What is called a commodity. Product and its properties

In the political and economic scientific work entitled "Capital", characterizing capitalism, the great scientist-economist K. Marx wrote: The wealth of societies dominated by the capitalist mode of production appears as a "huge accumulation of commodities," and an individual commodity as an elementary cell of this wealth.

In commodity production, a commodity is everything that is bought and sold. In this regard, the question arises: do all goods and services become goods? After all, there are products that do not find a market and accumulate in the warehouses of enterprises? It can be refrigerators, TVs, shoes. What properties must a good have in order to turn into a commodity?

First item property lies in its usefulness to the consumer (buyer). An unnecessary thing will not become a commodity. If the produced product does not turn into a commodity, then this can only mean one thing: the labor invested in it was spent in vain and cannot be paid. For each enterprise in market conditions, the principle should become the rule: produce only what is bought. Therefore, the first property of the product is utility , or use value , those. its property to satisfy the needs of society or an individual. The usefulness of things can be different. A pen is for writing, a hammer is for hammering nails. The usefulness of the same things may also differ, but this will be discussed a little later.

However, not every useful thing is a commodity. It is unlikely that anyone doubts the usefulness of air for human life, and yet, if it is used for breathing, then it is not a commodity. What distinguishes it, for example, from a VCR? It is given to us by nature, not produced by man.

The second property of the product is price , or the cost of resources for the production and sale of products . Distinguish two types of value : individual and industry . The individual cost is the cost of an individual producer, and the industry cost is the average cost of all enterprises producing the same product.

For the transformation of products into goods, it turns out that the two named properties - utility and cost - are also not enough. In the household, for example, they bake pies for themselves, cook borscht, but it is difficult to call all this a commodity, although the products are useful. It is also necessary that, firstly, there was its seller, and secondly, its buyer would definitely be found.

The third property of the goods is exchange value , or price. Exchange value – it is the property of a commodity to be exchanged for other commodities or for money in certain quantitative proportions.

Thus, a product becomes a commodity only when the seller receives a certain amount of money or another commodity for it. However, some types of products do not become a commodity even under this condition. For example, a warranty period is set for washing machines, as a result of which the time of its transformation into a product may be delayed due to the fact that, through the fault of the manufacturer, it will stop working before reaching the specified period.

In a market economy the price of the goods with the cost may not match . So, if a pair of shoes cost the seller 200 thousand rubles, including costs and income, and the buyer agrees to buy it for 180 thousand rubles, then at this point in time this is the price of one pair of shoes. To this you can object that in this case the seller may suffer losses, but then, as they say, "the loser cries." Let him think about how to reduce the cost of production and sales of products.

Based on the foregoing, we can give the following definition of goods. Product – it is a product of labor that satisfies the needs of the buyer and comes to him through purchase or exchange.

More than three tens of millions of products are produced in the world. Products differ in various ways: price, quality, purpose, usefulness. Depending on the evaluation criterion by which goods are compared, it is possible to distinguish different classifications of their species.

According to the way of existence All products are divided into material and intangible. Material goods exist physically, they can be accumulated, moved, stored. These include, for example, machines, books. Intangible goods are often called services . They, like any commodity, have utility, value, a certain quality and, therefore, may have a price. However, they cannot be physically felt, accumulated, moved. These include services such as transportation, culture. Take, for example, a performance in a theatre. Its consumption by visitors ends immediately after the actors stop playing. The material refrigerator, passing from the hands of the seller to the buyer, continues to exist for a long period of time.

By nature of consumption goods are divided into goods for industrial purposes, or means of production, and non-productive purposes, or commodities . Consumer goods, in turn, are divided into basic necessities, mass demand and luxury goods.

Essential commodities include such goods, the absence of which impairs human health, and even threatens its existence (for example, bread, salt, medicines). Consumer goods of mass demand are goods that are in demand, but a person can do without them, for example, detective literature, cinema services. Jewelery and antiques are considered luxury goods.

By nature of use goods are divided into goods individual, shared, public and mixed use. Products individual use - these are goods, the use of which by an individual excludes their use by others (for example, food, clothing, shoes). In fact, you cannot wear the same suit for two at once. To the goods sharing include the services of schools, clinics, public transport, some sports facilities (football fields, basketball courts). But there are goods that involve their use by the whole society at the same time, for example, national defense services, environmental protection measures. Note also the goods mixed use, which can be used both individually and jointly, for example, a refrigerator, an apartment.

By period of use durable and short-term goods are distinguished. The former include houses, cars; among the second - products, shoes.

There are also related goods . Among them are supplementing and replacing types of products. The first, for example, belong to cars and gasoline, and to the second - tea and coffee.

By degree of readiness and end use products are divided into end products and intermediate . The final products, for example, include books, furniture, and the intermediate products include cotton, metal, semi-finished products.

Commodity called a product of human or natural activity, as well as a service that has useful properties and is intended for sale

Service is an action aimed at satisfying certain needs. As a rule, the service does not create material values, it is intangible. Some exceptions are repair work that restores the original material product, as well as custom tailoring services. A service is intangible, it is inseparable from its producer and the instrument of its creation. The service manifests itself in the form of some effect, result or benefit that the consumer receives. Very often, the production and consumption of services are inseparable in time and space.

Thus, a product has two characteristics: utility and ability to be sold (exchanged for money). The absence of at least one of the signs indicates that the phenomenon or process is not a commodity. For example, disaster relief and gifts are not sales, but donations; related products and services - do not belong to the category of goods. The product of one's own labor used for one's own needs is not a commodity. For example, a family's consumption of potatoes grown in a private garden is classified as non-marketable.

The commodity mass consists of trade items, i.e. from isolated quantities that have all the features and properties of the product. This is the minimum value by which the commodity mass can be divided without losing its inherent properties. A short definition of a product is an article - a symbol, a proper name (name - cipher) of a separate type of product. Items are grouped into commodity groups on the basis of consumer or technological community or on the nature of the raw materials used and industry origin. The totality of all product groups offered by the firm is called commodity nomenclature.

There are many products of the same consumer purpose and similar in appearance, but produced by various competing firms. A clear identification mark is needed to allow the consumer to navigate the world of goods. The role of such a sign is brand goods.

Brand (trademark) - is a symbol, term, pattern, or combination thereof, intended to identify a product.

The brand combines two independent elements: branded emblem, i.e. a design or coloring that distinguishes one brand from another, and brand name (logo) - specially designed, original inscription of words, letters, representing the full or abbreviated name of the company or product, their motto, i.e. that part of the stamp that can be read.

There are two types of brands: brand, or manufacturer's brand, and shopping gloom(brand of distributor or dealer). The brand name itself may be subject to sale or long-term lease, when a large, well-known company sells the right to put its brand on the products of a lesser-known company. For example, in 1994 the Coca-Cola brand was valued at almost $36 billion, while the Kodak brand was valued at $10 billion, and so on.

The brand of goods is registered with state bodies and receives legal protection.

Each product has consumer utility, i.e. can satisfy any need or several needs. Goods differ in sets of useful properties, however, similar goods produced by different companies, and various modifications of the same goods have a different level of quality. Naturally, this is reflected in consumer demand. Therefore, one of the leading problems of marketing is the management quality goods.

Quality The set of properties and characteristics of a product or service that give it the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.

In a competitive market, the qualities and properties of a product are manifested in the form competitiveness.

The competitiveness of a product is expressed by the ability of a product to be sold on the market in the presence of competing products.

Consider in practice

2. Main consumer properties of the goods

Quality in a certain sense is a measure of utility. In the marketing literature, there is a widespread point of view that it is not the product as such that is sold, but those useful properties that the consumer needs. For example, when we sell a table lamp, we are selling comfortable lighting as an element of comfort. Useful properties of the product - a marketing tool with which you can regulate demand. The classification of useful properties is shown in fig. one.

Rice. 1 - The main consumer properties of the goods

To the physical product properties include material characteristics: shape, weight, volume, color, taste, smell, strength, reliability, service life, technological parameters, material from which the product is made. Often the shape of the product is determined by the technological process or the functional purpose of the product. However, some physical properties of the product (shape, color, smell, taste, texture of the material, etc.) are closely related to the next group of properties - the aesthetics of the product.

aesthetic the properties of the goods are subjective to a certain extent, they depend on the level of consumer culture, historical, national, age characteristics, upbringing, lifestyle. These properties include: design - the appearance of the product, its aesthetic perfection and attractive appearance, and styling - artistic design, the conformity of the product to a certain style, to any fashion trend that reflects the preferences of some consumers, beauty, elegance, decoration, etc.

The product should look attractive, says one of the main precepts of marketing.

The same group of properties includes ergonomics, closely related to aesthetics, i.e. adaptability of goods to the consumer, convenience and safety in use. The ergonomics of the product also depends on the time and complexity of the care of the product during its operation by the consumer.

The product must be safe and easy to use, says another marketing commandment.

Functional properties ensure the satisfaction of one or more needs and reflect the purpose of the product, its usefulness. For the sake of these properties, the product is purchased by the consumer. No matter how well the product is designed, if it does not perform its main function well, it will not be in demand. For example, a perfectly designed audio player is unlikely to sell if it doesn't play well.

In contrast to the functional ones embedded in the product by the manufacturer, symbolic qualities express those properties that the consumer himself ascribes to them. A product for a given buyer is valuable not because it has really useful consumer qualities, but because it gives the consumer a certain social status, allows him to take a higher step in the social hierarchy in his own eyes or in public opinion. In other words, the product has a prestigious value, satisfies the buyer's need for self-expression and self-respect (occupies the "upper floors" of the pyramid of needs). For example, Mr. N buys an expensive racing car not because he is attracted by speed, but because he is "unaffordable" for people who are one step below him in social status. The purchase is intended to indicate his social status.

Economic properties cover its price, efficiency (for example, energy costs per unit of effect during its operation, time savings when using this product compared to a similar but less productive product, etc.). It is on these properties of the goods that a certain group of consumers (the so-called "thrifty" buyers) is oriented. Some of them are ready to sacrifice some other qualities in favor of this one. Therefore, parallel release is often practiced in marketing. reference goods - with a full set of properties, but simplified types, with a reduced set of properties and therefore cheaper.

The last category of product properties includes additional. Their set is associated with the concept service. It includes mandatory pre-sales and after-sales services: the availability of instructions for the product, a guarantee of trouble-free operation for a certain time, additional equipment and spare parts, sale of related products, installation of the product, repair, etc. You can add to them manipulation goods: ensuring their safety, dividing the goods into parts (portions) convenient for consumption or adapted to a specific method of transportation. These properties serve as a means of attracting the attention of consumers to the product.

The constituent element of the product is package - a means or a set of means that ensure the protection of goods from the influence of the external environment and the associated losses and damages, as well as facilitate the processes of transportation, storage and sale. In addition, the packaging serves the purpose of environmental protection. An independent type of packaging is container - capacity for a certain number of trade items.

The object of commodity science in the conditions of commodity production is the products of labor that satisfy the personal needs of a person and are distributed through purchase and sale, i.e. take the form of a commodity. In marketing, a product is viewed primarily as a means by which a certain need can be satisfied, and then as a product of labor produced for sale. These concepts are summarized in the definition given by F. Kotler (1990):

Goods (product) - everything that can satisfy needs or needs and is offered to the market in order to attract attention, purchase, use by the consumer.

Often, a commodity can also be defined as a product, which is a collection of products of production or a separate product of production.

In accordance with the existing classification, all goods are divided into two groups: goods for individual (wide) consumption and production (industrial) purposes.

Goods for individual or general consumption are designed to meet the personal needs of people (consumers). In this regard, they are also called consumer goods.

Goods for production or industrial purposes are classified according to the degree of their participation in the production process on

three groups: materials and parts, capital construction, auxiliary materials and services.

Goods classification

Medical and pharmaceutical goods mainly belong to the first group of goods - for individual purposes (consumption).

Consumer goods, in turn, are divided into four groups according to the degree of durability:

1) long-term use - rarely purchased, withstand repeated use (TV, furniture; from medical goods - medical equipment, blood pressure monitors, sanitary and hygiene items: heating pads, thermometers, etc.);

2) short-term use - purchased frequently, consumed in one or more cycles of use (food, cosmetics, medicines, dressings);

3) services - objects of sale in the form of actions, benefits. Services may be associated with goods in their material form, and may also be provided in intangible form (for example, information services);

4) goods of an exclusive range - if the goods are not available, then the buyer waits until he appears on the market; if the buyer does not find such a product, then he does not buy at all.

Demand for industrial goods, as a rule, is formed in close relationship with the demand for consumer goods. For example

Accordingly, the demand for equipment for the production of modern dropper packs for ophthalmic drugs arises as a result, firstly, of the increased demand of the population for such drugs, and, secondly, the need to replace obsolete eye drop packs and pipettes.

Industrial medical and pharmaceutical products are not covered in the ITF course.

Product concept

The concept of "goods" is multifaceted. It includes:

• functional purpose;
• the aesthetics of the product itself and its packaging;
• safety in use, harmlessness.

Perfect only that product, which is characterized by all the signs and indicators of high quality.

Product- a product of activity (including works, services) intended for sale or exchange.

Deal object(goods) must, first of all, due to its properties, arouse the interest of the buyer and ultimately satisfy certain needs, i.e. possess .

In addition, most goods (with some exceptions, for example, a land plot, a reservoir, etc.) are products of labor, their sellers are either producers themselves or intermediaries who, as a result of a transaction, turn their potential income into real.

A commodity can be a product of both physical and mental labor, the result of a service, the very ability to work, land and its subsoil - everything that has use value and value and can be exchanged for another commodity (money) by the owner of this use value.

In the narrow sense subcommodity is understood product of labor produced for sale in order to exchange for other products of labor or money in the market.

Product - it is everything that can and is offered to the market for the purpose of acquisition, use or consumption.

Types of goods

All products can be divided into two large groups:

• tangible (physical goods);
• intangible (intangible) - various consultations.

The types of goods are schematically shown in fig. 3.1.

Goods in immaterial (intangible, intangible) form quite varied and very specific. Among them stand out: cash and non-cash money, currency and securities, information, rights, services.

Rice. 3.1. Types of goods

Cash and non-cash money, and (shares, bonds, promissory notes, government treasury bills), which are the object of transactions in financial business. The main feature of these goods is their susceptibility to a rapid change in the exchange rate depending on many conditions (both related and not related to the activities of the entrepreneur).

Information (information about something) which often becomes the most demanded and expensive product, evaluated depending on its content, novelty, reliability and timeliness. The entrepreneur is faced with primary and secondary information. He extracts the primary one himself as a result of any research, uses it and can act as a seller; receives the secondary from other persons and organizations (research, analytical, statistical, etc.) on a paid basis.

Information acts as a specific commodity. This specificity is determined by the indivisibility of information and its relativity (it does not always bring profit to its owner). When transferring information, its owner does not lose the right of ownership. Only reliable, complete and up-to-date information is economically efficient.

Thus, as a product, information has a number of specific properties:

• in the process of consumption, it is not destroyed and has the possibility of repeated consumption by many users. In the process of transfer to the consumer, it is not lost on the day of the producer;
• the manufacturer does not know the consumer in advance;
• an unambiguous valuation of the amount of information produced is impossible;
• uncertainty and subjectivity of usefulness of information;
• special mechanism of information aging. It does not wear out, but over time (except in special cases) its usefulness decreases. Therefore, its relevance is important;
• information is characterized by reliability, reliability and availability.

At the same time, its availability is different for different economic agents, i.e. these agents have incomplete, limited information. “Information is the more valuable, the smaller the number of its owners.”

Services of various kinds - any activity or benefit that is provided by one party (supplier) to another party (customer). Utility makes the service a commodity, i.e. goods.

The production of services may or may not be associated with the commodity in its material form.

material goods- goods having a material form:

• solid materials - steel, wood, coal;
• liquid materials - varnish, oil, gasoline;
• gaseous materials - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium.

Product characteristics

A product as an object of commercial activity has four fundamental characteristics:

• assortment;
• quality;
• quantitative;
• cost.

The first three characteristics satisfy the real ones (physiological, social, psychological, etc.). Thanks to these characteristics, the product acquires utility for certain consumer groups and becomes a commodity.

The main components of the product are:

• a set of physical and consumer properties;
• related products (laces, floppy disks);
• brand name (trade mark);
• quality packaging;
• accompanying services;
• guarantees.

A commodity has two fundamental properties—use value and value.

Rice. 3.2. Product components

Use value - this is the ability of a product to satisfy any human need, i.e. be a social good.

A distinctive feature of use value is that it acts as a carrier of exchange value, i.e. the ability of a commodity to be exchanged in a certain proportion for other commodities. Exchange value is a form of value, its external manifestation in the act of exchange.

The seller and the buyer have different interests in the market. For the buyer, the value of a product lies in its usefulness. The seller, on the other hand, seeks to obtain the maximum benefit in the form of income when selling the goods. Commercial activity must ensure the connection of these interests, i.e. in the process of buying and selling goods, the losses and gains of the seller and the buyer must be averaged.

A set of goods formed according to certain characteristics and satisfying a variety of individual needs is range. The diversity of the assortment of goods is subject to classification, which includes division into groups, subgroups, types and varieties.

Goods classification

Among all the signs of classification, the main sign is the appointment.

By appointment goods are divided into categories:

• goods of individual (final) consumption (consumer). These goods are purchased to meet their personal needs, family or household consumption;
• goods of intermediate consumption;
• goods for industrial (industrial) purposes - goods intended for the production of other goods, for the economic activity of the enterprise. They create its raw material and technological support.

Consumer goods, taking into account the nature of consumption (from the degree of durability):

• durable goods, i.e. used for a long time (cars, refrigerators, cell phones, furniture, TVs);
• non-durable goods, i.e. those that are consumed immediately (bread, cigarettes, drinks) or in several doses (soap, toothpaste, washing powders):
• disposable goods - consumed once;
• - the object of sale in the form of actions, benefits or satisfaction.

Types of goods by raw sign(depending on the raw materials from which they are made):

• food (fish, dairy, grocery);
• non-food (knitwear, shoes, household goods, haberdashery).

This grouping is then detailed. Such a classification is necessary in order to ensure the necessary conditions for the storage of goods, their sale and operation. Sometimes a raw sign serves as a characteristic of the quality and safety of the product (Chinese toys).

By production feature The goods are considered in terms of the complexity of manufacturing and operation:

• complex technical (special knowledge is needed for implementation and operation - TV, split systems);
• not complex technical (electric iron, kettle) - no preparation is needed for sale and operation.

Depending on the modes and periods of storage:

• perishable;
• long-term storage (non-perishable).

During transportation, storage and sale of perishable goods, special conditions of temperature and humidity are provided. In addition, there are products:

• hygroscopic (salt, sugar);
• with a high water content (meat, fish).

Such goods are stored separately from each other and sold at different points (distance not less than 10 m).

Types of goods by frequency of demand and stability:

• consumer goods (mass) - these are the goods most often bought by consumers (foodstuffs, household goods) with minimal effort to compare them with each other due to established habits and preferences. Commercial operations for these goods are carried out on an ongoing basis under long-term contracts;
• goods of periodic demand - when the demand of the population is formed in the absence of goods in consumption (light bulbs);
• pre-selection goods - usually durable goods when it becomes necessary to replace the goods (electrical goods, furniture). In the process of choosing, buyers compare goods with each other in terms of quality, prices, and external design. Commercial transactions for these goods are carried out under long-term contracts with prepayment and with unstable frequency;
• goods of rare demand (selective or special demand) - products made of precious metals, antiques, electronic equipment, furs). Such products are practically not compared, since they are characterized by special unique properties. For the sake of acquiring such goods, some buyers are ready to spend additional efforts.

• seasonal goods - clothing, footwear, sports equipment. Commercial operations for these goods are also carried out seasonally.

Types of goods by interchangeability:

• interchangeable, having the same purpose and suitable for use or consumption of one product instead of another (ice cream, soft drinks). They can be either one product group (TVs, refrigerators) or different (cereals and vegetables). In the absence of one product, the buyer is offered substitute types of goods;
• compatible - goods, the simultaneous storage, consumption or use of which does not cause undesirable interactions (tea and cake, fish and vegetables), are incompatible, for example. tea and coffee, fish and dairy products;
• complementary - goods, the use of one of which requires the simultaneous use of another product (toothbrush and paste, shoes and laces, computer and software, cars and tires).

Types of goods by nature of reuse goods:

• recyclable, i.e. recyclable after use;
• not utilized - are subject to destruction, burial.

Types of goods according to the nature of the interaction:

• substitute goods that satisfy the same need, but differ in composition;
• twin products that satisfy one need;
• derivative goods - similar on the basis of the main predecessor, more effectively satisfying needs.

Behavior is:

• leading products (most often appear as new items);
• goods-locomotives;
• tactical goods (support or additional goods);
• "Inviting" goods - attract buyers because they are cheap.

Goods can be subdivided according to the complexity of the purchase, when, in addition to one type of product, it is planned to purchase several more types of goods. For example, when purchasing a computer - monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer.

By stability, by consumer perception (identical, new, similar, differentiated), etc.

In accordance with the marked signs, a portfolio of orders of trade enterprises with supplier enterprises is formed.

For industrial or industrial goods, it is typical that the supplier is obliged to meet delivery dates. They are acquired by organizations (entrepreneurs) for use as fixed or working capital.

Industrial goods are divided into:

• capital property - stationary structures, equipment (for trade organizations - cars, commercial equipment, stationary structures; for industrial - machine tools, equipment);
• materials and parts (raw materials, semi-finished products and parts);
• auxiliary materials and services (not present in the finished product, but providing the production process - power cord, stabilizer).

These goods are usually purchased after a preliminary technical and economic assessment (especially capital property) in relatively large lots (primarily raw materials) by specially trained people.

For the convenience of finding the right products in conditions of market saturation and expanding the range, their nomenclature was developed and an international Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS), which is used in 50 countries.

A distinctive feature of this system (as opposed to classification) is that the HS provides for six coding bits goods: sections (there are 21), groups (there are 96), subgroups (there are 33), commodity items (there are 1241), subitems (there are 3558) and subitems (there are 5019).

To bring domestic goods to uniformity and competitiveness on the basis of information support was used system(there are about 50 of them in the world).

To better understand the mechanics of economics, you need to start with the basics. One of the fundamental concepts in economics is "goods". This is an item or service made not for personal use, but for sale. Or in another way: a commodity is an object of a transaction in the economy. We will talk about the functions of goods and services in the economy, about the properties of goods and their types.

Goods in the economy - role and functions

We emphasize that not every result of labor can become a commodity. A commodity becomes what can be sold (and what the buyer wants to buy). For example, a table made for your own needs in the living room will not be considered a product. But a batch of tables for sale - will be.

The product has two properties:

• exchange value;
• consumer value.

The first property - exchange value - as you might guess from the name, is the ability of a product to participate in exchange transactions. And the second property - consumer value - is the ability of the product to satisfy the various needs of the consumer. What is the main difference between these properties? Consumer value is created by concrete labor, while exchange value is created by abstract labor. It turns out the dual nature of labor.

Also, labor in the production process of goods can be divided into private and public. Private is work that has been done for personal gain. But it turns out that this is also social labor, because a product or service is created to meet market demand.

To get one or the second property, the product must have a whole set of characteristics:

• be technical and high quality;
• environmentally friendly (especially valuable quality now);
• the main thing is to satisfy the characteristics of the final goal.

Although sometimes there are exceptions on the last point. That is, the product in rare cases appears on the market and enjoys the increased interest of the buyer not because of its primary purpose.

Supply and demand

A closely related concept with a product is demand. This is also one of the main, key concepts of a market economy. This is a desire, as well as a real opportunity for consumers to become owners of goods.

In a market economy, the law of demand operates. That is, demand is inversely proportional to the price of a good or service. is an expression of the value of labor in monetary terms. It turns out that if the seller raises the price, then this reduces the demand of potential buyers.

As a result, it turns out that the market prices for goods in the economy are set not only by the cost of materials and labor (concrete and abstract). In a market economy, the price of goods is determined by the balance of supply and demand. If a product becomes scarce (demand is greater than supply), then the price rises accordingly. If the market is crowded with a certain product, and there are not so many buyers for it, then the price will have to fall.

The price can also sometimes regulate the market, influence supply and demand.

Functions of goods in a market economy

Products provide three functions:

• consumer;
• symbolic;
• emotional.

The first - consumer function - indicates any benefit to the consumer. This function is an indicator of satisfaction with the product. The usefulness of a product can be primary or secondary. The most striking example to explain the difference between these species is the mobile phone. The main goal when buying a cell phone is calls. This is the main utility. However, now this is far from the only parameter when buying a phone. People want a good camera, big built-in memory and so on. These are all added benefits.

The symbolic function, as the name implies, says that the product is a symbol. Symbol of communication between people, exchange of experience.

The last function - emotional - suggests that in the process of buying a product, smell, touch, sight, and all other senses are included.

There are additional features, but these three are the main ones. They come together and represent value to the buyer.

Classification of goods can be done according to different parameters.

For example, in essence, there are the following types of goods:

• material group of goods (everything that can be touched);
• non-material group of goods (services, interviews, consultations).

Money can be attributed to the first group, and information to the second.

From how much the product will be used, the following types can be distinguished:

• durable goods (household appliances, cars, etc.);
• consumer goods (food, cosmetics);
• goods that are used only once;
• a separate category - intangible goods - services.

Depending on what the product is made of, it is possible to distinguish categories according to the raw parameter:

• food products (food);
• non-food.

You can also divide goods by frequency of demand; by interchangeability; according to the nature of use; by type of interaction with each other, etc.