Evaluation of the quality of certain types of work. Criteria for assessing the quality of construction work
High quality construction is the main condition for ensuring the reliability and durability of structures under construction, social and economic efficiency of capital investments.
The quality of construction depends on:
on the quality, architectural, artistic and technical level of design solutions;
quality building materials, structures, products, equipment;
qualifications of workers and engineering and technical personnel; level of technical discipline;
strict observance project requirements, GOSTs, SNiP, technical conditions, construction organization projects (POS) and work execution projects (PPR).
The quality of construction and installation work is regulated by SNiP, Part 3, which establishes requirements for the quality of work, the composition and procedure for quality control, permissible deviations (tolerances) of geometric dimensions, design rules hidden works and other requirements aimed at ensuring the high quality of construction products.
Defects encountered in construction practice are classified as follows:
causing deterioration in the appearance of structures and requiring additional work to eliminate them;
deteriorating the performance of structures;
violating the strength and stability of individual structures, buildings and structures as a whole.
The first group includes, for example, deviations from the requirements for surface finishing; to the second - violations of the thermal properties of enclosing structures and their waterproofing, as well as sound insulation of walls and partitions, defects in engineering equipment systems.
Particularly dangerous are the defects of the third group, which are the result of violation of the requirements of projects and specifications, linear dimensions and installation marks of structures.
As practice shows, the main reasons for the low quality of construction and installation works are deviations from projects, violation of technology and rules for the production of work due to low discipline and qualifications of workers, as well as poor technical and architectural supervision and control.
The proper level of construction quality is ensured by the quality control system.
Quality control of construction and installation works in production includes incoming control of working documentation, structures, materials, products and equipment; operational control of individual construction processes, as well as acceptance control of work performed. Compliance with the rules for the production of certain types of work, their quality is controlled by a foreman, foreman, foreman - the line staff of the construction site. Important links in the construction quality control system are technical control departments and construction laboratories of combines and construction trusts.
Responsibility for the quality of construction and installation work lies with the technical staff of construction sites. External control over the quality of construction is carried out by the technical supervision of the customer and architectural supervision of design organizations.
A special place is occupied by architectural supervision, which is obliged to ensure control over the strict implementation of the requirements of the project, GOSTs, TU and SNiP. The authors of the project or design supervision groups, which are entrusted with supervision duties by design organizations, systematically visit construction sites, keep design supervision logs, and monitor the implementation of their instructions. In accordance with the regulation, architectural supervision has the right to prohibit the use of structures, materials and products that do not comply with the requirements of GOSTs and TUs, demand the suspension of work carried out in violation of the project and SNiP, submit proposals to the relevant authorities to hold accountable officials who allowed poor-quality performance of work .
Design organizations and persons exercising architectural supervision are responsible for the high-quality execution of the project and the fulfillment of the obligations stipulated by the Regulations on the author's supervision of design organizations for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures.
Quality control is carried out: visually; measuring linear dimensions and evaluating the quality of surface finishes; natural tests; with the use of technical means - by a destructive or mechanical method (testing of control samples), or by a non-destructive method (using ultrasonic or radiation equipment, heat meters, etc.).
Compliance with the necessary requirements of those works that are hidden by subsequent works is fixed by special "Acts for hidden works" drawn up by line personnel with the participation of representatives of architectural and technical supervision.
At each construction site, it is necessary to keep work logs (general and for individual types of work) and a designer supervision log, draw up acts of intermediate acceptance of critical structures, test and test equipment, systems, networks and devices.
State supervision over the quality of construction is carried out by the State Architectural Control and Construction Inspectorates of the Architectural and Planning Departments and departments of the executive committees of local Councils of People's Deputies, the State Construction Committee of Ukraine. These bodies carry out systematic inspections of the state of the quality of construction upon acceptance into operation of completed objects. The quality of work of certain types and the entire object as a whole is determined by a working commission with the participation of a representative of architectural supervision. In case of violation of the requirements of the project, SNiP and technical conditions for the performance of work, the object is not accepted. The decision is approved by the State Commission.
In order to ensure the high quality of construction, each construction industry enterprise, each construction trust, each construction site develop plans for relevant activities and draw up integrated construction quality management systems (CCMS) using moral and material incentives for good and excellent quality achieved by individual workers, teams, construction sites.
Quality control of work in construction is a verification of the compliance of the materials, products, equipment and structures used with the design technologies for the production of work, the requirements of regulatory documentation, design solutions, construction time and cost design and estimate documentation.
AT without fail is determined at each stage of work: in the preparation of regulatory documentation, design, manufacture of materials and components, installation.
The quality must meet the requirements of the project and documentation. It depends on the qualifications of engineers and workers, the products and materials used, the tools and machines used, and the observance of technology.
Quality control and the adoption of prompt measures to eliminate marriage can be internal and external. The latter is carried out by departmental and state control bodies.
The customer carries out technical supervision of the quality of work performed, their volume, deadlines and accepts fully completed objects.
State bodies of architectural and construction control sign a permit for the production of work, monitor the linkage of the development to the allocated site and compliance with the rules for the execution of work. Each contractor must have a license to operate.
Internal control over the quality of the activities performed is carried out by employees and supervisory authorities assembly organizations at all stages. Foremen, foremen and foremen carry out the quality construction works continuously and permanently. They bear personal responsibility (both administrative and criminal) for violation of construction legislation and compliance with production technology. (as the technical manager of the organization) systematically carries out selective (for individual objects) quality control of construction work.
Internal control consists of input, operational, as well as acceptance and laboratory.
The input is the quality check of the accepted project documentation, incoming materials, products, components and equipment. The technical department of the parent company monitors the compliance of the documentation with all the possibilities of performing work in the course of project approval and receipt of working drawings. At the same time, the quality of materials, equipment and products is guaranteed by compliance with certificates, specifications, standards, working drawings and passports. This supervision is carried out by line engineers, representatives of the customer and the laboratory.
Operational (individual sections of work) quality control of construction work carried out at the workplace is the main type of internal technical supervision. It is carried out both by the workers themselves and by the production personnel. It is carried out after the end of production operations, aimed at identifying defects and promptly eliminating them. It is carried out according to the schemes developed as part of the PPR.
Laboratory control is mandatory for large volumes of construction. Special Laboratories control the quality of incoming products and materials, check their compliance with specifications, state standards, certificates and standards.
Assesses the quality of already completed structures or their individual parts, as well as hidden works.
Geodetic and metrological quality assurance is carried out by the relevant services and laboratories for the purpose of unity, reliability of measurements, and accuracy.
Quality control of construction is an indispensable condition for the construction of facilities, a guarantee of their safety and reliability.
23.04.2018 23:39:55 website
Evaluation of construction and installation works is a regulatory procedure designed to determine how the contractor coped with the whole project or with certain types of work. A special commission compares the results achieved by the builders with the customer's requests and with the official state regulations. As a result, the cost of construction and the object is calculated.
When is the assessment done?
The procedure is necessary to sum up the results of the intermediate stage of construction and installation or to understand whether the object is ready for delivery. It is also used in the following cases:
When the results of the work do not satisfy the customer.
When the results of the work diverge from the project plan.
When a defect in construction and installation works is discovered at the delivered object.
When the customer violates the contract with the contractor, despite the conscientious work of the latter.
When a conflict arises between the builders and the customer, the court can appoint an initial or re-assessment of the object.
What questions does the procedure answer?
Assessment of construction and installation works determines whether the work performed meets quality standards. The study determines whether the performer has acted in good faith in his duties, and answers the following questions:
Does the actual coefficient of efficiency of the brigade correspond to the construction and installation plan.
How much quality materials used in work.
How strong and safe the structures were made by the contractor.
Were technological standards observed in the process of work?
Whether sufficiently qualified persons performed construction and installation work.
Based on the results of the procedure, the appraiser establishes the market value of the objects that he considered.
Who makes the assessment?
The subject of the appraisal is determined by Article 4 of the Federal Law of July 29, 1998 “On appraisal activities in Russian Federation". According to the document, appraisers are individuals and combine the following features:
Got higher education appraiser, real estate appraiser.
They have higher education - for example, economic or construction. At the same time, he underwent professional retraining, which allows evaluating objects.
They can confirm the legitimacy of their practice with a qualification certificate. This document must be valid, that is, received and confirmed no more than 3 years ago.
They act in accordance with the directions indicated in the certificate of qualification.
They belong to a self-regulatory appraisal organization.
We insured our liability in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On appraisal activities”.
According to general requirements to appraisers, these specialists must be clean before the law. They are required to provide the customer with a certificate stating that they have no outstanding or outstanding convictions for crimes of the following kind:
-
especially heavy.
economic;
moderate;
The specialist must understand the standards and be able to apply them correctly.
It relies on building GOSTs and on instruction SN 378-77, which regulates the assessment of the quality of construction and installation procedures.
How to conduct an assessment?
Establishing the real price of the appraisal object, the commission conducts a series of studies. It determines how the following elements of the object comply with the standards:
bearing structures;
fences;
building materials;
insulation;
If the check does not reveal any defects, the object is allowed for operation. In this case, the work is assigned one of the following ratings:
-
satisfactorily.
The higher the score, the greater the cost of the work of the contractor and the final price of the object. It is rated "excellent" to mark the special skill of the performer. The work of the highest standard assumes an improved project while maintaining the original estimate. The result is characterized by the following nuances:
accuracy;
technical accuracy;
superiority over standards.
“Good” ratings are awarded to projects that are completed to the letter according to the documentation, in accordance with all the requirements of the customer.
“Satisfactory” is given to performers who made minor mistakes. Blots disagree with the customer's request, but do not affect the following indicators of the object:
for strength;
on reliability;
for sustainability;
for durability;
in appearance;
for suitability for use.
The construction and installation works carried out are not always of sufficient quality for the commission to allow the facility to operate. In this case, we are talking about defects.
Defects are understood as design violations or any kind of deviation from the regulations. Such errors need to be corrected.
A significant defect damages the durability of the object, it is eliminated in the general course of construction and installation work. At the same time, a critical defect means that the object is fragile, unsafe. To resolve critical errors, all other work is suspended.
What is needed for the procedure?
In order for a specialist to be able to do his job, he is given access to the object of assessment. A complete package of well-prepared documents is also required.
What documents are required?
By establishing a working relationship, the customer concludes a written contract with the contractor. It indicates the identification and qualification data of the appraisers, as well as the following information:
the purpose of the operation;
tasks of the operation;
a detailed description of the object of assessment;
the cost of the commission;
the date of the assessment;
standards on which the commission is going to rely.
Among other things, the agreement regulates insured events, as well as the behavior of the customer and the contractor in case of disagreement. In addition to it, the appraiser will need access to project documentation, to certificates for building materials.
Who pays for the procedure?
The evaluation procedure is paid by the customer. The cost of the service does not depend on the results of the procedure, it is written in the contract and is unchanged.
As a rule, the assessment price ranges from 10 thousand rubles to 25 thousand rubles and depends on the procedure established by the local architectural and urban planning department.
What documents are issued after the procedure?
After the procedure, the service customer receives a paper or electronic evaluation report. It should be interpreted unambiguously, ambiguities are excluded from the text. The document contains redundant contact and personal information about the customer and contractor, as well as the following data:
the date of the report;
serial number of the decision;
the number of the contract under which the assessment was carried out;
assessment period;
the purpose of the assessment;
full description of the object of inspection.
The appraisal report describes how the ordered procedure went and what it led to. It also includes the following entries:
on the value of the appraised object;
about the documents used by the appraiser.
Appraisers certify the paper with personal seals, physical or enhanced electronic signatures.
How long is the report valid for?
According to article 12 of the Federal Law of July 29, 1998 “On appraisal activity in the Russian Federation”, the appraisal report is valid for 6 months. This is true if hidden defects are not revealed during operation or new ones do not appear.
2. Indicators of the quality of technological processes of construction and installation works (CEW). Evaluated separately for each category of work (at the place of their implementation):
- earthworks (for example, preparation of natural bases, compaction and stabilization of the soil);
- foundation and drainage installation;
- installation of reinforced concrete structures;
- installation of metal structures;
- hydro- and thermal insulation works;
- bricklaying, natural and artificial stone, blocks;
- mounting wooden structures;
- roofing device;
- (equipment installation, cable laying);
- installation of heat and water supply systems, sewerage, ventilation, etc. (depending on the specifics of the object).
The “good” rating implies the implementation of construction and installation works in strict accordance with the project, SNIP and others. normative documents. The mark "satisfactory" is set in the presence of minor deviations, "unsatisfactory" - in the presence of significant violations of the requirements contained in the technical documentation.
3. The final characteristics of structures related to their strength, safety and appearance(e.g. geometry compliance, humidity levels, surface conditions, reduction rates bearing capacity and structural reliability due to defects). Estimated on the basis of direct control at the construction site. If necessary, the indicators are compared with the established standard values.
As additional information, when analyzing quality indicators, reliable reviews about construction participants and their activities can be considered. Taking into account the information contained in the reviews (for example, about the low qualification of personnel, the use of building materials inadequate quality, obvious non-compliance with the technologies for construction and installation work, etc.) a more detailed study of the relevant characteristics of construction objects can be initiated.
During the evaluation process, all available information is summarized and examined in detail. As a rule, the assessment is carried out by representatives of the customer or specialized organizations. Methods for determining the final grades can be different (including using complex mathematical formulas, based on scoring for each indicator, determining the arithmetic mean, etc.).
Customers and independent experts highly appreciate the quality of the mounts produced by Olimpia. The level of qualification of the personnel and an effective control system at all stages of the work allow us to successfully solve problems of any complexity.
