Water heating. Types and work

If a Vacation home designed not only for the periodic arrival of their owners during holiday season, and for a long or even permanent residence in it, then you can’t do without a heating system. This issue is always carefully thought out even at the design stage of construction or reconstruction, and is taken into account when buying ready-made housing.

This question is extremely serious, requiring scrupulous consideration of all existing conditions: the periods of future operation of the building, the climatic zone of the area, the availability of power supply lines, utilities, building design features, the total estimated cost of implementing a particular project. And yet, most often, homeowners come to the conclusion that the best solution would be a closed-type water heating system in a private house.

This publication will review basic principles closed system, its differences from the open one, existing advantages and disadvantages. Attention will be drawn to the main elements of such a system with recommendations for their selection. typical schemes distribution of the heating intra-house network.

Closed heating system in a private house - main features

A private house can be heated in different ways.

• For a long time, the main source of heat was one or more stoves (fireplaces), each of which heated one or another part of the building. The disadvantages of this approach are obvious - uneven heating, the need to carry out regular fireboxes, monitor the combustion process, etc.

Currently, this type of heating is used less and less, and as a rule - with the absolute impossibility or complete inexpediency of using another, more efficient system.

• Electric heating system using convectors or oil coolers- extremely expensive to operate due to the high price of electricity and its high consumption.

True, alternative methods appear, in the form of film infrared elements, but they have not yet gained wide popularity.

• Most of the owners of private houses still stop at water heating. This is a proven efficient system, which, by the way, can operate from almost all sources of energy - natural gas, liquid or solid fuel, electricity, which makes it completely universal - the difference is only in the type of heating boiler. A well-calculated and properly installed water heating system ensures uniform distribution of heat throughout all rooms, and is easily adjustable.

Not so long ago, the main scheme for organizing water heating in a private house was open with the gravitational principle of moving the coolant through pipes and radiators. Compensation for the thermal expansion of water was due to the presence of a leaky one, which was installed at the highest point of the entire circuit of the heating system. causes constant evaporation of water, so there is a need for constant monitoring of its required level.

The movement of the coolant through the pipes is ensured in this case by the difference in the density of cold and heated water - the denser cold one, as it were, pushes the hot one forward. To facilitate this process, an artificial slope of the pipes is created along their entire length, otherwise the effect of hydrostatic pressure may occur.

It is quite possible to embed a circulation pump into an open system - this will dramatically increase its efficiency. In this case, a system of valves is provided so that it is possible to switch from forced circulation to natural and vice versa if necessary, for example, during power outages.

The closed-type system is arranged somewhat differently. Instead of an expansion tank, a sealed compensation tank of a membrane or balloon type is installed on the pipe. It absorbs all thermal fluctuations in the volume of the coolant, maintaining one pressure level in a closed system.

AT currently this the system is the most popular, as it has many significant advantages.

Advantages and disadvantages of a closed heating system

• First of all, there is no evaporation of the coolant. This gives one important advantage- you can use in this capacity not only water, but also antifreeze. Therefore, the possibility of freezing of the system during forced interruptions in its operation is eliminated, for example, if it is necessary to leave the house for a long time in winter time.
• The compensation tank can be located almost anywhere in the system. Usually, a place is provided for negs directly in the boiler room, in the immediate vicinity of heater. This ensures the compactness of the system. An open-type expansion tank is often located at the highest point - in an unheated attic, which will require its mandatory thermal insulation. In a closed system, this problem does not exist.
• Forced circulation in a closed system provides heating of the premises much faster from the moment the boiler is started. No unnecessary losses of thermal energy in the area of ​​the expansion tank.
• The system is flexible - you can adjust the heating temperature in each specific room, selectively turn off some sections of the general circuit.
• There is no such significant difference in the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet - and this significantly increases the period of trouble-free operation of the equipment.
• For heating distribution, pipes of a much smaller diameter can be used than in an open system with natural circulation without any loss in heating efficiency. And this is a significant relief. installation work and significant cost savings.
• The system is sealed, and with proper filling and normal operation of the valve system, there should simply be no air in it. This will eliminate the appearance of air pockets in pipelines and radiators. In addition, the lack of access to oxygen contained in the air does not allow corrosion processes to actively develop.

• The system is highly versatile: in addition to conventional heating radiators, water “warm floors” or convectors hidden in the floor surface can be connected to it. A domestic water heating circuit is easily connected to such a heating system - through an indirect heating boiler.

The disadvantages of a closed heating system are few:

• The expansion tank must have a larger volume than with an open system - this is due to the peculiarity of its internal design.
• Would need mandatory installation the so-called "security group"– safety valve systems.
• The correct operation of a closed heating system with forced circulation depends on the continuity of the power supply. It is possible, of course, to provide, as with the open type, switching to natural circulation, but this will require a completely different arrangement of pipes, which can reduce a number of the main advantages of the system to zero (for example, the use of "warm floors" is completely excluded). In addition, the heating efficiency will also decrease sharply. Therefore, if natural circulation can be considered, then only as an “emergency”, but most often a closed system is planned and installed specifically for the use of a circulation pump.

The main elements of a closed heating system

So, the composition of the general closed-type heating system for a private house includes:

- heating device - boiler;

- circulation pump;

— system of distributing pipes for heat carrier transfer;

- Expansion compensation tank of sealed type;

- heating radiators installed in the premises of the house, or other heat transfer devices (“warm floors” or convectors);

— safety group — valve system and air vents;

- necessary shut-off valves;

- in some cases - additional automatic control and management devices that optimize the operation of the system.

Heating boiler

• by the most widespread are . If a gas main is connected to the house or there is a real opportunity to lay it, then most owners without an alternative prefer this particular method of heating the coolant.

Gas boilers are distinguished by high efficiency, ease of operation, reliability and cost-effectiveness in terms of paying for energy. Their disadvantage is the need to coordinate the installation project with the relevant organizations, since such a heating system has very special safety requirements.

The variety of gas boilers is very large - you can choose a floor or wall model, with one or two circuits, simple in device or saturated with electronics, requiring connection to a stationary chimney or equipped with a coaxial combustion products exhaust system.

• They are usually installed in those conditionswhen gas supply to the house is impossible for some reason. Such an installation will not require coordination - the main thing is that the requirements for electrical safety and compliance with the boiler's power are met. electrical network. Such heaters are distinguished by compactness, simplicity and ease of adjustment.

Heating systems with electric boilers have a well-established reputation for being “uneconomical” due to the rather high cost of electricity. This is only partly true - modern electric heaters, thanks to new technologies for heating water, have a very high efficiency, and with reliable insulation at home should not burden the budget too much.

In addition to the well-known boilers with heating elements (which are really not very economical), modern developments are actively used.

For example, they are widely used in which heating is carried out by flowing alternating current directly through the coolant (although here you will need a specially selected chemical composition water in the system). By themselves, such boilers are inexpensive, but there are certain problems with adjustment.

If you need to heat several rooms at once, then one of the solutions with which this can be realized is water heating. Although now there are many types of space heating, but this one traditional way is the most practical, widespread and affordable.

Types of water heating

During the operation of this type of heating, water is heated, which moves through the pipes and heats the premises.

There are several types of such systems:

• with natural circulation. In this case, the operation of the system occurs due to the different density of cold and hot water. Heating is carried out from below and, according to the laws of physics, there is a natural circulation of water through the pipes.

• With forced circulation. In this system, it is used to move the coolant.

• Combined system. Here, the two previous options are used simultaneously.

In addition, water heating may differ in the pipe installation scheme:

• Single pipe or single-circuit, here the coolant moves through the pipes in series, so the temperature in the radiators located closer to the boiler will be higher than those that are further away.

• Two-pipe, it makes it easier to regulate the temperature and, in turn, can be: star-shaped, loop, collector.

To heat water in such a heating system, boilers are used that run on fuel:

• Solid (coal, briquettes).
• Liquid (diesel fuel).
• Electricity.
• Combined devices.

System device

The device of the water heating system is quite simple, but it works efficiently, which explains the popularity of this heating method.

Water heating consists of the main elements:

• Boiler, it is used to heat water or antifreeze.
• Expansion tank, during heating, the water expands and it needs to go somewhere.
• Pipe system, they can be steel, copper, metal-plastic or plastic, they create a closed heating circuit.
• Devices that give off heat to the room - these can be ordinary steel or bimetallic, etc. radiators, but now they often install underfloor heating.
• The pump, it is necessary for pumping water through the system.
• Thermometer and pressure gauge, these devices are necessary to control the temperature and pressure of the liquid in the system, they can be built into the boiler or installed separately.

Operating principle

Some people call water heating steam, but this is wrong. Steam heating is separate view heating, in it steam acts as a heat carrier, and in our case water or another liquid heat carrier.

Regardless of the type, the principle of operation of such heating will be the same. During the operation of the heating device, water or other coolant is heated in it. After that, due to forced or natural circulation, the heated coolant begins to circulate through the pipes and heats the rooms. Heat can be released into the room, both through radiators and through the floor heating system. Through the pipe system, the cooled coolant returns to the heating device, and the whole process is repeated again.

Application area

Water heating is used both for heating multi-storey and private houses. In addition, it is used for heating offices, shops, industrial enterprises. This solution allows you to significantly save the fuel used - it is electricity, coal or gas, etc.

This method of heating is most often used in residential areas where people are constantly. This is due to the fact that it provides a comfortable temperature change mode, since there are no sharp jumps during the operation of the system. In addition, water or antifreeze has a high heat capacity, which allows them to cool for a long time and maintain heat even when the boiler is not working.

Do not think that water heating is an ideal heating system. The installation of such a system is quite complicated, so if you do not have the appropriate skills, then you will not be able to do it yourself. It is necessary to control the operation of the boiler so that it does not die out, with the exception of electric boilers where this process is automated.

When the system is not used for a long time, it is recommended to drain the water from it, especially in winter, otherwise pipes and radiators can be defrosted. It is necessary to control that air pockets do not form in pipes or radiators, as corrosion appears in these places.

If such a system is made by professionals and is properly operated, then it is able to maintain a comfortable temperature for living in any room.

Features of choice

When choosing this home heating system, you first need to decide on the source that will heat the coolant. If the house has a main gas pipeline, then it is better to use a gas boiler. A good alternative is an electric boiler, but you can also install solid fuel equipment or something that runs on liquid fuel. It all depends on which energy source will be the cheapest and most affordable in your area. You can connect several heat generators in parallel, which will work in turn, depending on the availability of one or another type of fuel.

When choosing a circulation system, and it can be natural or forced, you must take into account your requirements for the heating system and what financial capabilities you have. If the water is heated in solid fuel boiler or furnaces with a water circuit, then natural circulation of the coolant is often used. When using gas or electric heating, it is better to use a forced circulation system of water or antifreeze.

When choosing pipes, there are several options: metal, plastic and metal-plastic. For natural circulation, pipes must be mounted with a slope, metal pipes are better suited for this, but you need to have special skills to install them. metal-plastic and plastic pipes can also be laid with a slope, but they are not designed for temperatures over 95 degrees, so they are usually used to create systems with forced circulation.

For connection metal-plastic pipes use special couplings, so their installation is easy to do with your own hands. To install plastic pipes, you need to purchase a special soldering iron, it is inexpensive, and it is easy to work with it.

When choosing a radiator, it is necessary to take into account the way it is connected, it can be from above, below, from one or different sides.

Advantages and disadvantages

The most commonly used water heating with forced or natural circulation, consider their advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of a system with forced circulation of water or antifreeze:

• You can automatically control the flow of heat from the radiators and thus set the temperature in each room separately.
• It is more economical, since the ability to control the temperature in each room separately leads to a reduction in the energy required to heat the water in the system.
• It is possible to use plastic pipes, and this allows you to speed up the installation of the entire system and reduce the cost of materials.
• Plastic pipes are hidden in the wall or placed above the plinth, so they do not spoil appearance rooms.

The main disadvantage of such a heating system is that it requires electricity to operate, otherwise the pump will not work.

If we talk about the natural circulation of the coolant, then such a heating system is completely autonomous, since electricity is not needed for its operation.

Disadvantages of a heating system with natural water circulation:

• Radiators cannot regulate the temperature of the water.
• Fuel overrun.
• It is necessary to install pipes of large diameter, and this increases the cost of such a heating system.
• Pipes placed on the walls do not look very attractive.
• This heating system is not compatible with underfloor heating.

Although there are many ways to heat a house, water heating has remained the most efficient, practical and affordable for many years. modern industry periodically introduces new or improved heat generators, pipelines and generators, due to which the efficiency of this heating method is increased and its cost is reduced.

In the last few years, it has become more and more popular closed system heating. Heating equipment is becoming more and more expensive, and you want it to last longer. In systems of a closed type, the possibility of free oxygen getting inside is practically excluded, which prolongs the life of the equipment.

Closed heating system - what is it

As you know, in any heating system of a private house there is expansion tank. This is a container in which some coolant is removed. This tank is necessary to compensate for thermal expansion in various operating modes. By design, expansion tanks are open and closed, respectively, and heating systems are called open and closed.

AT last years It is the closed heating circuit that is becoming increasingly popular. Firstly, it is automated and works without human intervention for a long time. Secondly, any type of coolant can be used in it, including antifreeze (it evaporates from open tanks). Thirdly, the pressure is maintained constant, which makes it possible to use any household appliances. There are a few more advantages that relate to wiring and operation:

• There is no direct contact of the coolant with air, therefore, there is no (or almost no) free oxygen, which is a powerful oxidizing agent. This means that the heating elements will not oxidize, which will increase their service life.
• An expansion tank of a closed type is placed anywhere, usually not far from the boiler (wall-mounted gas boilers come immediately with expansion tanks). An open tank should be in the attic, and these are additional pipes, as well as insulation measures so that heat does not “leak” through the roof.
• In a closed system, there are automatic air vents, so there is no airing.

In general, a closed heating system is considered more convenient. Its main drawback is energy dependence. The movement of the coolant is provided by a circulation pump (forced circulation), and it does not work without electricity. Natural circulation in closed systems can be organized, but it is difficult - flow control is required using the thickness of the pipes. This is a rather complicated calculation, because it is often believed that a closed heating system only works with a pump.

To reduce energy dependence and increase the reliability of heating, they install uninterruptible power supplies with batteries and / or small generators that will provide emergency power.

Components and their purpose

In general, a closed heating system consists of a certain set of elements:

• Boiler with safety group. There are two options here. First - a safety group is built into the boiler (gas wall boilers, pellet and some solid fuel gas generators). The second - there is no safety group in the boiler, then it is installed at the outlet in the supply pipeline.
• Pipes, radiators, convectors.
• Circulation pump. Provides the movement of the coolant. It is installed mainly on the return pipeline (here the temperature is lower and there is less possibility of overheating).
• Expansion tank. Compensates for changes in the volume of the coolant, maintaining a stable pressure.

Now more about each element.

Boiler - which one to choose

Since the closed heating system of a private house can work offline, it makes sense to install a heating boiler with automation. In this case, after setting the parameters, you do not need to return to this. All modes are supported without human intervention.

The most convenient gas boilers in this regard. They have the ability to connect a room thermostat. The temperature set on it is maintained with an accuracy of one degree. She fell by a degree, the boiler turned on, heating the house. As soon as the thermostat has tripped (temperature reached), the operation stops. Comfortable, convenient and economical.

In some models, it is possible to connect weather-dependent automation - these are external sensors. According to their testimony, the boiler adjusts the power of the burners. Gas boilers in closed heating systems - good equipment which can provide comfort. The only pity is that gas is not everywhere.

Electric boilers can give a no lesser degree of automation. In addition to traditional units on heating elements, induction and electrode ones appeared not so long ago. They are compact in size and low inertia. Many believe that they are more economical than boilers on heating elements. But even this kind of heating units can not be used everywhere, since power outages in winter are a frequent occurrence in many regions of our country. And to provide electricity to the boiler power. 8-12 kW from the generator is a very difficult task.

Boilers for solid or liquid fuel are more versatile and independent in this regard. An important point: to install a liquid fuel boiler, a separate room is required - this is a requirement of the fire department. Solid fuel boilers can stand in the house, but this is inconvenient, since a lot of debris falls from the fuel during combustion.

Modern solid fuel boilers, although they remain intermittent equipment (they warm up during combustion, cool down when the bookmark burns out), they also have automation that allows you to maintain the set temperature in the system by adjusting the intensity of combustion. Although the degree of automation is not as high as that of gas or electric boilers, it is.

Boilers on pellets are not very common in our camp. In fact, this is also solid fuel, but boilers of this type operate continuously. Pellets are automatically fed into the firebox (until the stock in the burker is finished). At good quality fuel, ash cleaning is required once every few weeks, and all operating parameters are controlled by automation. Only its high price hinders the distribution of this equipment: the manufacturers are mainly European, and their prices are corresponding.

A little about the calculation of boiler power for closed-type heating systems. It is determined by general principle: per 10 sq. meters of area with normal insulation take 1 kW of boiler power. Only take "back to back" is not advised. Firstly, there are abnormally cold periods during which you may not have enough rated power. Secondly, work at the power limit leads to rapid wear of the equipment. Therefore, it is desirable to take the boiler power for the system with a margin of 30-50%.

Security group

A safety group is placed on the supply pipeline at the outlet of the boiler. It should control its operation and system parameters. It consists of a pressure gauge, an automatic air vent and a safety valve.

The manometer makes it possible to control the pressure in the system. According to the recommendations, it should be in the range of 1.5-3 bar (in one-story houses this is 1.5-2 Bar, in two-story - up to 3 Bar). In case of deviation from these parameters, appropriate measures must be taken. If the pressure has dropped below normal, it is necessary to check if there are any leaks, and then add a certain amount of coolant to the system. At high blood pressure everything is somewhat more complicated: it is necessary to check in what mode the boiler is operating, whether it has overheated the coolant. The operation of the circulation pump, the correct operation of the pressure gauge and the safety valve are also checked. It is he who should dump the excess coolant when the threshold pressure value is exceeded. A pipe / hose is connected to the free branch pipe of the safety valve, which is discharged into the sewer or drainage system. Here it is better to do it in such a way that it is possible to control whether the valve works - with frequent discharge of water, it is necessary to look for the causes and eliminate them.

The third element of the group is an automatic air vent. Through it, the air that has entered the system is removed. A very convenient device that allows you to get rid of the problem of air jams in the system.

Security groups are sold assembled (pictured above), or you can buy all the devices separately and connect them using the same pipes that were used to wire the system.

Expansion tank for closed heating system

The expansion tank for is designed to compensate for changes in the volume of the coolant depending on temperature. In closed heating systems, this is a sealed container, divided by an elastic membrane into two parts. At the top is air or an inert gas (in expensive models). While the coolant temperature is low, the tank remains empty, the membrane is straightened (picture on the right in the figure).

When heated, the coolant increases in volume, its excess rises into the tank, pushing the membrane and compressing the gas pumped into the upper part (in the picture on the left). On the pressure gauge, this is displayed as an increase in pressure and can serve as a signal to reduce the intensity of combustion. Some models have a relief valve that releases excess air/gas when a pressure threshold is reached.

As the coolant cools, the pressure in the upper part of the tank squeezes the coolant out of the tank into the system, the pressure gauge returns to normal. That's the whole principle of operation of the expansion tank of the membrane type. By the way, there are two types of membranes - dish-shaped and pear-shaped. The shape of the membrane does not affect the principle of operation.

Volume calculation

According to generally accepted standards, the volume of the expansion tank should be 10% of the total volume of the coolant. This means that you have to calculate how much water will fit in the pipes and radiators of your system (it is in the technical data of the radiators, but the volume of pipes can be calculated). 1/10 of this figure will be the volume of the required expansion tank. But this figure is valid only if the coolant is water. If an antifreeze liquid is used, the tank size is increased by 50% of the calculated volume.

Here is an example of calculating the volume of a membrane tank for a closed heating system:

• the volume of the heating system is 28 liters;
• expansion tank size for a system filled with water 2.8 liters;
• the size of the membrane tank for a system with antifreeze liquid is 2.8 + 0.5 * 2.8 = 4.2 liters.

When buying, choose the nearest larger volume. Do not take less - it is better to have a small supply.

What to look for when buying

The stores have cans of red and of blue color. Red tanks are suitable for heating. Blue ones are structurally the same, only they are intended for cold water and high temperatures do not tolerate.

What else to pay attention to? There are two types of tanks - with a replaceable membrane (they are also called flanged) and with an irreplaceable one. The second option is cheaper, and significantly, but if the membrane is damaged, you will have to buy the whole thing. In flanged models, only the membrane is bought.

Place for installation of expansion tank of membrane type

Usually they put an expansion tank on the return pipe in front of the circulation pump (when viewed in the direction of the coolant). A tee is installed in the pipeline, a small piece of pipe is connected to one of its parts, and an expander is connected to it through the fittings. It is better to place it at some distance from the pump so that pressure drops are not created. An important point is that the piping section of the membrane tank must be straight.

After the tee put a ball valve. It is necessary to be able to remove the tank without draining the heat carrier. It is more convenient to connect the container itself with the help of an American (flare nut). This again facilitates assembly/dismantling.

Please note that some boilers have an expansion tank. If its volume is sufficient, the installation of a second one is not required.

Empty device weighs not so much, but filled with water has a solid mass. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a method of fixing on the wall or additional supports.

Circulation pump

The circulation pump ensures the operability of a closed heating system. Its power depends on many factors: the material and diameter of the pipes, the number and type of radiators, the presence of shut-off and thermostatic valves, the length of the pipes, the operating mode of the equipment, etc. In order not to go into the intricacies of calculating power, the circulation pump can be selected from the table. Choose the nearest higher value according to the heated area or the planned thermal power of the system, in the corresponding line in the first columns find the required characteristics.

In the second column we find the power (how much coolant it is able to pump per hour), in the third - the pressure (system resistance) that it is able to overcome.

When choosing a circulation pump in a store, it is advisable not to save. The entire system depends on its performance. Therefore, it is better not to save and choose a trusted manufacturer. If you decide to buy unknown equipment, you need to somehow check it for noise levels. This indicator is especially critical if the heating unit is installed in a residential area.

Strapping scheme

As mentioned earlier, circulation pumps are installed mainly on the return pipeline. Previously, this requirement was mandatory, today it is only a wish. The materials that are used in the production can withstand temperatures up to 90 ° C, but it's still better not to risk it.

In systems that can also operate with natural circulation, it is necessary to provide during installation the possibility to remove or replace the pump without the need to drain the coolant, as well as to be able to work without a pump. To do this, a bypass is installed - a bypass through which the coolant can flow if necessary. The installation diagram of the circulation pump in this case is in the photo below.

In closed systems with forced circulation, a bypass is not needed - it is inoperative without a pump. But two ball valves on both sides and an inlet filter are needed. Ball valves make it possible, if necessary, to remove the device for maintenance, repair or replacement. The dirt filter prevents clogging. Sometimes like additional element reliability, a check valve is also placed between the filter and the ball valve, which will prevent the coolant from moving in the opposite direction.

Scheme of connection (piping) of a circulation pump to a closed-type heating system

How to fill a closed heating system

At the lowest point of the system, as a rule, on the return pipeline, an additional tap is installed to supply / drain the system. In the simplest case, this is a tee installed in the pipeline, to which a ball valve is connected through a small section of the pipe.

In this case, when draining the system, it will be necessary to substitute some kind of container or connect a hose. When filling the coolant, a hand pump hose is connected to the ball valve. This simple device can be rented at plumbing stores.

There is a second option - when the coolant is simple tap water. In this case, the water supply is connected either to a special boiler inlet (in wall gas boilers), or to a ball valve similarly installed on the return. But in this case, another point is needed to drain the system. In a two-pipe system, this may be one of the last in the radiator branch, to the lower free entrance of which a drain ball valve is installed. Another option is shown in the following diagram. It shows a single-pipe closed-type heating system.

Scheme of a closed single-pipe heating system with a system power supply unit

The climate of Russia does not allow the operation of any buildings without heating systems. The heat carrier (substance for transferring heat around the room) can be water, antifreeze or air. Heating, where the heat carrier is water, is called water heating. Water heating is the most common type of heating. This is due to the availability of water (water intake to the house must be done in any case), as well as convenient operation, safety and reliability of water heating.

Although it is worth noting that water heating is more suitable for permanent residences. In winter, the hot water heating system requires constant operation or additional systems that do not allow the hot water heating system to freeze.

Water heating device

Heating is the process of heating the air in a room, which compensates for the loss of heat in the house due to a decrease in the temperature outside.

The heating of the house occurs due to the movement of the coolant through the room. In the case of water heating, the coolant, heated water, moves through the pipeline, enters heating radiators, which, when heated, give off heat to the premises.

The general scheme of the heating system is as follows. The water is heated in the heat generator. Under its own pressure or under the influence circulation pumps water moves along a closed circuit of the heat pipe. During its circulation, the water is cooled, transferring heat to the room, and returns back to the heat generator. This process is repeated until the water heating system is turned on and all its components are working properly.

Heat generators in the water heating system

3. Pressure gauge;

4. Hot "riser" of the coolant;

5. Main line of hot water-heat carrier;

6. Temperature controller;

7. Heating radiator;

8. Return (cooled) coolant line;

9. Coolant drain;

10. Make-up plumbing;

11. Radiator plumbing valve;

12. Main hot water supply (DHW);

13. Main line of a small thermal circuit;

14. Safety valve;

15. Circulation pump;

16. Automatic valve for bleeding (release) of air from the system.

Single-circuit and multi-circuit water heating systems

In houses, not one, but several independent heating circuits can be made. For example, separately for home radiators, separately for underfloor heating, separately for a boiler. Or separately for two halves of the house. Such water heating systems are more difficult to install, but more effective for high-quality home heating.

One-pipe and two-pipe water heating systems

There are also single-pipe and two-pipe water heating systems. In a single-pipe system, radiators are connected to the heating system in series, in two-pipe systems in parallel.

That's all about the basic principles of water heating! Warmth for your home.

Several visual designed drawings of water heating systems:

Closed, two-circuit closed water heating system with a DHW tank with Expansomat

Closed, two-circuit closed water heating system