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The name of the structural elements of door blocks. Components of doors - vocabulary

In order to correctly assess the quality of the chosen door, let's plunge into the terminology. So, what can an ordinary interior door consist of?

The main components are the door leaf and moldings.

Door leaf

This is the part that opens and closes the opening. The canvas can be made of solid wood, MDF or chipboard, and also have an internal frame of solid pine and a honeycomb structure. Cloths made of solid wood or chipboard weigh from 20 to 30 kg. Doors made of honeycomb filling have a lightweight design, and their weight is 10-15 kg, while they can withstand a load of up to 80 kg. The advantages of this filling are good sound insulation, environmental friendliness, resistance to changes in temperature and humidity.

In addition, the door leaf can be smooth or paneled, deaf or glazed.

moldings

Molding serves to install the door and gives the product a complete look. It consists of a box, platbands and dobor. There are 2 types of moldings - standard and telescopic.

Telescopic molding differs from the standard one in that it has grooves that allow you to expand the door frame to the desired thickness, pushing out the trim and trim.

Box This design is a fixed door profile, on which a leaf, two vertical posts and a horizontal crossbar are hung with hinges. Door frames come in different shapes: from traditional rectangular to complex curly. The box can be with longitudinal slots for telescopic architraves. For the manufacture of this part, either solid wood or MDF is used.

Platbands. Platbands perform the function of covering the joints door leaf and boxes. They are mainly made from solid wood or MDF covered with veneer. They can be overhead and telescopic. Overhead architraves are mounted on glue or fast assembly screws. The main difference between telescopic architraves is that they are very convenient in fitting during installation, as they have wings for insertion into the corresponding box, and this greatly simplifies fastening and allows you to close wide walls, hiding all the cracks.

Dobor. Dobor is a bar for expansion door frame(in case the wall is wider than the door frame). Since the doors are produced according to standard sizes, the width of the door frame is also standard (usually 70 mm). If the wall thickness is greater than this dimension, an additional plank is used. Doors are made from the same veneer as the doors. Such panels are installed close to the box or in a special groove. Dobor ennobles appearance door leaf and gives the whole structure solidity.

When choosing a door, it is important to remember about such elements as a seal, threshold and fittings.

sealant

The seal serves for sound insulation and shock absorption when closing the door, and also helps to reduce the penetration of dust into the room. It is very important that the seal in the door frame is soft. Since a solid seal will either not evenly adhere to the surface of the door, or considerable efforts will have to be made to close the door.

Threshold

it wooden block located at the bottom of the doorway. The threshold serves to improve sound insulation, thermal insulation and increases the fire resistance of the door. Also, the threshold can cover the junction of floor coverings or differences in floor levels in adjacent rooms.

accessories

This is one of the most important constituent parts doors: hinges, handles, door latches, locks, safety chains, closers. At the same time, each detail performs its function. "Fittings" can be different, the main thing is that it be of high quality and fit the style and design of the door.

People who are not professionally versed in carpentry are used to the fact that a door is something monolithic, an integral product, and meanwhile, many centuries have passed since doors began to be made from several elements, the quality of each of which is very important for quality. wooden door generally. Here we will talk about these components of the door.

Components of an interior door

Usually the door leaf, in fact, is called the door, but in fact, this is far from the only part of the overall design. This is the part of the door that closes the doorway. Made canvas maybe from solid wood and MDF, if we are really talking about doors high level. The door leaf can be either solid or with different kind glass inserts, wooden gratings, etc.

The ways of decorating the door leaf can be different - this is wood carving, veneering of various types of wood, plastic or metal elements, etc. In external version There can be a huge variety of options.

The canvas itself consists either of a frame made of solid wood timber, or of elements called standing, ligaments and a paneled part (that is, solid wood panels, paneled doors). The vertical side elements are standing (racks) - loops are attached to them and the lock crashes. Transverse (horizontal) elements - ligaments. Everything that is inside this so-called frame is called a panel (paneled part). The paneled part can be either made of solid wood or MDF, or replaced with glass. There may be two or more paneled parts.


2. Box

Hinged to box- that is, to two racks and a crossbar, which in turn are attached to the wall opening. At the bottom, sometimes they put an additional crossbar - the “threshold”.

The box must be massive and resistant to changes in temperature and humidity. This is important for a secure fit. door structure in the opening.
It is advisable to insert seals into racks and crossbars, as in plastic windows. This will reduce the sounds of closing the door, as well as all sounds, and will not allow smells and drafts to spread around the apartment.


3. Platbands

Platbands are wooden planks that close the junction of the box and the wall (seam), making out a common doorway. They are different in form:

Rectangular,
- semicircular and curly (that is, radius).

platbands are attached to the box with special nails so that the caps are not visible.

Platbands are made of wood or MDF.


4. Extras

If the walls are wide enough, then between the box and the casing there is an open space in the alignment of the wall opening.

To close this opening, extensions are used. They look like wide rectangular architraves.

5. Fittings

Accessories are hinges, doorknobs, locks, chains, latches, in general, all the remaining details of the door structure.

Classic door fittings are most often made of brass. Of course, the fittings must match the overall design of the door, because it is it that largely reflects the belonging of a wooden door to a particular style.

The main components of the doors have remained today almost the same as they have been for many centuries. But in modern doors they can be made from new materials, using the latest technologies. This makes it possible, on the one hand, to achieve the required specifications, and on the other hand, get unlimited possibilities for the artistic solution of doors.

Doors are installed in the doorways left in the walls and partitions separating the premises. Let us briefly remind the reader of what main parts the door consists of.

Separate parts and details of doors bear the following names:

  • the part of the door that opens is called door leaf;
  • frame installed in doorway, on which door leafs are hung, is called door frame;
  • to decorate the opening and cover the gap between the box and the partition or wall, along the perimeter of the box, install architraves;
  • the transition from platbands to skirting boards and the floor can be made out bedside tables;
  • to improve the thermal insulation, sound insulation and fire resistance of the door, suit door threshold, which is a special bar in the floor, at the bottom of the doorway;
  • can be used to protect the lower part of the door leaf from contamination and damage plinth(mainly at external doors);
  • door trims are called bars with a shaped profile, designed to cover the vestibule of double doors;
  • door slabs are called bars with a shaped profile designed to divide the glazed part of the door and strengthen the glass;
  • door leaf straps, with a frame (paneled) door solution, the main bars are called, middlemen- bars that divide the door leaf into parts and serve as a connection between the strapping;
  • panels separate shields are called that fill the space between the strappings and mullions;
  • door leafs are attached to the box (hung) on hinges;
  • attached to canvases door appliances: locks, handles, latches (latches), safety chains, etc.;
  • to increase the sound and heat-shielding properties of doors, special seals.

This is not a complete list of elements that can be used for the manufacture of doors. For example, guides and rollers are used for sliding and folding doors, special insulation and double-glazed windows are used in heat-protective doors, etc. More details from design features each type of doors you can find below, in the relevant sections.

Any house or apartment begins for us with a door. The main characteristic of the quality of comfort and convenience in an apartment directly depends on how the space in the room is divided.

Currently, manufacturers offer a huge selection of all kinds and types of doors, imported and domestic, made of glass, wood, plastic, aluminum. The article presents a detailed classification by types of doors.

There are various types and classifications of doors.

I. According to the materials from which the door is made, doors are distinguished:

1. Wooden.

They have undeniable merit. There is a great variety of patterns and textures of wooden doors, which allows you to make the door an important interior detail. In this case, a simple door can radically transform the interior, make it classic or ultra-modern.

The choice of doors is diverse, due to the many needs and tastes of customers. Wood is environmentally friendly natural material, so the doors made from it have a strong energy. Natural wood allows us to protect ourselves from the action of substances undesirable for the body. Also important is the advantage of wooden doors, as durability and strength. In addition, among the variety of wooden doors, you can easily choose the right one for yourself at a price.

For example, buying a door made of solid oak, we will pay quite a lot (but at the same time we will get a number of advantages), and buying a door made of pine, we will spend less. The tree is notable for the fact that there are valuable breeds of it and methods for making doors from them, and there are also much cheaper ones. So pine doors serve wonderfully, but they also make the door very cheap and more accessible.

2. Aluminum.

Known for their resistance to aggressive environments, which allows you to extend the life of such a door. In addition, aluminum doors are fire-resistant, noise-resistant and have high thermal insulation properties. Therefore, such doors are very competitive in today's door market.

Aluminum doors are highly resistant to corrosion and less massive than iron doors. The characteristics of aluminum are such that the doors made of it are quite safe. Aluminum doors are burglar-resistant, thanks to special accessories and elements, such as numerous locking points, this provides the house with the necessary security.

to negative qualities aluminum doors can be attributed to the energy intensity of the process of their manufacture, which makes such a door 2-3 times more expensive, for example, PVC doors. Another disadvantage of aluminum doors is that any contact of aluminum with other metals (for example, from rainwater) can lead to a reaction leading to complete corrosion of aluminum.

3. Steel.

This is one of the most reliable types of doors for home security. Modern steel doors have significant advantages, as well as a design approach to their manufacture. Many steel doors are treated with anti-corrosion, and high thickness steel is used in their manufacture. A steel door provides excellent soundproofing, protection from cold and odors if it is a professionally made door. This door is not on fire.

4. Glass.

They tend to visually expand the space of the premises, therefore they received a universal vocation. With a temperature difference, there will always be a good vestibule (unlike a wooden door). Because glass is easy to cut, you can create any original glass pattern that will match the interior of your home. The glass door allows you to make the house lighter and more comfortable. The disadvantages of glass doors include their high sound transmission.

5. Veneered.

The veneer is a thin cut from a tree of various species as thick as thin cardboard. Veneer is pasted over door leafs. Such animals are much cheaper than wooden ones, but poorly made.

6. laminated.

Represent smooth doors with a laminate glued on them, painted in different colors or decorated to look like different types of wood.

7. Laminated.

Similar to laminated, but they are a cheaper option, because. this coating is less wear resistant than laminate.

8. Mesonite.

Produced from pressed wood of fine fractions (MDF). These doors are durable and strong. Finishing the front surface of the door is made of laminate or veneer of precious wood.

9. Plastic.

They get off with a stretch of several layers of plastic, or are painted. Their feature and advantages are lightness, unlimited colors and unique design.

10. Combined.

Produced using various materials, this increases the possibility of giving them the necessary forms, designs and a variety of technical characteristics.

II. According to the method of opening, doors are distinguished:

1. Swing.

Can open one way or both. Swing doors can be both internal and external doors. They can be deaf and glazed. Swing doors are made from any material, with any design decision. There are doors with and without threshold. At the same time, the threshold is automatically lowered, and this increases the heat and sound protection characteristics of the doors. To disadvantages hinged doors includes the need to provide space for opening, which is not always convenient if the room is cramped.

2. Sliding.

They allow you to create any interiors, with their help it is easy to redevelop the interior space. These doors are becoming more and more popular in residential buildings and public spaces (offices, conference rooms, etc.)

Sliding can be both internal and entrance doors to buildings, using modern automation. Sliding doors are widely used for wardrobes. Sliding doors go into a cavity inside the wall or move parallel to it. They are sliding (from one canvas) or sliding apart (from two). Doors are mounted on the top, bottom or both rails.

If the door is mounted on the upper rail, then due to the lack of a threshold, the floor plane is visually reduced, but when there is a draft, the door “walks”. Doors on the bottom or on two rails are more stable, but there is a minus - a threshold appears (if desired, it can be “drowned” into the floor). Sliding doors are a smart solution for dividing adjacent rooms, in this case they play the role of a kind of “curtain” or screen.

Used as door trim modern materials: veneer, glass, mirrors, laminate and their combinations. Ideal solution for modern home- Compartment doors made of frosted glass, which plays the role of a zoning element: the glass leaves the feeling that there are other rooms further, because of its transparency.

3. Foldable.

Folding doors combine individual sections that move along a guide in the doorway. They can be made from solid wood, plastic coated with natural wood, and other materials. Glass inserts can also be used in the production of such doors. Folding doors can only be internal.

4. Swinging.

They swing open in both directions, like in the subway, they are very fond of pets. But they are almost never found on sale, only in specialized stores.

5. Stables.

They are a kind of swing. Includes two halves, upper and lower, each having hinges and locks.

III. depending on the number of paintings.

Doors are divided into single-leaf, double-leaf and one-and-a-half (with two canvases of unequal width).

Three- and four-leaf doors are used very rarely.

The number of door panels is determined by the width of the opening in the wall, which, in turn, depends on the fire safety requirements and the functional purpose of the room. All double-leaf doors require additional locking elements - latches.

The exception is swing doors. The sash, fixed with bolts, becomes part of the door frame, but it can be opened at any time by expanding the doorway.

IV. According to the filling of the door leaf, the doors are glazed and deaf.

For example, balcony doors always make glazed, energy-saving.

Internal doors are also often glazed to allow light into an adjacent room or to artificially expand the boundaries of rooms.

Glasses can be transparent, frosted, with a relief pattern, various colors. The shape of the glazing can be different: rectangular, arched, round, triangular.

V. According to the functional purpose, there are:

1. Doors for residential buildings;

2. Doors for public buildings;

3. Special doors subdivided into:

  • fireproof doors;
  • "protective" (shockproof, bulletproof, anti-burglary) doors;
  • doors of increased sound insulation;
  • energy saving doors;
  • waterproof doors;
  • other doors (for example, protecting from x-rays).

VI. By location, the doors are divided into:

  • input,
  • interior,
  • living rooms,
  • corridor,
  • stair,
  • kitchen,
  • balcony,
  • attic.

VII. According to the general purpose of the door are:

  • delimiting,
  • soundproof,
  • airtight,
  • fire fighting,
  • secret,
  • emergency,
  • protective
  • false.

VIII. According to the internal filling, the doors are divided into:

1. From an array.

Made from precious woods. The price of such doors is much higher and their weight is large. In the production of doors, they are painted with various wood impregnations or varnishes. Such processing plays a decorative role, in addition, the door is less susceptible to damage by fungi, mold, insects, and is resistant to fading. Solid wood doors are produced smooth or paneled, blind or glazed, left- or right-handed, painted, laminated, veneered, etc.

2. Shield (cellular) with different filling.

The door leaf in such models can be filled with:

  • wooden slats. There are two ways to fill: solid and small-hollow (from veneer, from plywood or solid fiberboard or MDF, spiral chips, paper honeycombs);
  • polyurethane.

3. Paneled.

The door leaf on both sides is not smooth. Such doors have recessed decorative rectilinear or rounded recesses. Paneled doors are deaf and with glass filling. Glass for panels can be transparent, patterned or reinforced with a thickness of 5 mm.

4. Smooth.

In contrast to the paneled ones, they have absolutely smooth surface.

IX. Depending on the moisture resistance of the door material, doors are distinguished:

1. Increased moisture resistance.

Produced for premises with air humidity over 60% (external and tambour doors).

2. Normal moisture resistance.

Made for rooms with air humidity up to 60% (internal doors).

X. Depending on the surface finish of the door, there are:

  • with opaque finish(paints, enamels, decorative plastics or films)
  • with transparent coating(varnishes).

XI. Depending on the method of transformation, the doors are:

1. Rollback.

By type of installation are divided into:

  • partition doors- deaf or glazed door leaves moving along guides that are fixed on top or built into the floor. The blades overlap by about 30 mm when closed and are held in position by a guide that is built into the floor.
  • side doors differ from partition doors in the presence of a guide that is mounted on the wall, and not in the doorway. Such a door in the open state is “attached” to the wall next to the opening. The length of the guide is two widths of the closed doorway. Disadvantages of the door: the loss of wall space at the place where the door leaf is attached and the need to mask the guide to fit it into the interior. The advantage is that there is no requirement to increase the opening in the wall.
  • retractable doors also move along the guides, but in the design of the door block there must be a special case for the door leaf, disguised as a wall.

2. Hinged-folded.

Similar to screens, they require guides located both above and above and below. Such doors are made of wood or plastic. Both fixed and glazed doors are available.

3. Lifting and curtain (louvered).

Their design is similar to the role of shutters. Such doors are used for rarely visited premises (storerooms, utility rooms). The disadvantage is the location of the opening handle at the bottom.

When choosing a door model, it is necessary to remember the main design rule - doors that are in sight at the same time must be in the same style for a harmonious perception of the interior.

This component is also important. When designing a room, it must be taken into account that the doors should open from the room, outward - along the path of a possible evacuation.

The door is an ordinary and familiar element of equipping any room. Opening and closing it, no one thinks about what parts it consists of. Meanwhile, in the official construction terminology, the name "door" simply does not exist. It sounds like this: door block". Or even more seriously - "construction to fill doorways". So, the door is a rather complex system, consisting of many parts.

Does an ordinary consumer who chooses a door for his apartment or house need to know about its design subtleties? At least highly desirable. Such information will help to avoid some disappointments in the purchase process. Flipping through the price lists of manufacturers, a potential buyer carefully examines the prices. He tries to choose a door that fits into the budget of his renovation. But when it comes to buying, it turns out that the chosen model costs 20-30 percent more than the price stated in the price list. And there is no cheating on the part of manufacturers. Just in the price list, as a rule, only the price of the door leaf is indicated, excluding other components. What additional elements does the buyer need to purchase in order for the door leaf to turn into a “door block”?

The standard door structure consists of the following main parts:

  • door leaf (single-leaf or double-leaf);
  • boxes;
  • platbands;
  • door fittings.

Depending on the design and functional features door block, additional elements can be added to the main set:

  • additional plank;
  • threshold;
  • feigned plank;
  • closers;
  • opening controls.

Door leaf

The door cloth is the main functional and decorative element of a door. It isolates the room from noise, adverse atmospheric influences, extraneous encroachments. At the same time, the door leaf is part of the interior and exterior decoration of the building, so its design must comply with the architectural or design concept. According to the manufacturing technology, two main types of door panels can be distinguished - panel and panel.

Shield. The panel sheet is a frame made of wooden beam with one or two crossbars. The frame is sheathed on both sides with wood or board materials (fiberboard, chipboard). This technology is used to produce canvases of inexpensive office doors and wooden entrance doors. The internal space that is formed between the two sheathing sheets is filled with insulation. For this, materials such as tubular chipboard, fiberboard insulation boards or mineral wool boards are used.

Paneled. Most interior doors are made using panel technology. Such a canvas consists of a strapping (frame) and mullions (bars that are inserted inside the frame and divide it into several parts). The openings between the frame and the mullions are filled with paneled panels. Panels are made of wood or MDF. If the panels are replaced with glass inserts, a glazed sheet is obtained. Large glass surfaces can be decorated with overhead metal or wooden bindings.

door frame

Box - the bearing frame element of a door design which is rigidly fixed in an aperture. It is on it with the help of hinges that the door leaf is hung. Boxes of interroom doors are made of a wooden bar or MDF. For the production of boxes entrance doors steel or aluminum alloys are used. In some door frames, a quarter is selected, which forms a vestibule of the door leaf. Many domestic manufacturers supply wooden boxes in the form of "semi-finished products", that is, a set of bars that, when installing the door, will have to be cut "on a mustache" (at 45 degrees) or "on a straight spike" (at a right angle) when installing the door. Modern MDF boxes are delivered, as a rule, "assembly" - with selected grooves for connecting elements. Such boxes may also have a slot for mounting a telescopic casing. It is desirable that the width of the door frame matches the thickness of the wall or partition into which the door is installed. In this case, the appearance of the door structure will be more aesthetic, and the places where the box adjoins the wall will be covered with a regular platband. On sale you can find boxes of several sizes that correspond to the standard thickness of walls and partitions (60, 80, 120 and 140 mm). These figures may vary depending on the manufacturer's internal standards.

platbands

Platbands are molded products that are made of wood or MDF and serve to decorate a doorway. Them main function- hide the junction of the door frame to the wall. Even with the most ideal installation performance, a gap can form in this place over time. It is she who closes the platband. Most standard products of this type have a smooth surface and a rounded outer edge. But spectacular decorative platbands are also made, which give the door block an unusual, elegant look. Their vertical posts are decorated with milled flutes (notches imitating the corrugation of antique columns), carvings, overhead decorative elements from wood. In this embodiment, the upper lintel is usually made in the form of a cornice - profiled or decorated with carvings. Of course, such platbands are made only by individual order.

Door furniture

Loops. The main operational load in swing door blocks falls on the hinges. One of the common varieties is butterfly loops (card loops). This type of product got its name because of its appearance. Such a hinge is a central cylinder with “wings” attached by means of movable joints - wide plates, with which it is attached to the frame and door leaf. Card loops can be detachable and one-piece (universal). The first option is easier to install and more convenient for the operational maintenance of the door (for example, if the door leaf needs to be removed for restoration). But they have one feature - they can be "right" and "left". Therefore, when purchasing such products, it is necessary to clearly imagine the side of opening the door leaf. The hinges of the second variety can open to any side, they are stronger than detachable ones, do not need lubrication and work silently. However, “butterfly” hinges cannot always be installed in a rebate door due to the width of the mounting plates. In this case, screw-in hinges can be used (as on window structures). The cylinder of such a product is visible on one side of the door leaf. But this will not spoil the appearance of the door. Modern manufacturers produce screw-in hinges with aesthetic decorative coatings - chrome-plated or gold-plated. Also on the market there is a variety of products that provides opening the door on both sides - "swinging" hinges. Such modern models are equipped with spring mechanisms that return the sash to the closed position.

Locking mechanisms. Some interior doors must necessarily be equipped with a locking mechanism, for example, doors to the bathroom or toilet. As a rule, simple retractable mechanisms or latches with a latch are installed in such doors. In many cases, ordinary interior doors are also equipped with a latch lock (without a latch) so that they do not open during air movements (draft) or from accidental shocks. Latches can be supplied in a separate housing or included in the lock mechanism. Locking systems for entrance doors are very diverse - from fairly simple crossbar and English locks to complex systems with interchangeable coding that combine several locking mechanisms.

Doorknobs. It is an integral part of the door block. Thousands of varieties of door handles are on sale, the cost of which can vary dozens of times. The quality and price of a product depend, first of all, on the material from which it is made. Cheap pens are made from low-quality plastic, inexpensive metal alloys, or powdered metal (by pressing in a mold). Such products do not withstand intensive use and may fail in the first years (or even months) after installation. Quality door handles are made from stainless steel or brass. Sometimes manufacturers also use special grades of composite plastics or hardwoods. In order for the metal handle not to lose its appearance during long-term operation, it is coated with special protective compounds. These can be metallized coatings, protective varnishes, composite compositions based on ceramics, etc.

Additional elements

Each additional element that can be installed on the door block deserves a separate article. So, additional slats make it possible to increase the width of the door frame, and thresholds - to solve the problem of level difference between rooms. Automatic door opening mechanisms are one of the promising directions in the development of the door industry. Doors with automatic opening are in demand not only in public buildings, they have become one of the elements of the "smart home" system.

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