Compile a list of water bodies in the Oryol Territory. Oryol region

Water resources occupy a special place among the elements of the natural environment.

The Oryol region - the edge of numerous rivers - is a geographical center where the surface runoff of the Volga, Don and Desna river basins is formed, and the underground waters of the Moscow artesian basin are also accumulated. The water fund of the region has 2100 streams with a total length of 9100 kilometers. The surface area of ​​all reservoirs in the region is more than 4.7 thousand hectares. The largest number of reservoirs and ponds falls on the territory of Dmitrovsky, Khotynetsky, Glazunov, M. Arkhangelsky, Sverdlovsky, Bolkhovsky, Orlovsky and Znamensky districts. The largest water artery is the Oka River, its basin occupies 59% of the region's territory, and the catchment area is 16,540 sq. km. with a length of 200 km. The largest tributaries of the Oka River are Zusha, Nugr, Neruch, Rybnitsa, Tson, Kroma, Orlik, Optukha.

In the Oryol region, as in other regions, fresh water is used for the following purposes:

• - household and drinking needs - the volume of water consumption to meet all domestic and communal needs of the population (including those working at enterprises). This also includes water used for street irrigation, etc.;
• - production needs - the volume of water consumption for technical (technological) purposes in industry, transport, construction and other sectors of the national economy, including the volume of fresh water supplied to recharge water recycling systems;
• - irrigation, irrigation and agricultural water supply - the volume of water supplied for vegetation irrigation, pasture irrigation, livestock needs and a number of other purposes, including household and drinking needs of the rural population.

The degree of impact of the life of society on water resources, namely the size of water consumption on the territory of the Oryol region, in the system of statistical indicators is characterized by the data given in the table below.

Table 3 - Withdrawal and use of water in the Oryol region in 1990-2008 (million cubic meters)

Analyzing the data in this table, we can draw the following conclusions. For 1990-2008 characterized by a stable decrease in water intake from natural water sources - by 33.9%, fresh water use - by 36.4%. At first glance, this is a positive moment, indicating a decrease in the negative load on the region's water bodies. On the other hand, water losses during transportation increased by 5 times over the period under review, which indicates the irrational use of this resource. An increase in water use for household and drinking needs by 16.4% and a reduction in water consumption for industrial and agricultural purposes by 55.1% and 88.2%, respectively, affected the structure of water use. Mainly due to an increase in the share of household and drinking consumption from 35.1% in 1990 to 64.5% in 2008 and a decrease in the share of agriculture in the total volume of water withdrawal from 19.5% to 3.6% . The share of water used for production needs in the total volume decreased from 45.1% to 31.8% in 1990 and 2008, respectively.

The reasons for this ambiguous situation may be different. On the one hand, the question arises about the reliability of the data provided by enterprises. After all, understating the volume of water use, according to some estimates, can serve as a way to evade taxation, in which it is possible to simultaneously reduce the amount of water tax (until recently - payments for the use of water bodies) and fees for the discharge of pollutants into water bodies. At the same time, there may be another argument - the increased impact of the tax pressure stimulates water conservation. In this regard, higher rates of restoration and development of circulating water consumption are characteristic in comparison with direct-flow water use in recent times. Thus, according to Table 1, it can be seen that the rate of decline in water consumption for industrial needs (44.9% of the 1990 level) is much higher than the rate of decline in recycling and re-consecutive use (75.3% of the 1990 level), which characteristic of manufacturing processes.

It can also be assumed that the objectivity of the information is somewhat affected by the constant change in the number of water users covered by the observation. This situation is caused by the reorganization and downsizing of reporting entities, their bankruptcy or re-profiling, the abolition of a legal entity, and other reasons. Determination of the extent to which such "washout" of objects of annual statistical observation leads to an actual decrease in water consumption requires additional research. Unfortunately, there is no information on the number of actual water users in official statistical sources.

Reducing water consumption in the 1990s was due to the general economic destabilization in the country. According to calculations, in general, from 1990 to 2003, industrial output (in 1990 prices) decreased from 3.4 to 0.7 billion rubles. and amounted to 21% of the 1990 level (Figure 1). The volume of fresh water consumed for industrial needs in 2003 amounted to 55% of the 1990 level.

Considering the 1998 crisis, let's analyze the situation before and after this year.

Period 1990-1996 is characterized by the largest decline in industrial production (in 1990 prices) - from 3.4 to 0.54 billion rubles, which by 1996 amounted to 16% of the 1990 level. The economic recovery that began in 1997 led to a slight increase industrial production (in 1990 prices) (by 7% compared to the previous year), which was interrupted by the crisis of 1998. For the period 1990-1997. it is typical that the rate of decline in industrial production outpaces the rate of decline in water consumption for these purposes (0.17 and 0.67% of the 1990 level, respectively).

• ---- (row 1) industrial output (in comparable prices)
• ---- (row 2) Use of fresh water for production needs

Figure 1 - Dynamics of industrial production and the use of fresh water for industrial needs (1990 = 1)

To characterize the industrial production of the Oryol region for 1998-2008. an aggregate index of production by type of economic activity was used: mining, manufacturing, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water (in comparable prices, in % of the previous year). This is due to the use of OKVED statistical information in the part characterizing the impact of production and other activities on the environment instead of the previously used OKONKh. As a result of calculations, from 1998 to 2008, the growth in industrial production (in 1998 prices) in the Oryol region amounted to 91%. It is accompanied by a continuing decline (significantly slowing down) in water consumption for industrial needs - by 30% compared to 1998 levels. - consistent water supply.

And, despite the fact that the volume of used recycled water for the period 1998-2008. changed insignificantly, its share in the total water supply remained quite high (Table 4).

Table 4 - Dynamics of industrial production and use of water for industrial purposes and systems of recycling and re-sequential water supply

One of the reasons for the decrease in the total water intake from natural objects is the reduction in the use of fresh water for irrigation, watering and agricultural water supply over the period 1990-2008. by 88%. A sharp decrease in the financial support of the industry, a reduction in the cost of maintaining reclamation systems in working condition was accompanied by the destruction of the irrigation potential and the transfer of irrigated lands to rainfed. The area of ​​regularly irrigated land began to decline steadily. Significant areas of irrigated land are not irrigated due to the lack of equipment, spare parts, pipeline breaks, deterioration of the repair base due to the violation of sustainable economic ties. The most important indicators of the efficiency of the use of water resources in irrigated agriculture are the cost of gross crop production per 1 ha of agricultural land and water consumption per 1 ruble. race products...

Figure - 3. Dynamics of drinking water quality in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators (% of unsatisfactory samples)

The picture of the dynamics of drinking water quality in terms of microbiological indicators looks ambiguous (Figure 4). In general, for 2000-2008. there is a decrease in the proportion of unsatisfactory samples for central water supply from 9.4% in 2000 to 3.6% in 2008, for wells - from 29.3% to 26.2%. The largest proportion of samples that do not meet microbiological parameters are from sources of decentralized water supply (wells and spring cappings). Moreover, despite the overall reduction in unsatisfactory samples by 2008 compared to 2000, in 2002 there was a significant deterioration in the quality of water in wells (34.1% of unsatisfactory samples).

Fig.4.

The quality of drinking water supplied to the population of the region is characterized by a high concentration of chlorine, a stable high content of iron, manganese, increased hardness, and the content of pathogenic microorganisms. Groundwater of the main aquifers, for example, within the water intakes of the city of Orel, in individual wells in terms of dry residue, hardness, iron, does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96 "Drinking Water". In general, the quality of water when mixed in tanks before being supplied to consumers still meets the requirements for drinking water. However, in the near future, the problem of groundwater pollution may be on a par with the problem of surface pollution, especially since domestic and drinking water supply is based mainly on groundwater.

In modern conditions, the change in the human environment has reached such a level that it cannot but have an impact on human health. According to some estimates by the World Health Organization, the use of undrinkable water is the cause of 6% of all deaths and almost 10% of all diseases in the world. Children are the most vulnerable: in children under 14, this cause causes 22% of diseases. According to experts, the consumption of good, high-quality water contributes to the extension of life to at least 5-7 years.

The health status of the population is considered as an indicator of the well-being or disadvantage of the environment and serves as one of the main criteria for its quality. Therefore, one of the important tasks of a statistical study is a quantitative assessment of the influence of environmental pollution factors in a particular region on the incidence rates of the population.

Evaluation and identification of the share contribution of environmental pollution to the development of the main forms of human pathology is a rather difficult task. The complexity, first of all, is determined by the multifactorial nature of the influence of external environmental influences on the body and the multifactorial nature of responses.

The health of the population of the Oryol region to a certain extent depends on the complex influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. This effect can manifest itself both at the time of exposure to the human body, and after a certain period of time. Moreover, nonspecific reactions of the body first appear, and with prolonged exposure to adverse factors, chronic diseases can occur.

Population health indicators are the result of a complex impact not only of environmental factors, but also of such factors as the level and quality of life, genetics, the level of the healthcare system, etc. Therefore, it would not be entirely correct to build quantitative models of the incidence of the population only on the basis of causal relationships with indicators of the state of the region's water resources. Further statistical study of this problem is needed.

The results of such studies can be demanded by regional authorities and will make it possible to adjust regional policy not only in the environmental sphere, but also in the field of demography and the socio-economic aspect.

In general, the analysis of the state of the water resources of the region indicates that in recent years, the pollution of water bodies for a number of ingredients has slightly decreased, to a greater extent, due to the tightening of control over the operation of treatment facilities of industrial enterprises. But, despite the decrease in the volume of water consumption, and, consequently, the discharge of wastewater, the quality of water in the rivers remains low. The existing network of hydrological and hydrochemical stations is insufficient, it does not allow to accurately identify the causes, source and boundaries of pollution of water bodies. There are practically no observation posts on small rivers. The quality of small rivers is negatively affected by the results of economic activities in the watershed, in water protection zones and coastal protective belts of rivers, in periodically flooded areas. River banks, especially within the boundaries of cities and towns, are polluted by various industrial, household and other human waste.

One of the main problems of small rivers in the Oryol region is the problem associated with the silting of channels, reducing their throughput in connection with this. Oryol is located at the confluence of the Oka and Orlik rivers. The creation of backwater through the construction in recent years of a hydroelectric complex on the Oka River and a spillway dam on the Orlik River led to a significant decrease in the speed of water movement in watercourses, as a result of which rivers became silted due to incoming sediment. In addition, economic activity in the catchment area (development) and intense anthropogenic impacts (stormwater discharge) have led to a significant shallowing of the rivers, a decrease in the living section and, accordingly, their carrying capacity.

All of the above factors have a negative impact on the quality characteristics of water in rivers and the ecological situation in the region.

Important elements of the implementation of environmental policy are the development and implementation of targeted state programs for environmental protection and rational nature management, which are currently given priority, including by the Oryol administration.

In order to provide water resources for the implementation of the Concept for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the Government of the Russian Federation developed and approved in August 2009 the “Water Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020”. This Strategy defines the main directions for the development of the water management complex of Russia, which ensures sustainable water use, protection of water bodies, protection from the negative impact of water, as well as the formation and implementation of the competitive advantages of the Russian Federation in the water resource sector.

The state program "Clean Water" is under development. It is aimed at solving the problems of providing the population with high-quality drinking water. The principles of this program are based on the elimination of the reasons for the discrepancy between the quality of water supplied to the population and hygienic standards, as well as the differentiation of approaches to the choice of technological schemes for water supply to the population of large and medium-sized cities, small towns and rural settlements. The safety and continuity of drinking water supply are the most important components of the overall environmental and sanitary safety of the population of Russia and individual regions, and the relationship between ecology and human health determines the priorities of environmental protection.

The ecological situation in the region can be stabilized and improved only through the development of a set of radical political, socio-economic, technological, legislative and other measures in which the whole society should be interested.

Arabadzhi A.A., Kryukov V.I. Fish farming. A practical guide to identifying fish in the Oryol region. Textbook for universities. -Eagle: Publishing House "Autograph", 2009. -68 p. Other fish farming manuals on the page
http://www.labogen.ru/20_student/600_fish/fish.html site www.labogen.ru

Arabadzhi A.A., Kryukov V.I. Fish farming. A practical guide to identifying fish in the Oryol region. Textbook for universities. -Eagle: Publishing House "Autograph", 2009. -68 p. Other fish farming manuals on the page
http://www.labogen.ru/20_student/600_fish/fish.html site www.labogen.ru

The Oryol region is the land of numerous rivers. There are more than 2,000 rivers and streams on the territory of the region, with a total length of 9100 km, but there are no navigable rivers. It can be called the edge of origins - one of the largest rivers of the European part of Russia originates here - the river. Oka and many other rivers and streams; the surface runoff of the rivers of the Volga, Don and Dnieper basins is formed, and the underground waters of the Moscow artesian basin are also accumulated. The watersheds of the rivers are separated by two watershed areas. The first one runs from the city of Maloarkhangelsk to the north to the village of Alekseevka, then to the northeast to the Verkhovye station and to the village of Pankovo. This hilly area is a watershed between the rivers Oka, Zusha with its tributary Neruch and the river Pine with a tributary of the river. Proceedings.

Elevated hills are located in the central part of the region, representing the watershed of the Oka and Zushi rivers, which in its southern part near the city of Maloarkhangelsk connects with the watersheds of the Oka and Sosna, Oka and Desna. The second watershed between the basins of the Oka and Desna rivers is located in the southwestern part.

The water fund of the region has over 2100 watercourses with a total length of 9154 km, incl. about 180 watercourses 10 or more kilometers long and with a total length of over 4,000 km. Almost all surface runoff from the territory of the region goes beyond its borders. Ponds, reservoirs, lakes and swamps available in the region mainly operate on the principle of long-term passive flow regulation, accumulating up to 91.4 million m3 of surface moisture, which corresponds to 2.6% of the total 0% of the total flow for the year with a minimum water content of 95% availability. Large rivers of the Oryol region - Oka and Zusha are used to generate electricity. On the river The Shakhovskaya hydroelectric power station operates on the Oka, and Novosilskaya and Lykovskaya operate on the Zusha River.

The main river of the region is the Oka (a tributary of the Volga), the source of which is located in the south of the region (the length within the region is 190 km, the catchment area (basin) is 14.5 thousand sq. km, the average annual flow on the border with the Tula region is 2058 million . cubic meters). The main tributaries of the Oka River within the territory of the region: p.p. Zusha (a tributary of the Oka, the average annual flow is 988.6 million cubic meters), Neruch, Nugr, Kroma, Rybnitsa, Orlik, Tson and others. runoff at the border with the Lipetsk region - 687.0 million cubic meters. m; in the southwestern part - the basins of the Navlya and Nerussa rivers flowing into the Desna (a tributary of the Dnieper River), with a total annual flow of 210 million cubic meters. m. In addition, more than 60 small rivers flow through the region with an average annual flow of 3 billion cubic meters. m. Zusha, Pine, a number of other smaller rivers, due to a significant difference in elevation, have a fairly fast flow.

On the territory of the Oryol region there are more than 1100 lakes and artificial reservoirs with a total area of ​​about 55 km2 (0.22% lake content), including 5 lakes with an area of ​​more than 0.01 km2 and a number of smaller lakes. The lakes are mostly floodplain, there are also karst lakes. Both floodplain and karst lakes gradually overgrow and swamp. The largest lake in the Oryol region is the karst lake Indovishche with an area of ​​0.227 km2. There are much more artificial reservoirs than natural ones, the largest of them are reservoirs on the rivers Lubna (a tributary of the Tson River) and Svapa (a tributary of the Seim River).

Bogs and wetlands occupy 0.15% of the territory of the Oryol region - about 38 km2.

The area and number of lakes and artificial reservoirs, swamps and wetlands are not constant, they depend on natural (water regime, climatic phenomena, swamping, meandering, etc.) and anthropogenic (drainage of territories, creation of new artificial reservoirs, etc.) factors.

Groundwater resources

The predicted groundwater resources of the Oryol region are 3,507 thousand m3/day (4.74% of the total predicted groundwater resources of the Central Federal District and 0.4% of Russia). The groundwater reserves of the region are 783.8 thousand m3/day, which corresponds to the degree of exploration of 22.35%.

In 2014, 179.7 thousand m3/day was produced and extracted from the groundwater bodies of the Oryol region, including 134.5 thousand m3/day at the deposits. The degree of development of groundwater reserves is 17.16%.

Provision of the population with water resources (as of 2014)

Provision of the region's population with river runoff resources is 3.79 thousand m thousand m3/year per person). Availability of forecast groundwater resources - 4.58 m3/day per person, which is lower than the national indicator (5.49 m3/day per person), but more than 2 times higher than the indicator of the federal district (1.9 m3/day per person) .

Water use (as of 2014)

The intake of water resources from all types of natural sources in the Oryol region is 91.48 million m3, most of the resources are taken from underground water sources (69.85%), the smaller part - from surface water sources (30.15%).

The total loss of water during transportation in the Orel region is 6.74 million m3 or 7.37% of the withdrawn water, which is almost 1.5 times higher than the figure for the federal district (5.14%), but lower than the national figure (11.47%) .

Direct-flow water consumption - 83.76 million m3. Most of the water was used for drinking and domestic, as well as for industrial needs (48.22% and 37.4%, respectively), the share of agricultural water supply and irrigation accounts for 1.46% and 0.31%, respectively. Domestic water consumption per capita in the Oryol region is 52.8 m3/year per person, which is lower than both the average Russian indicator and the indicator of the federal district (58.09 and 63.93 m3/year per person, respectively).

The volume of circulating and re-sequential water consumption in the region is 321.14 million m3 or 79.31% of the total water consumption in the region.

Wastewater discharge into water bodies of the Oryol region is 64.17 million m3, of which 15.51% is conditionally clean and standard-treated wastewater, the volume of polluted and insufficiently-treated wastewater is 84.49%. The region generates 1.63% of the total volume of polluted and insufficiently treated wastewater of the district and 0.37% of the country.

Until the 60s. the waters of the rivers of the Oryol region were actively used to generate energy (small hydroelectric power stations, water mills). There are no large reservoirs in the Oryol region (the largest are: Neruchanskoye in the Sverdlovsk region (6.8 million cubic meters), feeding pond of the Lubna fish farm in the Khotynets region (4.5 million cubic meters), Oryol reservoir (4.0 million cubic meters). cubic meters).

Former monuments of nature:

Lake Bright Life 25,000 Oryol
Lake Red 6,000 Hotynetsky
Lake Zvannoe 2,500 Shablykinsky
Relic lake near the village of Dubovik 5,070 Orlovsky
Karst lake Lavrovskoe 9,650 Orlovsky
Lake Indovishche 22,700 Shablykinsky

The Oryol region has a well-developed river network. However, most of the Oryol rivers are either the headwaters of large rivers or their small tributaries. On the territory of the Oryol region there are sources of the largest rivers of the European part of Russia - the Oka, the Don and the Dnieper. Therefore, the Oryol region is a geographical center for feeding the most important river systems of the European part of Russia. On its territory, the surface runoff of the rivers of the Volga basin is formed. The watersheds of the rivers are separated by two watershed areas. The first one runs from the city of Maloarkhangelsk to the north to the village of Alekseevka, then to the northeast to the Verkhovye station and to the village of Pankovo. This hilly area is a watershed between the rivers Oka, Zusha with its tributary Neruch and the river Pine with a tributary of the Truda River. In the central part of the region there are elevated hills representing the watershed of the Oka and Zushi rivers, which in its southern part in the Maloarkhangelsk region connects with the watersheds of the Oka and Sosna, Oka and Desna. The second watershed between the basins of the Oka and Desna rivers is located in the southwestern part. The Oka basin occupies 60% of the region's territory, it includes 1377 rivers and streams. The Don basin includes 529 watercourses, the Dnieper - 195.

The water fund of the region has over 2100 streams with a total length of 9154 km, including about 180 streams with a length of 10 or more kilometers and with a total length of over 4000 km.

Large rivers of the Oryol region - Oka and Zusha are used to generate electricity. On the river The Shakhovskaya hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 510 kW operates on the river Oka, Novosilskaya (210 kW) and Lykovskaya (760 kW) operate on the Zusha River. The construction of the dams of these power plants has significantly affected the ecology of some fish species living in the Oka and Zush.

The most extended and abundant rivers of the region are: r. Oka (average annual runoff on the border with the Tula region -2058 million m 3); R. Zusha (tributary of the Oka, average annual runoff - 988.6 million m 3); R. Pine (a tributary of the Don, the average annual runoff on the border with the Lipetsk region is 687.0 million m 3). The basins of the Navlya and Nerussa rivers flowing into the Desna (a tributary of the Dnieper River) are located in the southeastern part of the region, with a total annual flow of 210 million m 3 .

The relief of the area determines the slow, calm flow of rivers. The rivers Zusha, Sosna and a number of other smaller rivers have a fairly fast flow due to a significant difference in elevation.

The magnitude of the surface runoff of the Oryol rivers is influenced by climatic factors - the amount of precipitation, seasonal air temperature and humidity. In addition, the amount of runoff is somewhat influenced by the terrain, the geological structure of the underlying rocks, watershed watersheds and the presence of forests. Of great importance in the formation of surface runoff is human economic activity and technogenic pressure on landscapes (Natural Resources, 2002).

The regional water fund is replenished by creating reservoirs and ponds that accumulate spring flood runoff. The water quality of many ponds is improved by numerous springs that feed the ponds, preventing them from drying out and improving flow. In total, there are more than 1730 ponds in the region with a total area of ​​2800-3000 hectares. [Blinnikov V.I. et al., 1989; Fedorov A.V., 1960]. Of these, as of September 1, 2005, the Administration of the Oryol Region approved a list of fishing grounds. This list includes 608 reservoirs with a total area of ​​5105.6 hectares. Table 1 shows the distribution of reservoirs intended for fish farming needs by districts of the region.

These fishery objects are located in the region very unevenly. For example, in the Khotynets district, the area of ​​fishing grounds is 574.6 hectares, while in the Korsakov district it is only 15.2 hectares. Unfortunately, the presence of reservoirs in a particular area does not yet indicate the development of fish farming in it. Moreover, not all water bodies included in the list of fishing objects are really suitable for the needs of fish farming. Many ponds have insufficient area and depth. Most of them are not equipped with fish collectors and bottom locks for water release. There are quite a few large reservoirs in the Oryol region. A total of 17 ponds and reservoirs have an area of ​​more than 50 ha (Table 2).

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Targets and goals:

• educational: to acquaint students with the facts of the history of the Orel region, its stories and legends; to acquaint children with the Oryol crafts.
• Educational: develop creative imagination, fantasy, memory.
• Educational:
  • to form a feeling of love for their small homeland, pride in their land.
  • to cultivate an aesthetic taste, to develop a perception of the beauty of folk crafts in the Oryol region.

Hello children. Today you will learn what the Oryol region is rich and famous for, about its history, legends and traditions.

Learn about the talents of our countrymen.

Take part in a quiz, from puzzles you can put together a map of the Oryol region.

Organizing time

The lesson starts
Let all knowledge go for the future.
All you need is not to be lazy
And work hard.

Topic of our lesson: Blessed is my land! Native Eagle!

Orlovschina my!

MUSIC - V.Kalinnikov Bylina - overture

Let's go to my land
In the fields, in the meadows of the Oryol region,
Nowhere have I seen a better edge.
I'm here on "you"
With any stream and grove,
Here for me
The beginning of all beginnings.
D. Blynsky

Blessed Oryol region! A page of the great annals of Russia, a piece of the history of the Fatherland.

What is famous for our Oryol region? First of all, its history.

MUSIC song "Glory to the gods and ancestors"

Lift the veil of time and look into the past. In ancient times, the Vyatichi Slavs lived on our lands. According to legend, they called themselves Vyatichi because an elder named Vyatko brought them to our free, generous land.

Chronicles were written briefly.
Do not guess in a mean line,
What was he like, our ancestor Vyatko,
When he settled on the Oka.
He probably walked with a beard,
Hair curled up to his shoulders.
Autumn evening over the water
He loved to burn a high fire.
I believe in his goodness and strength.
He got up with the birds.
Went to war only on the beast,
And he invited a man to visit.
V.Katanov

The Oryol land is the land of legends and tales, the heroes of which were Russian heroes. They say that when Orel was not there yet, in those times that chronicles and epics tell us about, the hero Ilya Muromets drove through our land, hurrying to Kyiv for the service of Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko. Near the village Nine Oaks he met the terrible Nightingale the Robber - and defeated him in a fair fight.

Video - cartoon "Duel of Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber"

Those times are long gone.
Only fairy tales, but songs remained.

Fizkultminutka - music "Our heroic strength"

Stand up together - one, two, three
We are rich now.
We put our hands to our eyes,
Let's spread our strong legs,
turning right,
Look around majestically.
And to the left too
Look from under the palms
And to the right, and more
Over the left shoulder.
Let's spread our legs with the letter "L"
As if in a dance, hands to hips,
Leaning left, right
Turns out to fame!
Well done guys, take your seats.

Let's get back to history.

1566 - the year of foundation of the city of Orel.

The city was built at the behest of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. According to legend, when the fortress was built, a mighty oak tree was cut down, and an eagle flew into the sky. - That's the owner himself! - said the people, following the flying bird with their eyes.

The eagle flew away, and left his name to the city, born to protect Moscow from the raids of the Crimean Tatars. So the legend tells about the foundation of the city.

The official date of foundation of Orel is 1566.

Our Eagle is famous for its names
How many people he looked into the soul!
There is probably a stone above Orlik,
On which Grozny himself sat
Beyond the river stretched expanse,
The grove was dressed in yellow.
The king opened his fur coat with sable
And watched the flight of an eagle.
On the mound the fire was golden,
There was peace in the tent on the mound.
Grozny dreamed of a stone city -
White-white, over the blue river.
V.Katanov

The first years of the young city are drowning in darkness. Governors changed, but anxiety remained unchanged. Almost every summer the bell rang, hanging over the gates of the fortress: either the warlike Dovlat-Girey, or another khan from the Crimea led his army to the city:

(The alarm bell sounds)

He experienced many hardships, several times was destroyed to the ground. But years passed, and our city got back on its feet, spreading its wings to fly further and higher. The hands of the townspeople rebuilt the city anew, making it even more beautiful.

The Oryol land is rich and beautiful, which has always been famous for its unique songs and dances.

Let's go to my land
Where are the spring primroses
In the spring they bloom in a special way.
Here you will find fairy tales
Only local
You will meet our "Matanya"
Only here.
D. Blynsky

An important "pavoi", "dove soul"
It has long been called the girl.
Girl's hands in labor and care
Get used to work from an early age
Weaving and spinning, knitting and sewing,
They sowed, reaped and kneaded the dough.
In difficult work, the back was bent ...
But she went to the party
In a marvelous outfit of peasant clothes.
So from time immemorial preserved in Russia
Women's costume of unprecedented beauty!

Orlovsky folk costume is a real work of art, it rightfully takes a place in many museums of our country.

Famous throughout Mother Russia and Oryol craftsmen, people with golden hands. Let's say, masters orlovsky write-off. This amazing embroidery is called a linen riddle. It is said that Oryol craftswomen reproduced patterns from frosty windows on canvas. Orlovsky list - a hymn to the sun, light, life.

What else can we Orlovites be proud of? Of course, clay toys-whistles Chernyshensky and Pleshkovsky.

The village of Chernysheno is located not far from the city of Novosil, one of the oldest in the Oryol land.

The village of Pleshkovo is located in the Livensky district. According to legend, there were forests around the village, and in this place, due to the scarcity of land, a "bald spot" formed - a bald patch. That is why the name remained - Pleshkovo.

Video footage - Frolovs

Another art craft in the Oryol region can be considered production of folk dolls.

Folk dolls in the old days played a big role: they were a symbol of happiness, kindness, prosperity, procreation, served as a talisman.

(against the background of music - the waltz composer V. Kalinnikov sounds)

Our region is famous for the Oryol Polesie.

The national park is unique in terms of diversity and abundance of fauna. The pride of the park is a herd of bison (about 200 heads). Acclimatized ostrich.

Oryol Polesye is one of the largest national parks in Russia.

video clip

The Oryol region gave the world great writers.

As N.S. Leskov, ": The eagle made so many Russian writers drunk on its shallow waters, as no other Russian people put them to the benefit of their homeland." It suffices to mention the following names:

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov, Afanasy Afanasievich Fet, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin.

But the Eagle is famous not only for writers . It is the birthplace of the composer Vasily and Kalinnikov, his music has already been heard in our class.

In the Oryol region there were family estates of two illustrious heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812: poet-hussar, partisan commander Denis Davydov and General Alexei Petrovich Yermolov. Yermolov's name bears a square in the center of Orel.

The city of Oryol also went down in history as the City of the First Salute.

Walk the streets of the Eagle
Elegant, festive, beautiful.
We can't imagine you.
That there used to be a war here:
Nina Vasilyeva

Meanwhile, in 1943, fierce battles were going on here, shells were exploding, everything was on fire. The Great Patriotic War brought Orel terrible trials, fame Cities of the First Salute and the City of Military Glory. On August 5, 1943, our city was liberated from Nazi captivity.

History has preserved the names of the valiant defenders of the city, who gave their lives for it. In order to touch history, to remember the terrible and heroic pages in the military past of Orel, it is not necessary to flip through textbooks. It is enough to walk along the streets, peer into their names.

: We see at the confluence of the rivers
The proud faces of the winners.
Generals - Orlovtsy forever -
Gurtiev, Kustov, Panchuk, Mikhalitsyn.
City of glory - gray-haired veteran
Remember the marshal
Remember the soldier.
And Oka, dressing in fog,
Names ring in rifts:
V.Katanov

A winged bird over the Flying Eye,
Our eagle is the city of Glory fighting.
Already the fifth century, as your real friend,
He speaks to you sincerely.
L. Zolotarev

We live in the city of Orel, the administrative center of the Oryol region. Briefly about our city, we can say this:

Children in chorus:

Proud of the first salute - our Eagle!
The bird city, soaring steeply, is our Eagle!
The city is ancient and mighty - our Eagle!
The best city in the world is our Eagle!
S. Dorodnova

And now, for you guys, a quiz. For each correct answer, you will receive a puzzle from the map of the Oryol region. Once you answer 12 questions, you will be able to collect a map of the Oryol region.

QUIZ

1. What is the name of the Slavic tribe that lived on the territory of the Orel region in ancient times? (Vyatichi)

2. Ilya Muromets defeated Nightingale - a robber near the Smorodinka River, not far from the village: What is the name of this village? (Nine oak trees)

3. Why is our city called Eagle ? (According to legend, during the construction of the fortress, an eagle flew up from an oak tree:.)

4. What is the year of foundation of the city of Orel. (1566)

5. By decree of which king was the Oryol fortress built? (Tsar Ivan the Terrible).

Tell me, friends!
What kind of embroidery was
Characteristic of the Eagle
In ancient times?
(Orlovsky list)

7. What folk crafts of the Oryol region did you meet today? (Mtsensk lace, Liven harmonicas, Oryol folk doll)

Bison, bear and blond hare
Everyone lives in the same family.
What is the name of this place
In Oryol native?
(Oryol Polissya)

9. The work of famous Russian writers is associated with the city of Orel. Give them their names. (I.S. Turgenev, N.S. Leskov, A.A. Fet, I.A. Bunin)

10. What famous people of the Oryol Territory did you learn about today? (Composer Vasily Kalinnikov, Denis Davydov, Alexei Yermolov)

11. In what year was our city liberated from the Nazi invaders? ( August 5, 1943)

12. What honorary titles associated with the Victory in the Great Patriotic War does our city have? (City of the First Salute, City of Military Glory)

Summing up the results of the quiz Puzzles - map of the Oryol region

Well done boys. You did a good job in class. They quickly completed the task. Each of you receives a small souvenir as a keepsake - a calendar with a view of the city of Orel.

There was no more expensive edge, and no,
Here, every meter of the earth is dug up by war:
Let at least a hundred, at least three hundred years pass -
Your sons will not be forgotten.
Such is the Oryol land, -
Above it is the eternal blue dome of the sky.
I am happy that this is my homeland.
Our fertile corner of Russia.
Y.Murza

Our lesson is over. I hope that each of you will take a fresh look at their small homeland, will know its history and be proud of their belonging to the Blessed Oryol land.