the overall exterior of the house.

At the same time, compliance with all the rules does not limit the choice of options for all kinds of designs of the structure itself: single-pitched, double-pitched, sloping, two-level, conical roofs, with or without a balcony, mid-pivot or balcony skylights. Lots of variations. For reliability and safety, it is important to choose the type of roof, calculate the dimensions, the amount of insulation and roofing materials.

Comfortable living in the attic directly depends on thermal insulation which will allow you to enjoy a slight coolness in summer and keep warm in winter. Consider the method of laying the "pie" of the attic roof, which will serve not only as a heater and the base of the roof, but also as protection against all surfaces inside the attic floor - the ceiling, floor and walls. It is important to first draw up an attic plan with all communications and an indication of the thermal conductivity of the materials from which the building and load-bearing coatings were erected. Only after this is the selection and calculation of the insulation made.

Particular attention should be paid to the indispensable presence and exact sequence of each layer of the "pie" of attic insulation:

vapor barrier layer;
insulation;
ventilation gap;
waterproofing material;
roofing.

In this list, the layer of insulation and ventilation are especially important. The following materials can be used as a heater.

Styrofoam

A modern demanded material with a low density, but at the same time high strength. Differs in soundproofing, does not give in to corrosion and does not attract dust. However, a significant disadvantage is the high flammability and the release of toxic substances. If we dwell on this insulation, then the foam layer must be protected by at least 3 cm of a fire-retardant structure, for example, with a two-layer drywall. In addition, the foam is susceptible to the influence of rodents.

Mineral wool

The most common material for attic insulation. Among its characteristic features are resistance to temperature extremes, fire safety, high sound and heat insulation, harmlessness from an environmental point of view. It can be purchased in the form of a roll, plate or mat. The latter is recommended as an attic insulation. The material certainly needs good ventilation.

polyurethane foam

The main advantages are durability, long-term use, not susceptible to moisture, mold, suitable for any surface, non-toxic. But behind all the advantages lies the high cost and the work of exclusively specialists with equipment.

It must be remembered that the thickness of the insulation layer is determined depending on the climatic zone.

To insulate the attic you will need:

waterproofing film;
insulation material;
vapor barrier;
mounting tape;
cord (nylon);
nails;
a hammer;
pliers;
sharp knife.

The thermal insulation of a room is directly related to the quality, type and size skylights, their structures are usually placed between the roof rafters in order to avoid costly reconstructions. Therefore, in choosing it is important to focus on the available dimensions. Among other things, you need to take into account the height of the slopes, the total area and purpose of the room.

standard sizes roof windows are considered to be 78x118, 78x140, 78x160 cm and more enlarged - 94x140, 114x118 and 114x140 cm.

In the event that the rafters are installed closer than the established frame standards, it is likely that a custom-made window will be required, which, of course, will affect costs.

According to the way of opening roof windows are divided into:

mid-turn structures;
with side axle
raised axis of rotation;
with bottom axle
the combined axis allowing to turn a leaf on 180º.

The most popular option among Russian summer residents is with a central axis of rotation. As advantages - ease of use (such windows are easy to clean).

Remote-controlled windows are a separate variety, which will be convenient if the location does not allow you to reach them on your own. Often equipped with rain sensors.

Depending on the model, several types of windows can be distinguished.

Vertical. They are mounted in a special so-called attic "birdhouse", because of which you have to slightly change the roof structure. However, they guarantee a large amount of light.

Balcony attic. They are two wings, when opened, one rises, the lower one moves forward, forming a miniature parapet. Just like the previous model, they require a lot of money.

It should be noted that if possible bearing walls you can also make a hanging balcony, which can be located either on columns serving and decorating in front of the entrance, or you can move the pediment (part of the end wall between the roof slopes and the cornice) of the attic floor from the bearing wall, and make the roof of the ledge by continuing the roof to the level of the outer walls.

Extensions. Decorative window tops. They fit perfectly into the design and most often have a round, semicircular or triangular shape.

Light tunnel. It combines a reflective tunnel into the room and a plafond already directly in the room itself, which evenly scatters light.

Cornice models. They are located at a right angle in the gap between the wall with the roof.

Glazed bay window. A rather exotic and costly glazing model. The structure extends beyond the plane of the wall.

Leading Russian manufacturers of high-quality roof windows are Velux, Fakro, Roto. Velux models are slightly more expensive. For example, a window measuring 78 cm will cost 21-24 thousand rubles, wider - from 26 thousand.

Also, do not forget about some additional useful accessories:

blackout curtains;
roller shutters, blinds;
heat-absorbing nets;
mosquito nets.

According to the established norms, the glazed area should be at least 10% of the floor area.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of the attic floor can rightly be considered:

Profitability. The attic allows you to reduce the cost of heating the room. The air space between the floor and ceiling of the attic does not allow the generated heat to escape through the roof. The low thermal conductivity of the air allows more heat to be stored on the ground floor.
The savings on the completion of another floor or an increase in living space due to the expansion of the foundation are also obvious. The attic allows minimal cost gain constructive additional space.
aesthetic appeal. Undoubtedly, the attic with the complexity and expressiveness of the roof gives the building a harmonious, architectural and finished look.
Construction speed. Such an extension will not last for several years, as is often the case with the expansion of the foundation. Installation can be completed within a week.

In addition to the advantages, there are also disadvantages.

Savings on heating and replacing the second floor with an attic in the future will result in a pretty penny. The room provides for the installation of specialized windows, which are much more expensive than ordinary ones.
Sloped ceilings reduce the height of the walls.

The vulnerability of the structure is due to the fact that the attic takes on all the main "impacts" of nature, and therefore needs increased attention and periodic inspection. If it is necessary to repair or replace the insulation, damage to the finish along with the vapor barrier cannot be avoided.
A complex coal roof leads to the formation of difficult-to-ventilate areas, which negatively affects the quality of the coating.
Individual requirements for hydro- and thermal insulation.

Problems that can be encountered during the construction of the attic:

Undoubtedly, the ideal option for the attic would be to include it in the project drawing even before the start. construction works at home. But often the idea of an attic comes with the need to expand the usable living space after a certain period of use. In this case, one has to deal with the choice of the type of construction. There are such types of mansard roofs.

Shed

The usual uncomplicated attic with one corner of the roof and one full wall, which allows you to expand the area. The most successful angle of inclination in this variant is in the region of 35°-45°. Otherwise, it may lead to the accumulation of a large amount of snow. The slope is located on the windy side. window frames at the same time, it can be placed both on an inclined roofing surface and on the main vertical wall. However, this design is not used so often, because due to the norms of wall heights of more than 2.5 m, the slope turns out to be very steep. And this requires strengthening the frame of the rafters and, therefore, extra costs. However, such a roof looks rather non-standard.

gable

more rational and best option due to the uniform rise of the ceiling, in contrast to the shed model. Two roof slopes are located at the same angle to the walls. For a rational distribution of space, 45 ° is enough. It is also divided into subspecies: symmetrical with a ridge above the middle of the house and asymmetrical with a shift from the center. The pediments in this version are straight, and the room takes the form of a trapezoid. Such an attic can be equipped with a balcony at the end, and the design of the structure itself allows you to get rid of the “cubism” typical for a house. However, this also seems to be a significant disadvantage, limiting the area of the attic space on the sides. As an exit, you can provide this space for pantries or cabinets.

broken line

The most common type in the construction of the attic without the involvement of specialists. In fact, the same gable structure, but built from two parts located under different slopes. The advantage of a broken shape can be considered the ability to avoid the formation of uninhabitable "dead" zones at the junction of walls and ceiling, as in a gable structure. By reducing the angle of inclination, the height of the walls increases. And the presence of two slopes allows you to reduce the load on the roof.

When choosing this option, it is important to pay attention to the special tipping truss system.

With remote consoles

This design provides for the displacement of the vertical wall of the attic to the edge of the facade of the house or beyond. This feature allows you to significantly expand the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. The rafters are reinforced with struts and rest on floor beams that protrude beyond the load-bearing walls. The vertical wall provides a flight of fancy in the choice of window design.

Two-level

This type of attic is designed exclusively together with the dwelling and is considered the most complex structure. It consists of several rooms at different levels and is not some separate part buildings, but a full-fledged room in the structure of the whole house. With this design, it turns out not a one-story attic, but two additional mini-floors. Particular attention should be paid to the preliminary calculation of the load on the walls and truss system.

Multi-gable roof

The intricacy of the design is expressed in a whole complex of angular protrusions. The non-standard appearance, the strength of the truss structure and the absence of accumulation of precipitation are priority over the difficulties of design and increase in calculations. However, such characteristics require the work of exclusively specialized personnel. And the cost of such a mansard roof significantly exceeds the prices of other types of structures.

Four-slope

This design of the roof of the house is considered the most attractive. In addition, it is very convenient to maintain - precipitation almost does not accumulate on it, and due to the inclined design, the wind does not carry a large load, as a result of which such a roof will last longer. However, during construction, you will have to significantly spend money on warming such an attic. But there will not be so much usable living space due to the sloping ceiling on all four sides.

hip

They are a typical version of a four-pitched type of roof. A comfortable and spacious space is obtained by increasing the area of the two facade slopes of the house, made in the form of a trapezoid. Hips are also called slopes from the end of the building in the form of triangles. The semi-hip construction is a slope that does not reach from the ridge to the eaves. This type of roof is used infrequently, since the truss system is one of the most expensive and complex.

Shatrovaya

Suitable option for a square house. The roof in this design is the slopes of the same parameters and requires arrangement by specialists. Among the options are 4 or more slopes, in the form of a dome or pyramid.

Asymmetrical

It turns out as a result of lengthening one of the surfaces of the roof. Such an attic looks both outside and inside very non-standard. Behind the seemingly simple roof displacement lies a detailed calculation of the load parameters for each wall. Living space in such a room will be unevenly distributed depending on the side and angle of the roof.

With "cuckoo"

"Cuckoos" in this case are called small protrusions in the shape of a triangle, where windows are most often located. Moreover, on one slope there may be several such structures with individual truss systems. The shape of the structure can be completely different, both one- and four-slope.

L-shaped

Quite an inexpensive option for a roof with a non-standard look. Most often, two gable roofs are used for this, docking with each other at a right angle, which is the most difficult structural unit. Of course, such models are mainly used in buildings of a similar shape.

Having listed the main forms of attic structures, it should be added that combinations of such roofs are also possible. Let's say a lean-to can be erected as a broken line. The most important thing in this case is to comply with all operational and design requirements during construction.

Shapes and sizes

The construction of the attic floor also has variability in terms of the embodiment of various architectural forms of the room itself. The geometry of the attic room can be triangular or broken, cubic or L-shaped, symmetrical or asymmetric, one-story or two-level, occupy the entire space of the house, only partly or even outside the load-bearing walls supported by columns. Lots of alternatives. A complex design involves the correct calculations of dimensions and the preparation of a construction plan.

Calculating the exact parameters of the attic floor area involves a number of preliminary calculations. To draw up a project, it is required to schematically divide the space into simple geometric shapes: trapezoids, rectangles, parallelograms, squares, triangles, and after calculating the area of each of them, add the results. This principle applies to almost all attic structures. And if all the height standards (at least 2.5 m) of the attic are met, then the floor area should be at least 16 m².

It should be noted that in addition to the established height parameters, where such calculations are possible, there are attics of other sizes:

attic in the range from 0.8 to 1.5 m;
semi-attic less than 0.8 m.

In such cases, or when the slope of the roof is quite significant, the following formula is applied:

P \u003d AxL + 2Bx0.7L

P \u003d L (A + 1.4B),

where P is the area;

L - the length of the attic plane;

A - floor width for walls above 1.1 m;

B - floor width for walls above 0.8 m.

The usable living area is calculated from the points on the ceiling, located 90 cm perpendicular to the floor. The rest is considered a "dead" zone.

Such formulas allow both to calculate the strength and weight of the structure, and to determine the amount and type of material used.

Thanks to modern technologies today it is quite possible to carry out calculations of the parameters of the mansard roof online. To do this, you will need to enter data on the type of attic, the scheme of the truss frame, the material of the roof and insulation.

truss system

The converted truss system is the key difference between mansard roofs and others. This already heavy structure can withstand the weight of the roof, floor beams, the load of the attic floor, and precipitation. Therefore, only one that is made in compliance with all requirements can be considered a reliable and durable system.

One of the basic rules is that the system should provide for an even distribution of pressure on the base and load-bearing walls.

Only high-quality, well-dried and antiseptic-treated wood is used. Optimal parameters rafters - 100 × 100 mm in cross section, they will create a weather-resistant structure.

Cutting a tree into the lower crown is strictly prohibited. The slope of the rafters is in the range from 30°–60°. For their fastening, exclusively rigid metallic materials(corners, staples, nails).

Particular attention should be paid to the pitch of the rafters, since the choice of the width of the insulation and the size of the windows located between the two rafters depend on this. It is worth adding that the step width between them should be 3 cm less than the width of the insulation to reduce waste.

All of the above requirements are met regardless of the choice of one of the types of construction of the truss system, which is of the following types.

hanging

Differs in economy and a practicality. This design is based on the side walls of the structure, and the rafter legs are fastened with horizontal jumpers for rigidity - crossbars, which also serve as the basis for the ceiling. The advantage is the location of the main elements of the system outside the used part of the room, which allows you to expand the usable space.

When installing such a system, you should pay attention to the fact that:

roof overhang supports should not fall on the bottom, brought out beyond the bearing walls, rafter legs;
for roof rigidity, a wind board should be nailed between the ridge and the Mauerlat;
the moisture content of the rafter wood should not exceed 15%. Otherwise, the system may lose stability. If such material is nevertheless used, then it is better to connect it with the help of bolts, which, if necessary, can be tightened.

Layered

It is used in attics with a load-bearing partition in the center of the room, which is an additional support. Most often, such a system is used for large areas of the house and heavy roofing materials. The design principle consists in laying a plank on the inner walls, acting instead of a Mauerlat, and installing a special stand to support the ridge run.

Features of the arrangement of the layered system:

the thickness of each element is from 5 cm;
all nodes are smooth and located exclusively in the proper places according to the project;
the connection of the Mauerlat and the rafter leg is strictly horizontal;
symmetry in the position of racks and struts;
reliable and high-quality ventilation;
waterproofing at the junction of knots and masonry;
the length of the rafter leg without support - up to 4.5 m.

The independent design of the truss system provides for the implementation of a certain order and requirements:

Mounting the Mauerlat (the base of the rafter system over the area of the house). The strength of the fastening with the lower slings will protect against a “roof failure” in the literal sense of this expression. The material used is dry processed bars with a section of 150x100 mm. Mauerlat transfers some of the load of the truss system to the walls.
The base of the beams is laid horizontally, always using a level. Fastens to walls with bolts or brackets.
The waterproofing layer is located on the crowns, columns frame building or on brickwork. You can use roofing felt, roofing material, bitumen.

Frame racks. Ideally even vertical and horizontal racks are fastened with staples or nails to long beams, insulation is placed between the vertical ones. Before continuing work, it is mandatory to check the racks for mobility - they should not loosen. Otherwise, strengthen with braces or screeds.
Runs fasten the rafter legs. There is a ridge run on top, side ones on the side. If the length of the rafter legs is less than 8 m, it is not necessary to install a ridge. An element that performs its functions can be stretch marks that fix the attic ceiling.
The final stage of the construction of the system is the fastening of the crate.

Of undoubted importance for the roofing system is the crate, which takes on all its load.

It consists of bars laid perpendicular to the legs of the rafters. And it is used here various material depending on the type of coating: boards, timber, plywood, tes. Although usually a 40–50 mm edged board is used for this. Soft types of cover suggest solid crate, and with harder materials, a distance between the boards of 25–40 cm is provided.

All rafters are connected at the highest point of the roof - the ridge. The ridge gives the whole structure rigidity and stability. Therefore, it is obvious that the duration of operation of the entire roof depends on the reliability of this part of the system.

The connection of the rafters, and, consequently, the formation of the ridge, occurs with the help of such fasteners:

overlap is formed by laying rafters on top of each other and connecting through fasteners;
cutting into half a tree as a result of laying rafters, in which half the thickness and fastening are selected at the edges;
trimming the end sides of the bars involves the imposition of rafters on top of each other and trimming in a mirror image at one angle.

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe ridge, the rafters are fixed with overlays of plates made of wood or metal, metal corners, staples, staples, wooden wedges, nail plates. During the construction of the rafter system, the installation of such an important part of the house as the cornice is carried out. To do this, either the length of the rafters increases, or a filly is used.

Among his primary tasks:

protection of walls from moisture and dirt;
partially eliminates the ingress of water and snow from the roof to the foundation of the building, preventing blur;
harmonious and complete view of the overall structure of the roof of the house.

building requirements

The design of the attic floor involves the following requirements:

interconnection of communications of the attic space and the whole house;
the selected material for the attic must be technically and harmoniously connected with the building material;

compliance of the plan of the additional floor with the design of the building;
compliance with safety rules when carrying out work with the presence of people in a residential area;
strict adherence to fire safety rules;
compliance of the light-transparent fence with the general concept of the building style.

Mounting technology

The assembly of all elements of the attic room occurs in this order:

the calculation of the strength of the building is best done with the involvement of specialists;
preparation of the attic and roof project can also take place with the participation of qualified people or on the basis of a ready-made version;
dismantling of the old roof, if it is no longer a new building that is being rebuilt;

truss manufacturing wooden frame- one of the most difficult points in the construction of the attic;
it is necessary to verify the accuracy of the erection with the help of a cord stretched between the arches, which ideally should be in a horizontal position;
fixing the arches with each other with nail plates or stamping corners;
vapor barrier material inside rafter systems, fixed with building brackets;
a layer of insulation tightly adjacent to the rafters;
installation of the crate on the insulation material is carried out using wooden bars;

waterproofing is laid on the outside of the rafter system - often a plastic film is used for this, and another layer of boards is stuffed on top of this layer;

for natural ventilation of the space under the roof, special cavities are arranged between the hydro- and heat-insulating layers in the area of the eaves, which are displayed in the upper part of the ridge;
overlapping the frame with roofing material, depending on the preferences of the owner of the house.

Among the options for finishing coating, you can consider the following options:

Metal tiles are used not only because of their attractive appearance. This material is excellent value for money. Durable, light in both installation and weight. Reliably withstands shock, but at the same time it transmits all sounds well, which is the main drawback.