Unprivileged segments of the population in a class society. Search results for \"unprivileged classes\"

Much more gaps remain in the study of the genealogy of peasant, worker, merchant, and other unprivileged families. The problem lies mainly in the paucity of available sources. For example, until the middle of the 18th century, a sufficient basis for classifying a person as a peasant population was considered to be his mention in a scribe or census book as a peasant. The manifesto of March 17, 1775 gave the right to the peasants who were set free to declare which class they wish to enter (bourgeois or merchant). The decree of February 20, 1803 called the peasants, released into the wild with land, free cultivators. Then the code of laws on fortunes attributed the entire peasant population to the category of rural inhabitants. The serfdom abolition manifesto of 1861 granted both free peasants and former serfs the rights of free rural inhabitants. When a peasant left a rural society, he received a certificate of discharge from the volost foreman and was assigned to another rural or urban society. One of the last pre-revolutionary legislative acts documenting belonging to the peasant class was the Decree of October 5, 1906. According to it, peasants and persons of the former taxable estates were equalized in the rights to enter the civil service, educational institutions, clergy and monasticism.1
Like other unprivileged classes, the peasants rarely kept their genealogies. With the meagerness of direct sources, indirect materials are of great importance.
The well-known researcher of the history of peasant families M.V. Borisenko proposes to conditionally divide the works on peasant genealogy into three groups: genealogical studies of families and clans proper; source studies and all the rest, in which genealogical plots are auxiliary or related.2 There are no exhaustive works on the genealogy of the peasantry yet. All of them are limited chronologically, territorially or on other grounds.
For example, M.V. Prokhorov made the object of genealogical search the ancient village of Pokrovskoye (Fili), located near Moscow, known in history by the famous military council of M.V. Kutuzov on September 1, 1812. The village was a large patrimony of the Naryshkins. It is known that serfs, as a rule, did not even have a surname. In census books and revision tales, the name of the peasant himself and his father was usually indicated. Often peasants incorrectly indicated their age. The researcher managed, however, based on the analysis of genealogies, to make a number of interesting observations and conclusions about the stability of the residence of individual peasant families in the village, about the absence of transitions of village residents to other classes, about the types of families of direct kinship, about the structure and composition of peasant families throughout the 18th century. - the first half of the 19th century. The author cites interesting statistics. The village lost almost a third of the population during the pestilence of 1771, during the Patriotic War of 1812 the population decreased by a quarter.
genealogical characteristics of the peasantry of only one village for a century and a half (see Appendix 2).
MM Gromyko devoted a number of articles to the genealogy of the Siberian peasantry.2 The value of her research lies in the fact that genealogical data are given in combination with statistical and other data. Along with census books and revision tales, such a little-studied source as confession lists, compiled by priests to identify non-confessing parishioners since 1737, is used. Genealogical data allow M.M. Gromyko to draw important conclusions about the socio-economic processes in the Siberian village.

The genealogy of workers has specific features in comparison both with the genealogy of the ruling classes and with the genealogy of other unprivileged strata. One of them is that she is much "younger". The working class of the feudal period included heterogeneous groups. It is expedient to trace the genealogy of working families for individual enterprises. The working genealogy has its own specific sources: formulary lists of artisans, clerical documentation of plants and factories, etc. The formulary lists indicated the name, age of the artisan, his origin, time and place of employment, changes in service, education, behavior of the artisan, punishments and fines , holidays, participation in military campaigns, salary, marital status, number of children, their age and occupation, and even the height and appearance of the artisan. Among the weaknesses of this type of sources is the lack of information about the parents and the poor preservation of the lists. Among the earliest and most conscientious works on the genealogy of Russian workers, L.N. Semenova’s study on the genealogy of artisans of St. departments. On the example of a number of biographies, L.N. Semenova traced the transitions of artisans and their children to other departments, in
merchants, philistinism, the army, etc. identified two types of social evolution of artisans. The first - when they retained the status of fathers and replenished the working class, the second, more rare - when literate children of artisans replaced lower military positions in artillery teams, in the offices.
The problem of the formation of proletarian dynasties is also dealt with by P.A. Kolesnikov (he restored the genealogy of I.V. Babushkin), M.G. All works are narrowly thematic.
Sources on the genealogy of the merchants are inseparable from documenting belonging to the urban estates. In the late XVII - early XVIII centuries. the urban population began to be divided into estates. In 1699, a burgomaster's chamber was established to manage merchants and townspeople. On January 16, 1721, the Regulations of the Chief Magistrate were established, which defined the urban estates. In 1723, a capital qualification of 500 rubles was set for entry into the merchant class.
On April 21, 1785, a charter was adopted on the rights and benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire. Usually in the literature it is called the Letter of Complaint to the cities. The charter was intended to regulate the organization and activities of the newly introduced bodies of city self-government. The letter of grant divided the inhabitants of cities into estates. The majority of the urban population remained deprived of full rights. The competence of city governments has narrowed. Real power remained in the hands of the governors, police agencies and local officials appointed by the governors. City self-government bodies were left with secondary issues of improvement and the sanitary condition of cities, the development of trade and industry, etc. Moreover, they were constrained by an insufficient financial base. Merchants were granted only secondary rights. But at the same time, the Letter of Complaint to the cities created privileges for the commercial and industrial elite, and thereby contributed to the growth of trade and industry in the country, without affecting serfdom.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Estates Acts redefined the urban estates. In 1870 the city regulation was introduced. Since that time, city philistine books have ceased to be kept. Important sources on the genealogy of the merchants throughout its history remain census books, revision tales, metric records.
A.I. Aksenov is considered the leading researcher of the genealogy of the merchant class.
He owns two serious monographs on the genealogy of the Moscow and district merchants of the XVIII century "and scientific articles on this issue. In his research, A.I. Aksenov is not limited to the framework of the XVIII century.
The earliest information about Russian merchants dates back to the second half of the 18th century. Merchants were then called guests, because they traded in
living places, or churchyards. Usually these were large villages. After the adoption of Christianity, burials at temples in such villages began to be called churchyards. The guests were the highest merchant organization, below them were the drawing room and the cloth hundreds. Guests, unlike the latter, could conduct foreign trade, acquire land and had a number of other privileges.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the situation changed for a number of reasons. Firstly, the guests were a very closed social group, part of the living rooms disappeared due to the lack of internal reproduction. As a result of the economic policy of Peter I, the guests were deprived of some traditional types of trade and crafts. For example, Peter introduced a state monopoly on the sale of furs and salt, which undermined the financial power of a number of merchant families (the Filatyevs, the Pankratyevs, and others). Not the last role in this was played by the tax policy of the government, which was waging a long Northern War. At the same time, merchant families rose to prominence, profiting from hostilities.
In 1728, the institutions of guests and the drawing room of a hundred were legally destroyed. The Living Hundred lasted a little longer in time, since it did not conduct foreign trade. And the internal operations were less affected by the war. In addition, the drawing room hundred greatly outnumbered the guests. At the beginning of the 18th century, the economic position of the merchants Bvreinovs, Markovs, Mokeevs, Startsovs, Turcheninovs remained strong. The Evreinovs, for example, got rich by supplying cloth to the army.
The strongest were those merchant families who transferred their capital from trade to industry. Although it should be noted that these were still feudal entrepreneurs (see Appendix 4).
The new guild merchants received from the government the rights and privileges previously available only to guests and the living hundred. Therefore, they became serious competitors of the latter.
In accordance with the Charter to the cities of 1785, the merchants of the first and second guilds divided the right to internal wholesale and retail trade, to establish factories and plants, and were exempted from state services. The first guilds could trade outside the empire and therefore could have sea vessels, while the merchants of the second guild had only river boats.
It is curious how the merchant class was formed. In addition to internal reproduction, individual merchant families originated from peasants. Although it was quite difficult, since the majority of the peasants were serfs. Another base for the formation of the merchant class was the raznochintsy - townspeople, philistines, soldiers, people from the families of clergymen, etc.
A.I. Aksenov is credited with studying the family ties of the merchants. Often, marriage, along with the main function of procreation, also performed the function of economic preservation of the family name. In the formation of family relations of merchants who moved to Moscow, two trends were observed - past ties were preserved and kinship with Muscovites was established. Of considerable importance was the dowry, which was given for the bride by merchant families. It played a big role for the groom's surname as a means of initial accumulation. In the 19th century, merchant families that emerged from provincial towns or from peasants turned out to be the most stable. They fought especially hard for a place under
the sun.

One of the factors in the decline of many first guild merchant families was the gentrification of merchants. In addition, they often became poorer as the surname grew.
In the end, the merchant class merged with the commercial and industrial class, and until 1917 it existed only formally.
Officials played an important role in the fate of the Russian state. An important document for studying its early history is the Table of Ranks. "Officers, having received the rank of collegiate registrar, became personal nobles, collegiate assessors had the right to hereditary nobility. On December 15, 1763, the Decree was adopted "On filling judicial places with worthy and honest people, on measures to stop extortion and bribes ..." This The decree established the salary of all officials, that is, the bureaucracy received a special source of income.From 1764, official lists were introduced that contained information about the official's family.They are important for genealogical research.August 14, 1798, followed by the Decree "On the exclusion of the order rank of people from the capitation salary and on the indeterminacy in the civil service from the merchant, petty-bourgeois and other poll taxes of the bearing rank without presenting to the Senate about the need for them. "This Decree played a significant role in the formation of the bureaucracy as a special group. For the first time, it provided for the possibility of officials leaving the taxable estates.
Thus, the bureaucracy gradually became a social group with its own sources of income and a special legal status.
M.F. Rumyantseva came to curious conclusions about the course of this process, having studied the data on the inheritance of professions and the social nature of the marriages of officials.
Most officials entered into marriages with representatives of the social environment from which they came. Of the 79 nobles, 31 were married to noblewomen, 22 were married to the daughters of officers; out of 51 people from the environment of civil servants, 19 were married to the daughters of small clerical employees and officials of lower ranks; out of 4 sons of merchants, 2 were married to merchant daughters; out of 28 sons of priests, a quarter are married to daughters of priests. Thus, socially homogeneous marriages prevailed.1
In addition, all officials, regardless of social origin, sought to marry hereditary noblewomen.
As for the inheritance of the father's profession by the sons, the sons of the nobles preferred military service. Much less often they chose civilian. More often, the children of officials who came from the children of soldiers and from among civil servants entered the civil service. Moreover, the latter usually began to serve at a young age - from 10-12 years old - as copyists, etc.

Estates in Russia in the 19th century is an interesting historical and scientific issue that is being studied to this day.

It is very fascinating to observe how the society of our country has changed over time, how it has changed, acquired new features, and approached the state it is in today.

Until the 19th century, there was no estate society in the country; completely different ways of dividing people into different strata operated here. But Peter I, together with his noble court, tried in every possible way to make Russia a part of Europe. And it was from there that during the first half of the 19th century the tsar borrowed various estates. Let's take a closer look at how it all looked.

Estate formation

The estate structure of society existed in Western Europe, but in our country there were not even concepts describing this phenomenon.

The first evidence of the division of people into estates appeared in Russia in the late 1780s., but, as many historians note, this system did not have time to fully establish itself and receive the recognition that it had in the West.

A person fell into one or another class according to what business he was engaged in, what education he had, what level of material prosperity he differed in, what kind of pedigree he had.

The scheme of belonging to one class or another was quite confusing and causes controversy even now. This issue was regulated by a special code of laws issued in several weighty volumes.

Estates in Russia in the 19th century

As already mentioned, Russian society had not seen a class society before, so Peter I completely copied it from the West, but with some features and adaptation to our locality.

Certain sections of society treated innovations differently, and some individuals did not accept these changes, therefore they only formally and forcedly participated in the reforms.

Generally, both classes of a kind of aristocracy and taxable estates appeared- the most humiliated categories of the population who were forced to serve in the army, pay tribute for each person in the family, and obey many additional laws.

Under such conditions, it is not surprising that the beginning of the revolts against the tsarist system and the late arrival of Marxism found very fertile ground.

Privileged

Estates were divided into privileged and unprivileged. The first included such categories of citizens.

Nobility

A fairly old estate, which originated in the 17th century during the reign of princes. The nobles had broad powers, they were part of the court of a major prince or boyar.

It was possible to receive the title of a nobleman for special successes and merits in military service, at the will of the sovereign, depending on one's ancestry.

It is worth noting: the title of nobleman was also inherited, but only through the male line. If a woman of a noble family married a simple man, then the title of nobles was not transferred to him and her children.

Clergy

The traditional caste of the population for an Orthodox country, which included various kinds of clergy, monks, elders and others.

The social composition of the clergy is quite diverse. This included people with very different levels of material wealth, since here it was not a determining factor.

The clergy were divided into two large categories: white and black. The first part included the parish part of the faithful, the second - monasticism. These people were not subject to military conscription and corporal punishment.

Merchant 1st and 2nd guild

The merchants of the first guild included those who had a large commodity turnover both within the country and abroad. Merchants of the 2nd guild were engaged exclusively in domestic trade.

The former had fairly extended powers and freedom of action. As for the 2nd guild, its representatives had to pay additional taxes and were even called up for military service as recruits.

All people belonging to this class had the right to self-government, many freedoms and rights, they were entitled to receive a quality education.

Unprivileged

This estate of the inhabitants of the Russian Empire was more extensive than the privileged. Its class structure looked like this.

Peasantry

The peasants were state and serfs, but later these names underwent changes. The position of the peasants was unenviable - the serfs had no rights and were completely unfree in all respects.

As for the state peasants, they could have land owned by the community, they had the right to self-government.

All types of peasants were obliged to serve in the army, work out the so-called corvée, pay dues, and also had other types of duties to their owners and the state.

In short, the position of this class was unenviable.

Philistinism

This estate included craftsmen of various profiles, artisans, as well as representatives of small-scale urban trade.

The philistines had the right to their own self-government, and to receive education, although limited in comparison with what was given to the nobles.

No titles were valid here, and the townspeople were forced to pay all the taxes that were in the country, were subject to recruitment, forming the basis of the army of the Russian Empire.

These people had few rights, but enough duties. They also did not have the opportunity to take ownership of the land.

Cossacks

Anyone could become a Cossack; legends were once made about this category of the population.

Freemen, ownership of land, exemption from any taxes - all this was available to the Cossacks in full.

The only thing that the Cossacks owed to the state was to serve in the army, while having their own equipment.

Merchants 3 guilds

In a separate estate, some researchers include merchants of the 3rd guild. These are the main merchants who provided city and county trade in the country.

There are no special differences from other guilds here, just representatives of the 3rd guild also had to serve in the army.

Below is a table with a summary of this topic.

The estate system did not last long - the Decembrist uprising, the impending world war, the Bolsheviks and many other upheavals quickly threw the country into a completely different reality.

DEMOS

Synonyms of the Russian language. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what DEMOS is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• DEMOS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Greek demos - people) in Dr. Greece, a free population with civil rights (as opposed to meteks, perieks, slaves, etc.). …
• DEMOS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (Greek demos - people), in the broadest sense of the word, D. is a free population of ancient Greek city-states that had civil rights (unlike ...
• DEMOS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Greek demos - people), in ancient Greece, a free population with civil rights. From the end of the 5th - 4th centuries. to our...
• DEMOS
  in ancient Greece, the people, that is, the main part of the population, opposed to the aristocracy (eupatrides); in demos, slaves are not ...
• DEMOS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , a, pl. no, m. in dr. Greece: people, i.e. the main full-fledged part of the population, opposed to the aristocracy - Eupatrides (in the village ...
• DEMOS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DEMOS (Greek d; mos - people), in Dr. Greece, the free population, possessing citizenship. rights (unlike metecs, perieks, slaves and ...
• DEMOS in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  de "mos, de" mos, de "mosa, de" mos, de "mos, de" mos, de "mos, de" mos, de "mos, de" mos, de "mos, ...
• DEMOS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (gr. demos) in Dr. Greece - the people, that is, the main full-fledged part of the population, opposed to the aristocracy (eupatrides); in demos...
• DEMOS in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [gr. demos] in other Greece - the people, i.e. the main full-fledged part of the population, opposed to the aristocracy (eupatrides); demos not...
• DEMOS in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
  m. 1) Free population with civil rights (in Ancient Greece). 2) The people, the unprivileged segments of the population in the class ...
• DEMOS in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
  d'emos, ...
• DEMOS in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  demos...
• DEMOS in the Spelling Dictionary:
  d'emos, ...
• DEMOS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  (Greek demos - people), in Dr. Greece, a free population with civil rights (as opposed to meteks, perieks, slaves, etc.). …
• DEMOS in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
  (de), demosa, pl. no, m. (Greek demos) (book). The people, the unprivileged segments of the population in the class ...
• DEMOS in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
  demos m. 1) A free population with civil rights (in Ancient Greece). 2) The people, the unprivileged segments of the population in the class ...
• DEMOS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
  m. 1. Free population with civil rights (in Ancient Greece). 2. The people, the unprivileged segments of the population in the class ...
• DEMOS in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  m. 1. The main part of the population with civil rights, opposed to the aristocracy (in ancient Greece). 2. The people, the underprivileged ...
• 1998.11.23 in Pages of History What, where, when:
  Demos-Internet, Independent publishing house InfoArt and Sovam Teleport form an advertising alliance banner.Ru. The top three ISPs that play a prominent role in...
• TAVADZE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  Solomon (pseudonym "Oboli-Musha") is a Georgian writer. Comes from peasants. From 1903 to 1906 he worked in a factory and tea plantations ...
• LITERARY PUBLISHING HOUSES in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  (Russians). - In a class society, literary publishing houses invariably participate with their products in the struggle of classes, serving their ideological needs. Along with …
• GISSING in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  George is an English writer, a major representative of the naturalistic novel. In his major novels, Gissing naturalistically accurately conveys life ...
• VARNALIS in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  Kostas [?????? ?????????, 1890—] (pseudonym Demos Tanalis) is a modern modern Greek poet and critic. R. on one of the islands of the Archipelago; on …
• ARISTOPHANES in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  [OK. 450 - approx. 385 BC era] - the most prominent ancient Greek playwright, the most prominent representative of the political comedy of the end of V and ...

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1

The article is devoted to the study of functional and psychophysiological characteristics of adolescents in conditions of different types of education. A comprehensive examination of the functional and psychophysiological parameters of the students' organism was carried out. It has been established that adolescents in the conditions of specialized training, having better psychophysiological parameters compared to their peers in specialized classes, demonstrated higher stress on the part of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems.

(SK) and profile classes (PC).<...>Similar differences were observed in the 10th grade.<...>classes p ≤ 0.05) (Table 2).<...>indicator differed only in profile classes.<...>with students of specialized classes. 2.

2

No. 3 [Siberian teacher, 2015]

Scientific and methodical journal. The problems of education are discussed, the latest pedagogical technologies and methods are described. At the Siberian Teacher, you will get acquainted with the experience of innovative teachers and their colleagues abroad.

In 2014, engineering classes and classes related to applied biology, design class, opened.<...>11th grade.<...>physics class.<...>» (grades 10–11)).<...>classes p ≤ 0.05) (Table 2).

3

Linguistics of the text and the textual aspect of the study of syntax at school: an educational method. recommendations. 2nd ed., rev.

The educational and methodological recommendations reveal the scientific foundations of the development of speech, pay special attention to the basic provisions of text linguistics, explain the essence of the text aspect when studying syntax at school, characterize typical shortcomings in the construction of the text by students and work methods aimed at eliminating them.

Development of speech: theory and practice of teaching. Grades 5-7: A book for the teacher. M., 1991; Ed. 2nd.<...>Practical methodology of the Russian language. Grade 8: A book for the teacher. M., 1992. 3. Lvova S.I.<...>Collection of texts for presentations with linguistic analysis. Grades 5-9 / Kapinos V.I. and etc.<...>Lessons of in-depth study of the Russian language. Grade 9 M., 1994. 10. Skvortsov L.I.<...>Compositions of various genres in high school. M., 1997. 4. Kamenskaya L.Ya.

4

Methods of teaching music in a comprehensive school program for students of music and pedagogy. fak.

The program of the course "Methods of teaching music in a secondary school" includes an explanatory note, the content of the subject indicating the topics of lectures and their corresponding exemplary tasks for conducting practical classes, exemplary questions for organizing seminars, as well as recommended literature to help students.

G-11 classes "(authors: L. Bazhenova,? E. Bondareshso, Yu. Usov).<...>I7 classes. Omsk, 1992. Shiryaeva N.<...>Its adaptation in specific tasks for the G and II classes by I.V. Kadobnova, for the III class by G.S. Kravchenko.<...>Appeal to the class and individual appeal to the school.<...>First grade . Izhevsk, 1990.

5

Routes of professional development teaching aid for the course "Theory and Methods of Teaching Mathematics" for students, graduate students, teachers

FGBOU VPO "SHGPU"

The textbook reflects the main content of the course "Theory and Methods of Teaching Mathematics", presents tasks for practical exercises and independent work. The recommendations on drawing up an individual curriculum, setting goals, and implementing reflection contained in the manual will help you understand how to become the author of your own educational route in practice. It is intended for students, graduate students and teachers of pedagogical universities.

6 classes, 7 - 9 classes, 10 -11 classes; know the modern methodology for the formation of mathematical concepts<...>Grades 1-5, knowledge and skills of primary school students in mathematics.<...>Methods for studying the main classes of equations, inequalities and their systems in grades 7-9. 9.<...>The structure of the content of the course of mathematics grades 5-6; 7-9 grades; 1011 classes. 2.<...>The structure of the content of the course of mathematics grades 5-6; 7-9 grades; 10-11 grades. 2.

6

The digest contains information on how to choose the right university, how to prepare for entrance exams.

Therefore, experience shows that so far only the middle class can use credit.<...>that in any case, it makes sense to get accurate information about the admission rules closer to the end of the 10th grade<...>So, if you are not a student (or student) of a gymnasium or lyceum class, not a happy winner<...>We are talking about adults who find it difficult to combine regular classes, family and work.<...>You don't have to pay for class rentals.

7

Library life of Kuzbass. Issue. 2 (24): collection

In issue 2 collections "Library Life of Kuzbass" for 1999 deal with the problems of education of library specialists and users abroad; library, publishing and archival technologies; development of national cultures of the small peoples of Siberia. The program of the lecture hall, scenarios of events are given.

Libraries in China also create schools on their basis, the so-called "secondary library science classes<...>In addition, the professional higher school class at the Secondary School in<...>Already ready for release: Teleut primer and Shor language textbooks for grades 4 and 5.<...>On that day, an unusual lecture hall was held with the parents of third-grade students of the seventh school.<...>Preparation is carried out in advance: the guys write essays on the topic "My dad" in the class, fill out questionnaires

8

Materials of the Third Siberian Seminar on Continuous Library Education

Publishing house of the State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The collection includes abstracts and full texts of reports presented at the seminar, which was held as part of the activities of the Siberian Regional Library Center for Lifelong Education at the State Public Scientific Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the auspices of the Russian Library Association. The topics of the materials cover a range of issues related to the activities of institutions of the system of continuous library education in the country (universities, libraries, institutions of additional professional education, the system as a whole). Various concepts of interaction between libraries, higher education institutions of culture and arts, bodies of culture management of the territories are proposed to effectively ensure the operation of this system.

and with heads of all levels of other institutions, must be high-class specialists (experts)<...>seminars and seminar schools, advanced training courses, creative laboratories and workshops, master classes<...>The structure of the Center includes a fund of educational and methodical literature, catalogs, an Internet class, a training class for<...>Thus, the two-year curriculum of the interscholastic specialized class includes 260 hours of<...>Specialized "library classes" work on the basis of the UOC "Shkolnik", an artistic and aesthetic

9

No. 6 [Posev, 2006]

Socio-political magazine. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The motto of the magazine is "God is not in power, but in truth" (Alexander Nevsky). The periodicity of the journal has changed. Initially published as a weekly publication, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (number 1128) the magazine became a monthly one.

Some of them are forging an alliance with the growing working class protest movement, taking over<...>"Officers, students, "middle classes" are demonstrating for the Provisional Government." 1 8 However, dissatisfaction<...>Forms and methods of influence of the proletarian vanguard on the student youth in 1917 / / Working class<...>Korsakov went to school only until the sixth grade, then he dropped out.<...>I was forbidden to attend the reading room, computer class and foreign language classes.

10

IN WORK with gifted children, it is necessary to set one goal - to ensure the possibility of creative self-realization of the individual in various types of creative activity within the framework of the subject.

An example of such a lesson can be the presented literature lesson in the 11th grade, designed for two academic<...>allows us to say that the image of the mob (people far from spiritual life, as well as people belonging to unprivileged <...>classes) is directly related to the death of the poet?

11

The article contains the first in the domestic, and, possibly, in the world scientific literature, a study of the Titanic disaster. The author considers the causes of the catastrophe, related both to natural accidents and to the fact that the voyage was carried out as part of a capitalist enterprise aimed at maximizing profits. On the basis of statistical data on ticket prices and professions of passengers, the author reveals the social class structure of the Titanic passenger community. The relationship between the social class structure and the chances of saving passengers is investigated. The possibilities of rescuing passengers and crew members in a catastrophe were determined by regulated and unregulated chances of rescue. Regulated chances of rescue were associated with the policy of the ship's command, oriented, on the one hand, to help passengers first of all to the detriment of the crew, on the other hand, to passengers of the 1st and 2nd class to the detriment of the 3rd class passengers, on the other hand - women and children at the expense of men. The unregulated chances of being rescued were linked to the ethnic, language and age characteristics of the passengers. A study of the Titanic passenger community helps to establish some of the characteristics of world society in the early 20th century. The author considers the voyage of the Titanic and its catastrophe in the context of globalization processes

In 2nd class In 3rd class Person Share among class passengers, % Person Share among class passengers<...>These axes were: 1) belonging to the passengers or the team (passengers were privileged, unprivileged <...>- team members), 2) gender (privileged - women, unprivileged- men), 3) “attitude<...>to childhood”, children's age (privileged - children, unprivileged- adults), 4) ship class<...>and the class by which this or that passenger sailed (privileged - the bourgeoisie from the 1st class, unprivileged

12

Algorithms and models for restricting access to database records [monograph]

M.: Hotline - Telecom

The issues of designing secure databases with the use of restricting access to individual records are considered. Both the restriction of unauthorized access to records and the provision of false masking information instead of the requested one are considered.

Most unprivileged employee of the personnel department, allowed to maintain information only on personnel (class<...>Suppose that privileged employees can be distinguished in the personnel department and unprivileged. <...>Let unprivileged the user is trying to add an entry about the rector, Ivanov Ivanov, to the relationship<...>Then the added entry will have an access token visible unprivileged UserCopyright<...>Let unprivileged users cannot add information to a masked table.

13

History of bureaucracy course of lectures

Publishing House of Lipetsk State Technical University

The nobility had another opportunity to get around the service of people from unprivileged estates.<...>At the same time, it should be noted that a collegiate registrar is already a class rank, and many people from unprivileged <...>Up to the rank of VIII class, an official who has left unprivileged class, had to serve very<...>1st class Minister 2nd class Deputy Minister 3rd class Director of a ministry department 4th class Mayor<...>class - 5 years, III-I class - 10 years.

14

The article is devoted to the problem of self-determination of a woman in the profession. The paper reveals the concept of self-determination in the profession in its historical context, analyzes the social status of a professional depending on his professional activity; the nature of women's self-determination in traditional, industrial and modern societies is considered. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that self-determination in the profession of a modern woman requires her not only to partly sacrifice the traditional role of a woman in the family, but also to adhere to conflicting values ​​and ideals, as a result of which the formation of an integral system of values ​​is very difficult.

Such work was carried out mainly by representatives unprivileged classes in order to release<...>places for an ordinary person - a tradesman, peasant, artisan, merchant, any non-upper class representative

15

Theory and practice of logical programming in Visual Prolog 7 studies. allowance

M.: Hotline - Telecom

Theoretical foundations of logical programming are considered. Examples and description of the subject area with the help of logical models are given. The relationship between the basic concepts of predicate logic and the main constructions of the logic programming language Prolog is shown. The basics of logical programming are outlined on the example of the Visual Prolog 7 language. The structure of the program, the algorithm of the interpreter, input-output, methods and means of organizing interactive programs, issues of non-deterministic programming and program execution control, various data structures and predicates for working with them are considered. The book contains numerous examples, as well as control questions and practical tasks. The manual will be useful when studying the course "Functional and logical programming".

class .<...>It is related to the concepts of classes and objects created by classes.<...>Classes are of two kinds: classes that create objects, and classes without the ability to generate objects.<...>class name .<...>What is the class for? How to create a class? 16.

16

The article deals with the problem of maintaining the status quo of social identity and analyzes the adaptive mechanisms that are activated in situations of threat to personal or collective self-esteem. Strategies for maintaining/development of a positive social identity, considered from the standpoint of the theory of social identity, allow us to understand the mechanism of functioning of "cognitive alternatives"

equal access to social benefits, there are also certain changes at the cognitive level unprivileged <...>evidence back and in a seemingly paradoxical trend of social groups that are in unprivileged <...> unprivileged position in society.<...>Groups with high social status perceive themselves more as a collection of individuals, while unprivileged <...> unprivileged and unbiased calls

17

Real time systems [review]. lecture course]

SSAU publishing house

Real time systems. Programs used: Adobe Acrobat. Proceedings of SSAU employees (electronic version)

The serial interface RS-232 can be attributed to the class of external interfaces.<...>The CAMAC parallel interface belongs to the class of system interfaces (see Fig. 2.9).<...>privileged mode" (or "supervisor mode" or "kernel mode" or "kernel mode" or "protected mode"); " unprivileged <...>supervisor, while all other components of the operating system, including resource managers, work in unprivileged <...>application program request to the OS kernel; time limit for switching from "supervisor" mode to " unprivileged

18

M.: PROMEDIA

Complex systems of socio-cultural motivation are considered. The views of sociologists, ethnomethodologists, representatives of the narrative approach on the systems of sociocultural motivation are analyzed.

humanity as a whole to a particular tribe, religious community, youth group or even a school class<...>isolate the dispositives of national education systems, an individual school, and even a specific school class<...>In relation to modern society, here we can talk about privileged and unprivileged <...>classes, genders, races, social strata, ethnic groups, etc.<...>M .: Independent firm "Class", 2001.

“Humanitarian of the South of Russia” is a journal aimed at consolidating the efforts of scientists in understanding the social pressures taking place primarily in the South of Russia, and the events taking place in the Russian Federation, in the global world, related to the life of the South of Russia. The mission of the journal is to reveal the essence of social processes concerning Russia, the South of Russia, and in particular, each individual region of the South of Russia. The activity of the journal is based on the principle of consistency and mutual influence of the regions included in the general socio-cultural integration process of the global world.

; what collective feelings are formed in the moods of the creative class; how the class "in itself<...>' becomes a class 'for itself'.<...>Unprivileged segments of the population that received nothing in return become consumers of economic<...>The phenomenon of distorted perception of one's own unprivileged position in society.<...>So, since the perception of one's social identity as unprivileged and unbiased calls

25

it is shown that in the transitional period of the development of the Russian economy, a significant part of the business ensures the rent-seeking behavior of the bureaucracy, while non-systemic business actually falls outside the established market. The main tasks of economic policy are formulated, consistent with the scope of its action, as well as with national tasks in the field of the economy

Three strata can be distinguished: the first is privileged business, the second is unprivileged business, third<...>Unprivileged business usually does not have access to decision-making administrative bodies, more often<...>, representing the privileged business, are also guided by the FAS, while the suppliers of goods ( unprivileged

26

M.: PROMEDIA

The article considers the senior officials of the Yenisei provincial administration, who headed the "special" government bodies. The latter existed for a relatively short time and therefore occupied a “special position” in the structure of local provincial institutions. Based on the documents and archival materials presented for the first time, an analysis was made of the social composition of the managers of the control chamber, the excise department, state property, prison and medical inspectors, indispensable members of the Yenisei provincial administration for peasant affairs on such grounds as class origin, religion, age, property and marital status, education, length of public service, etc.

the social composition of civil servants was carried out in three categories of positions: higher (IV-V classes<...>The named highest positions were referred to a number of "special", in comparison with other highest positions of IV-V classes<...>regular provincial positions in the Moscow administration and more than 2/3 in the Kaluga administration were occupied by people from unprivileged <...>in the central provinces of the empire, within the period under review, 28% of officials who held positions of IV-V classes<...>inspectors, indispensable members of peasant affairs, had a number of common features for all officials of the IV-V class

27

The book of Dr. ist. Sciences N.A. Ivanova and Dr. ist. Sciences V.P. Yellow consists of an introduction, 10 chapters ("The Russian Imperial House"; "The Nobility. The Formation of the Nobility (XVIII - the First Third of the XIX Century)"; "The Evolution of the Legal Status of the Nobility in the Second Half of the XIX - Early XX Centuries"; "The Clergy"; "Urban estates in the XVIII - first half of the XIX century"; "Evolution of urban estates in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries"; "Cossacks"; "Peasantry"; "Foreigners") and conclusions.

At the same time, the state strictly controlled the payment of taxes and duties, the fulfillment of duties unprivileged <...>Russia never developed a single third estate, which in Western countries became the basis for the formation of a class<...>At the same time, the emerging classes of society received similar representation.<...>If in Western countries the formation of classes took place mainly in conditions when the estates actually<...>existence as a result of the proclamation of legal equality, in Russia in the period of the 19th - early 20th centuries. classes

28

This article describes the problem of social and information inequality, which is not only a technocratic problem, but also a cultural problem. The reason for the internal complexity of modern society should be considered the diversity of customs, beliefs, interests and attitudes, in accordance with which people form groups in a socio-cultural society. This article reflects the information culture, which is ready to accept new scientific and technical information presented in the languages ​​of the advanced countries of the world community.

societies in which social inequality is pronounced, it is possible to single out the culture of the upper and lower strata (classes<...>People belonging to unprivileged strata of society and do not have wide access to the culture of higher<...>Even in modern societies, in which deep cultural differences between classes are largely<...>This means that the middle class is small and the top is deprived of contact with other groups.

29

This article is devoted to the problem of self-sufficient development of Russia. It reveals new resources of self-education of the Russian society and what blocks the process of constructive changes, the components of the country's self-sufficient development are studied, a sociological analysis of the Russian elite is given, since self-sufficient development is associated with the national thinking elite formed in the process of development, economic growth and increasing innovative potential societies

is implemented in an unbalanced economy and in the absence of innovative groups (the Russian middle class<...>Russian society expects from the elite, as a resource-provided group, a class of qualified managers<...>resources of the transferred economic and power elites, which make up 20-30% of the Russian resource-provided class<...>Unprivileged segments of the population that received nothing in return become consumers of economic

30

The article reveals the problems caused by the discrepancy between the "products" of domestic science to the needs of the leaders of the country, and identifies the risk factors that affect the effectiveness of public administration of innovative development

correlation of current goals and objectives with the content of the "May decrees" of the President of the Russian Federation, revealed dominance in the class<...>In the class of goals "Desired results of activity in a fixed time", the largest number of them belonged to<...>In the class of goals, conditionally named "Necessary elements of a self-regulating system", the largest number of them<...>are based on the imperatives of pluralism, complementarity, holism, hypostasis, the existence of equal unprivileged <...>political and socio-economic development through the realization of the possibility of closing the gaps between classes

31

In this article, from the standpoint of socially integrated logistics, the main technical and economic indicators of one of the first enterprises in the electronics industry in our country, OAO Optron, are analyzed. It is shown that in 2002 the management of the enterprise carried out its logistical analysis and formulated proposals, following which, the plant again turned into a highly profitable enterprise. Among the most significant proposals were: optimization of the circulation of enterprise resources within the production and commercial module, the introduction of a non-tariff form of remuneration, etc. This, in particular, is evidenced by the annual report of the meeting of shareholders of Optron OJSC for 2013.

Economics, 2015, No. 3 76 - maintaining an optimal balance in the share capital structure between unprivileged <...>semiconductor devices: - ultrastable precision zener diodes; - microwave and HF diodes of various classes<...>optoelectronic devices for optical reception, processing, transmission and display of information of various classes

32

Socially and culturally conditioned changes in the semantic composition of the verb "dissemble", adjectives "folk" and "elite/elite" are studied on the material of modern mass media texts.

state - arranged specifically for the lower strata of society; "public, for unprivileged <...>through the association of “best” with “expensive”, and “expensive” with prestigious, fashionable – “exclusive”, “premium class”<...>the phrase “elite house” (example: “We are selling a penthouse on Krasnaya Presnya with a view of the White House for an elite class office

33

The article is devoted to the principles of representation in the local bodies of Provence in the 18th century. The author substantiates a position on this issue that differs from that established in historiography. Involved extensive fiscal data for the province. This made it possible to identify and demonstrate the criteria for representation at all levels of provincial self-government, to draw a conclusion about their general principles.

It was a unified list of taxable units of property in unprivileged lands<...>obvious: to increase the number of tax-paying population at the expense of the nobility and ease the fiscal pressure on unprivileged <...>But even if we acknowledge the fact that unprivileged estate in the bosom of the General Assembly had "

34

ABOUT ONE APPROACH TO CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTILAYER GEOINFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF MINING REGIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THEIR BIODIVERSITY [Electronic resource] / Potapov [et al.] // Physical and technical problems of mining. - 2016 .- No. 4 .- P. 186-195 .- Access mode: https://website/efd/449686

A new approach is being developed to build a distributed information system for assessing the biodiversity of mining regions using data storage technologies, cloud services, tools for intelligent processing and analysis of multidimensional data. A fundamentally new solution is proposed for the implementation of such systems using the NoSQL MongoDB and GeoNetwork components in their architecture, which can significantly relieve the load on the geographic information system when certain specialized calculations and user requests are repeated.

Includes data on species, families, orders, classes, orders, habitats and densities<...>Contains data on species, families, orders, classes, orders, habitats and population density<...>As a result of the work of the module, three classes of land value are distinguished: –– red, if in the selected territory<...>edit data for an ordinary user); the second layer ensures the concealment of individual protected objects from unprivileged <...>The system is aimed at creating a new type of information and analytical methods for solving a wide class

35

Armenia is one of the oldest cradles of world civilization. In ancient times, Armenia was divided into Greater Armenia (Mets Hayk) and Lesser Armenia (Pokr Hayk), between which the Euphrates river flowed. Greater Armenia in the north bordered on the Kingdom of Albania (Agvank), Colchis, Trapezont, in the south - on Syria, Mesopotamia, Assyria, in the east - on the Persian province of Atrapatakan and the Caspian Sea, in the west - on Lesser Armenia. Lesser Armenia in the north bordered on Ponty Kapadovkiya, in the south - on Syria.

This group in the Middle Ages included only the class of secular and spiritual feudal lords.<...>"Anazats" were called people who were not politically free and unprivileged, "subjects", i.e. people<...>The ruling class of society was the class of secular and spiritual feudal lords, who, together with the merchants, exploited

36

Ulrich Beck is professor of sociology at the University of Munich, collaborating with the London School of Economics and Political Science, as well as the Harvard School of Design. His publication is of interest because it touches on the key problem of the global pastoral: how is it possible and whether it is possible at all to implement the idea of ​​restoring harmonious relations between modern man and nature, and at the same time climate stability

taboo issues of daily defense of politics and support for it from below, from ordinary people of various classes<...>groups of countries can to some extent limit the effects of tornadoes, floods, etc., others, unprivileged

37

Columbia University professor Richard Wortman1 explores the role of symbolic representations in the rise and preservation of the Russian monarchy from the reign of Peter I to the abdication of Nicholas II. The author approaches the Russian monarchy as a symbolic system, which, while remaining as a whole, has taken different forms over time in order to adapt to new requirements and use new opportunities. The work analyzes the prevailing myths and various forms of their expression in ceremonies. The study substantiates the importance of imagery and symbolism for maintaining the absolute monarchy and makes judgments about how this symbolism influenced the policy of the Russian monarchy.

Weber - first of all for themselves; and only then this mythology was assimilated " unprivileged layers<...>art in order to appropriate to itself the concept of "the people" and to declare this term inapplicable to the educated classes<...>If the European myth distanced the Europeanized elite from the lower classes, then the national myth, addressing

38

Analysis of the influence of the creative class on the consolidation of Russian society. The article substantiates the position according to which the possession of the potential of social activity by the creative class, its commitment to the value of social creativity and social self-realization determine its influence on the acceptance by Russian society of the value of social creativity as a basic one and influencing the formation of social development priorities.

P. 412. 11 Middle classes in Russia… S. 86.<...>importance is attached to “where a person works”, whether he belongs to the representatives of the privileged or unprivileged <...>Thus, we can assume that the creative class is a class “working for the future”, aimed<...>This situation gives advantages to the creative class as a class devoid of group egoism, but complicates<...>class with power remain undefined.

39

There are more than 200 million immigrants in the world, which is approximately 2.8% of the population. Of these, almost 15 million are Muslims living in the EU countries (3.3% of its inhabitants). In the US, their number is two times less. Moreover, about 500 thousand people every year arrive in Europe illegally, without documents. A large community was formed after the Second World War, as Europe needed labor resources to restore the economy.

the situation of second and third generation immigrants; among them even representatives of the middle class appeared<...>As a rule, children of Muslim immigrants do not know English well and prefer to study in unprivileged <...>every year it becomes more and more difficult for countries to provide social benefits to an already formed class

40

Oracle Security Through the Eyes of an Auditor: Attack and Defense

Moscow: DMK-Press

This book is the first study written by a domestic author, which is devoted to the security problem of the Oracle DBMS. The material of the book is based on the author's practical experience gained as a result of penetration tests and extensive research activities in the field of DBMS security. The book is structured in such a way that at first the reader is put in the place of a potential attacker and studies all possible ways to gain access to the database, up to searching for new vulnerabilities and writing exploits. Having gained enough knowledge about the main DBMS vulnerabilities and penetration methods, the reader proceeds to the second part of the book, which details methods for protecting the Oracle DBMS both through secure configuration and adherence to standards (in particular, PCI DSS), and using additional security tools. IB.

First, even having unprivileged account on the server on which the DBMS is installed, you can<...>At the same time, it is more difficult to implement a buffer overflow class vulnerability than a PL/SQL class vulnerability.<...>Now let's figure out how a function is called from the SYS package when it is run on behalf of unprivileged <...>Thus, having gained access to the Oracle DBMS, unprivileged users to elevate their privileges<...>the user who started the DBMS (on Windows, this is the default administrator, on UNIX, this is usually unprivileged

41

Relevance and goals. Provincial philistinism in everyday class life was a product of the legislative efforts of the authorities and the social creativity of the actors themselves, adapting the “challenges” from above to the life circumstances of a particular locus of the empire. In this regard, the study of the daily life of the largest urban class, considered in the context of a permanent dialogue with the authorities, is of undoubted scientific interest and makes it possible to detect such class interactions and egressions that strengthened the class structure until its liquidation in 1917. Materials and Methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved through the use of published documents, such as Commemorative Books of the Simbirsk Province, stored in the Ulyanovsk Regional Scientific Library. The conclusions on the Samara province are based on the study of the funds of the petty-bourgeois council and the city Duma of the State Archive of the Samara region and are set out in the monograph of the author of the article, which was left outside the scope of this work. The methodological potential includes: a comparative method that makes it possible to compare the philistine society of two Volga cities; a statistical method that allows one to numerically designate the composition of the philistinism, and a historical-anthropological method that can be used to recreate the psychological characteristics of the class everyday life. Results. On the basis of archival data on the Samara province, the author comes to the formulation of the conclusion about the "golden age" of philistinism, meaning by this the close cooperation of the burghers of the city with the merchants of the third guild in the activities of the so-called six-voice Duma and the emotional "dialogue" with the power of the philistines, which was reflected in the office documentation Samara. In Simbirsk, the degree of participation of petty bourgeois in the affairs of the city within the boundaries of “urban citizenship” was manifested to a lesser extent, but even in this case, the reform of city government in 1870 led to the fact that petty bourgeoisie began to be ousted from the public life of the city by new social actors involved in the work all-estate thought. Conclusions. The “exodus” of the burghers from city self-government was predetermined by the City Regulations of 1870, which dealt a blow to communal relations among the urban class. The establishment of petty-bourgeois councils did not help the largest urban class to consolidate its social world in the system of urban interactions.

But also among unprivileged, non-elite segments of the population at the level of interaction practices within society<...>If we proceed from the concept of "middle class" as "the core of society", "leveling social extremes and<...>19th century just represented such a "middle class".

42

An analysis of the views of the mature K. Marx and F. Engels on the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as the main classes of capitalist society.

both in relation to actual classes and in relation to fractions of classes.<...>eigenclass2 Lenin V.I.<...>, the class of capital owners.<...>The bourgeois class is the class of commanders, the class of rulers of the capitalist mode of production.<...>proletarians, or upper and lower strata of the proletariat), ethnic criteria (for example, in England - the British and unprivileged

43

#8 [System Administrator, 2005]

System Administrator magazine is the leading Russian industry publication for IT professionals. Its goal is to provide complete and objective information about the solutions, products and technologies of the modern IT industry. 90% of the articles in the journal are of an applied nature, provided with examples, tables, and graphic material. That is why the System Administrator magazine is a desktop guide for IT professionals and those who decide to pursue a career in IT. Published since October 2002.

At the end, you will need to enter the superuser password, as well as fill in the data unprivileged <...>Incidentally, for unprivileged user and FAT will be read-only - write<...>Although, with a great desire and strong nerves, you can achieve work on behalf of unprivileged <...>And thirdly, we will distinguish between “component class classMyComponent” and “component MyComponent of class classMyComponent<...>Working with component types (classes), as well as initiated classes (we will simply call them “components

44

The article reveals the problem of the formation of the ideal of practicality and efficiency in American social thought and pedagogy in the 20th century. The ideas of a number of American teachers are characterized.

Activity in this area has always been seen in a society divided into opposing classes,<...>In 1907, W.K. Bagley’s book “Classroom Management” was published, which was saturated with business terminology.<...>one can really agree, so it is with the statement that the Americans, leading their ancestry from unprivileged

45

Historical and social school education in the countries of the bourgeois West

M.: PROMEDIA

The children of the ruling and propertied classes receive intensified humanitarian training, for it opens the way to<...>The children of the exploited classes receive the definition necessary for the functioning of the productive forces.<...>labor productivity with an increase in the level of general education of workers, nevertheless, the ruling classes<...>B mass, unprivileged General history is not taught at school at all. luzhit, World history<...>/, or / and almost undisguised tendencies when it comes to high school lessons.

The concepts of a transformative curriculum, its didactic, epistemic and environmental rigidities are substantiated.

for children, i.e. students through high school, in particular, he talks about programs for 4th-6th and elementary grades<...>contained in their ethics, language, literature, costume, etc., while social ones exclude the concept of the life of the poor, unprivileged

48

The article attempts to consider in a complex the problem of alcohol consumption in Russia since the end of the 15th century, i.e. the beginning of the production of drinks by distillation, and until 1936, when new Soviet standards for alcoholic products were adopted. This problem includes three main components: manufacturing technology and organization of production; legal regulation of production and sale (and its effectiveness); the history of the drinker himself. In most scientific works, these topics are considered separately from each other and within a specific historical period. In this article, the author, relying on the works of researchers, sought to consider the problem in the unity of its main components and over a significant chronological period.

I think the same can be said about the taverns intended for unprivileged urban population<...>Book-Service»Copyright Central Design Bureau «BIBCOM» OJSC & «Agency Kniga-Service» LLC 49 teks, Sunday schools and evening classes<...>houses - institutions of an educational and leisure nature, which were to become clubs for unprivileged <...>societies or trustees, were in demand, their leisure activities brought variety to life unprivileged

49

№4 [Health and education in the XXI century. Electronic Scientific and Educational Bulletin, 2018]

Topical issues of therapy, cardiology, neurology, psychiatry, gastroenterology, general surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, andrology, pediatrics, medical psychology, legal foundations of medical activity, etc. are covered.

American literary scholars believe that the main problems that F.M. Dostoevsky was preoccupied with journalism in the early and mid 60s of the 19th century, the same ones that were largely reflected in his novel Crime and Punishment (1866)

serfdom (1861) and during the heyday of the creativity of the sixties, i.e. estates of raznochintsy, people from unprivileged

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The eighteenth brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (German: Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte) is the work of K. Marx. Written in December 1851 - March 1852. - the principle of social organization, which is an integral part of fascist philosophy. It is based on the belief that the division of society into classes is a positive and important aspect of civilization. In the words of Benito Mussolini, "fascism affirms an irremediable, fruitful and useful inequality of people." Given this premise, the fascists concluded that the maintenance of social hierarchy is in the interests of all classes, and therefore all classes must cooperate in its defense. Both classes...