Good levels for building. Which building level is better: how to choose control and measuring devices

The building level is a tool that detects the slope of surfaces. Suitable for indoor and outdoor use.

How they work

The algorithm of operation of any of them is reduced to the choice of the installation point and the place for measuring the level. The remaining options depend on the particular type of tool and can be combined.

The building level helps:

Determine the verticality or horizontality of a given surface - in order to establish a further scope of work and its necessity.
To find out in which direction the tilt occurred, in some models its exact size is also available.
Set clear guidelines when marking surfaces - before installing frames or furniture.
Calculate the volume of materials - for this, the arithmetic mean of the levels of different points on the same surface is used.
Define a single level in different rooms- often required when installing ceilings or windows.

At low-rise construction or repairing apartments, manual variations of the tool are more often used. These are devices without complex electronics that do not require special skills. Professionals use several types at the same time.

Types and functions of building levels

hydraulic levels

The functioning of this type of instrument is based on the law of physics about communicating vessels. Structurally, hydraulic levels are two flasks connected by a transparent tube.

Peculiarities:

This is an accurate view of the levels, but it is important to keep the hose free of kinks and have good eyesight.
Suitable for checking slopes simultaneously in different rooms.
As a rule, they require pair work.

To bring the device into working condition, it is enough to fill it with water so that the upper meniscus of the liquid reaches the middle of both flasks, and no air bubbles remain in the tube.

Bubble building levels

Regardless of the size and design features, the principle of the device is the same. At least two flasks are built into the body of the level, where small air bubbles “float” in the liquid. Focusing on them, they check if there is a slope of the planes.

Peculiarities:

The liquid in most cases will be technical alcohol. Allows you to measure with an accuracy of 1 mm / m - this is the industry standard.
"Air" bubbles of solid acrylic suggest greater precision. Accuracy 0.5 mm/m.

Some models of bubble levels are equipped with flasks on a rotating base. This allows you to work with inclined planes. Profile shapes are in the form of a box, a trapezoid and with one measuring plane cast Shark (shark). Part of the tool is equipped with end elements that prevent breakage during falls.

Laser building levels

The convenience of this equipment lies in the non-contact use and in a large area of marking coverage.

Peculiarities:

The pendulum of devices is leveled after unlocking. It is desirable to set the base plane horizontally.
Manufacturers offer an additional mounting tripod, but its dimensions are not enough for marking at a height. In this case, a bar is used, which is fixed between the floor and another horizontal surface. The platform on which the tool is installed moves along it.
In bright light, the laser beam is not visible to the naked eye. To resolve the issue, glasses with glasses in the red color range are used.

Part of the laser levels produces static vertical and horizontal lines in a limited sector. An alternative option using a dot running in a circle allows marking from all sides simultaneously.

Magnetic building levels

Magnetic levels are visually indistinguishable from bubble levels. The difference is noticeable only on the lower ends. This option is equipped with magnets for easy work with metal surfaces.

Peculiarities:

Bar magnets are more commonly used in polymer levels, in combination with a V-groove for ease of use on pipelines.
Ceramic magnets or ferrites have been the industry standard in levels up until recent years.
Rare earth - most aluminum models now come with this type of magnet. They are up to 10 times stronger than ceramic.

This type of level is more often used for work related to the installation of frames for drywall, as it is conveniently attached to ceiling and rack profiles, leaving hands free.

Optical building levels

An optical level or level is used in industrial facilities or in the construction of houses. The kit includes a special tripod, without which the use of the instrument is unproductive. Installation comes down to mounting, focusing and centering.

Peculiarities:

Centering is needed for point-to-point measurements. It is carried out using a construction plumb line attached to the bottom of the tripod.
Focusing - the telescope is aimed at the rail, with the help of an adjusting screw, the clarity is adjusted. The eyepiece ring defines the reticle.

After adjustment, the height marks are taken. The collected data are summarized, their arithmetic mean is calculated. It will be the mark of the base from the horizon of the instrument.

Advantages

Each type has its own set of advantages:

hydraulic levels . They support measurements in different rooms, when the initial level is hidden by partitions or heavy structures. This functionality is not available in other models.
Bubble . Easy to install and use, light weight and dimensions. Possibility of use for measuring the level and at the same time checking the plane of the wall or floor.
Magnetic . Do not require additional fixation when working with metal. They have a full set of advantages of bubble models.
Laser . Supports simultaneous vertical and horizontal measurements. The coverage range is higher than any of the manual models. Automation of routine processes.
Optical . Applicability to open spaces, in the construction of roads and large facilities. Functionality, saving time and labor costs. When measuring at a distance, the accuracy does not decrease.

Problems

Disadvantages and inconveniences also depend on the type of tool:

Hydro. M obscure and difficult to use. The routine processes of filling, draining, unwinding and forcing out bubbles are time consuming. Not suitable for vertical planes.
Bubble . Often goes astray, adjustment is often not available. Not suitable for work over long distances and areas. In adjacent rooms, the correct level cannot be determined.
Magnetic . The same disadvantages as the bubble. Magnets often protrude from the plane of the rib - when measuring, fresh paint or putty can be damaged. Some models are less stable than bubble ones. Frequent failure of magnets is also a disadvantage.
laser . Requires flat surface. The pendulum during transportation often fails. With distance, the diameter of the beam increases, which affects the accuracy. Plane measurements can only be made using optional accessories.
Optic . Adjustment is time consuming and requires skill. For domestic purposes, the functionality is redundant - neither the time costs nor the costs are justified.

How to choose a building level

For most types of levels, accuracy will be the defining indicator, so checking its correctness is important.

bubble and magnetic

The same design also implies uniform methods for assessing the correctness of indications.

To check a horizontal flask, you need:

Place the tool on a flat surface.
Make two marks: at the end of the level and along - near the horizontal ampoule.
Note the position of the air bubble.
Turn the spirit level 180° and set in the same place according to the previously made marks.
Check the position of the air bubble. Any difference in its position before and after the level flip indicates that the instrument is inaccurate.
Repeat the test even if the readings match.

To check the vertical bulb, set the level to door frame or a flat wall, further actions - by analogy with horizontal measurements.

Hydro

In this type of measuring instruments there are no structural details responsible for the accuracy of measurements, but there are nuances that should be considered when choosing:

The length of the hose - you should not choose it in reserve, because the extrusion of air bubbles and the straightening of the tubes can turn this advantage into a problem.
Pay attention to the tightness of the protective caps. Water should not pour out - this will interfere with work.
It is worth checking the integrity of the tube and the connections with the flasks.

An additional parameter is the flexibility of the hose, but it is difficult to evaluate it without having experience with this type of level.

laser

The choice of a laser level involves reconciliation of a number of indicators:

Measurement error - should not exceed 3 mm per 10 meters.
Self-alignment - test multiple models. The preferred option is the pendulum of which levels out faster than in analogues.
Range - marked as a radius or diameter. To avoid confusion, specify what type of distance is indicated. The laser is responsible for the same parameter. The 532nM green beam is suitable for most measurements.

In addition, the integrity of the instrument and the absence of mechanical damage are checked.

Optic

You need to choose a level taking into account the tasks ahead and the features of future use. They are divided into three classes: high-precision, basic and technical.

Peculiarities:

An air damper is suitable for outdoor applications, while vibration mode requires the use of a magnetic version.
To perform tasks in a limited space, the defining parameter should be the smallest sighting distance. For large objects, models with the maximum magnification range of the telescope are preferred.
Class I or II leveling at construction sites is usually not required, but it should be borne in mind that only high-precision instruments are capable of performing it.
It is easier to prepare a tool with a compensator for work due to the self-alignment of the sighting axis.

Which is better

The answers to these questions will help you choose the best type of tool for your current tasks.

What basic functions should the level perform?

The functionality of the bubble level will cover all the problems of household tiling, but it is impossible for them to correctly measure the level of ceilings in different rooms.
Laser - will save hours of work on marking walls for frames and wallpapers, but is not suitable for determining the correct level of the planes.
Optical - will support accurate calculations for laying tracks, leveling surfaces, but hanging shelves inside a kitchen cabinet with it will not work.
Hydro - will help to perform a single marking of ceilings, but it is useless for mounting wall frames.

Where will it be used? Indoors, outdoors, or both?

Most of the electronic models are not designed to work outdoors or in aggressive environments (rain, snow).
Please note that in addition to the laser level, you will need a detector to work on outdoors, since the rays will be invisible in daylight.

What is the required measurement accuracy?

Industrial lasers and levels have mechanical or digital counters, there is support for recording the angle of inclination in 0.01% increments. For less accurate measurements, base models are selected hand tool.

Are additional features needed?

Professional grade tool required for comfortable work accessories. But the functionality of household and industrial models may not have significant differences.

How to use the building level

Features of use depend on the type of tool. There are no single operating methods.

How to use the hydraulic level

Carefully unroll the tubes and fill the instrument with clean, running water through one of the flasks while holding the other one above. Try to fill without stopping so that there are no extra air gaps.
Check the correct filling - the tubes should be evenly convex. Drive the rest of the air bubbles with light clicks to the flasks until completely out. If done correctly, the risks will rise to the same height when measured. This can be checked by placing the flasks close to each other.
Lock the lids.
The next step is to work together. One person holds the flask, and the second goes with a hose to a place or room, the level of which needs to be compared with the current one.
When both are in place, the caps are removed from the flasks. It is important to do everything at the same time and at approximately the same height - otherwise there will be overflows.
One person holds the flask against a pre-made mark, making sure that the center of the meniscus of the water corresponds to it.
The partner carefully raises or lowers the flask, thereby adjusting the level of filling with water.
When everything is leveled, a level mark is made by the second participant.

Precautions: avoid kinks and mechanical damage to the hose.

How to use the bubble and magnetic level

Place the instrument on the surface of the object whose horizontality is to be checked.
If the air bubble is to the right of the line, the object is tilted down to the left.
If the bubble is to the left of the line, the object is tilted down to the right.

The vertical level is found by analogy.

Maintenance and care consist in the timely cleaning of the instrument, especially after measurements on wet plaster surfaces.

Precautions are limited to protecting the instrument from bumps and falls.

How to use the laser level

Place the instrument on a tripod or a flat surface.
If the model is manual, make sure the bubbles indicate the level. Otherwise, find the screws on the side and adjust them to the required correctness. Self-Leveling - Allow the tool to self-level after installation, typically 30 seconds.
Turn on the device. The device will emit a beam that reflects on surfaces. Depending on the type of laser level, it can be a dot, a line, or several horizontal or vertical intersections.

If the device has not been used for a long time or has been dropped, calibration will be required. Mounting on a rail or tripod is carried out using a clamp or clamps from the kit.

Precautionary measures:

do not look at the beam itself, do not direct it at children or animals;
do not use the tool in the rain;
do not carry with an unlocked pendulum - many models warn about this with a beep or laser blinking.

How to use the optical level

Before use, check the stability of the tripod. Tighten the mount with the tool. Make sure the foot screws are not too tight on the footing.

Alignment:

Hold the adjusting screws between your thumb and forefinger and turn them simultaneously in opposite directions. Observe the movement in the graduated flask.
The air bubble should be centered on the circular level window.
Centering on a point is carried out by a plumb line mounted on a tripod screw. Then the level is shifted along the head.
Centering is complete when the plumb bob is above the target point.

Focusing:

Aim the telescope at a sheet of paper or other light object.
Tighten the eyepiece until the desired sharpness appears - the sight should be clear.
With the tube pointed at the supplied rail, adjust the focus with the knob.
When properly adjusted, the scale of the leveling staff and the crosshair of the sight do not move one after the other.
After focusing, hold the level on a specific target.

Use the focus knob to add sharpness.

Precautions are the same as for laser models, but additional care must be taken when handling the lens.

Guarantee

Standard warranty obligations exclude cases of mechanical damage.

Bubble, magnetic and hydro - related to hand tools. They rarely have warranties longer than 12 months. Most manufacturers do not specify detailed conditions for these types of instruments.

Laser - depending on the manufacturer and the category of the tool (household or professional), a guarantee is provided from 1 to 3 years.

Optical - standard warranty period of one year. But the narrowness of the niche forces manufacturers to go to tricks. Some give a guarantee on the tool up to 25 years.

The warranty period can be counted from the date of purchase or shipment. In the second case, it is appropriate to clarify how much time the tool spent in the warehouse.

Faults and repairs

Different parts turn out to be weak links - their set depends on the type of tool.

Bubble and magnetic

The main problem is related to the loss of measurement accuracy.

Broken flask with bubble - the readings will no longer be accurate, the error can reach several cm per meter. In budget models, bulb adjustment is not provided - the tool is unsuitable for work with this malfunction. In other cases, tightening the screw fasteners or fixing clips will return the level to the correctness of the readings. During setup, calibration is performed in the same way as when selecting a tool.
Bent profile - this happens with bumps and falls. The tool cannot be repaired, it will no longer give accurate readings.
Crack in the protective glass of the flask - in models of a collapsible type, the part changes to an analogue. Solid cast levels in this case cannot be repaired.

Minor problems: breakage of protective pads and handles, falling off of magnets are corrected by replacing the obsolete part with a new one.

hydraulic levels

Malfunctions of hydraulic levels are reduced to three types:

Broken or cracked hose . Occurs as a result of mechanical damage or freezing of an instrument filled with water. As a temporary measure, you can seal it with a layer of nail polish and wrap it with electrical tape. Complete repair and replacement of the hose is often unprofitable - the costs are comparable to the acquisition of a new hydraulic level.
Cracks in flasks - temporary measures are similar to those presented in the previous paragraph, but instead of electrical tape there should be a transparent material in order to see the rizki. Replacement may not be required in mild cases. In serious cases, it is necessary to change, since the defect will affect the accuracy of the instrument.
Breakage or loss of protective caps is the simplest case. They can be replaced plastic lids from soda.

Laser

Correction is often impossible to perform independently due to the need for a special tool.

pendulum shift - the tool does not work correctly, with deviations in horizontal and vertical measurements. This happens after the device falls or is carried with an unlocked pendulum. Restoration will require an offset adjustment. Such damage is not covered by the warranty.
Beam does not burn - the malfunction is caused by a broken wiring or incorrect operation of the batteries. In the first case, you will need to remove the cover of the device and replace the flexible wiring going to the pendulum. In the second case, unclenching and stripping contacts or changing batteries is more often enough. Both options are self-repairable.
Instability of readings - as a rule, it will be necessary to change the suspension bearing. The case is rare, but guaranteed in the absence of mechanical damage.
Buttons don't work - there are several options for failure, of which only clogging of contacts can be repaired independently. The keyboard may not work as a result of frequent use in dusty environments. Clogged contacts will need to be cleaned mechanically. The procedure can be performed at home.

In difficult cases, the keyboard will need to be replaced. When the coating is membrane, it will not be possible to repair the device without special skills.

Optical

Problems of optical levels are solved systematically or by replacing parts. Repair with improvised tools is often not applicable.

Sticking compensator - to solve the problem, the standard calibration procedure is performed several times. When blunders tool will require service.
Cracked lens or mirror . Purchase of a similar part is required. The optical lens can be replaced by yourself.
Adjustment is broken - you need to calibrate the device. The screw fastener is loosened, the plate with the grid is aligned. To do this, the horizontal thread is placed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tool, and the vertical thread is set along the plumb line.

Problems in the operation of electronics, serious mechanical damage, site repair or torsion bars will require the intervention of specialists.

Manufacturers

Manufacturers are presented in different price categories. The correlation between prices and quality is often insignificant.

AD - manufacturer of diagnostic and measuring equipment. The company is multinational. Digital and shockproof level types, professional tool. Warranties are not specified. Website: www.adainstruments.com

Bosch - German manufacturer technology. Rotary, linear and point laser levels, digital levels. The tool is presented in a professional ( Blue colour) and household format (green). Standard warranty. Valid for 12 months from the date of purchase. In addition, a long-term promotion is taking place, within which warranty cases with mechanical confirmation of the tool are recognized. Website: www.bosch-professional.com

FIT - budgetary manufacturer of power tools. Torpedo and laser levels are available in the minimum configuration. The tool is certified, a network of service centers. Warranty terms not announced. Website: www.fit-instrument.ru

Kapro - an international manufacturer from Israel specializes in measuring instruments. Digital, magnetic, aluminum levels with an ergonomic design, comply with Russian standards, are certified. The warranty period is 12 months. Website: www.kapro.com

KRAFTOOL - manufacturer of professional hand tools. Magnetic, digital, foldout and box models available. Warranty and certification not announced. Website: kraftool-instrument.ru

Stabila - manufacturer from Germany. The company specializes in measuring instrument. The range includes 120 construction, including telescopic and special models. No warranty provided. Website: www.stabila.com

Stanley - hand and power tools, including measuring ones. Average price category. Certification provided. Plain and magnetic models are available. Warranty not stated. Website: www.stanleyrussia.com

Zubr - a budget manufacturer of household and professional tools, but measuring instruments are presented in the middle price category. Basic and enhanced models. Warranty not stated. Website: zubr-instrument.ru

Surely many have heard about the international system of levels of the English language, but not everyone knows what it means and how to classify it. The need to know your level of English proficiency may arise in some life situations. For example, if you need to pass an interview at work or at the embassy, if you need to pass some international exam (IELTS, TOEFL, FCE, CPE, BEC, etc.), when entering a foreign educational institution, when getting a job in another country, as well as for personal purposes.

The international system for determining knowledge of the English language can be divided into 7 levels:

1. Beginner - Initial (zero). At this level, the student knows almost nothing in English and begins to study the subject from scratch, including the alphabet, basic reading rules, on-duty greeting phrases and other tasks of this stage. By the end of the Beginner level, students can usually answer questions easily when meeting new people. For example: What is your name? How old are you? Do you have brothers and sisters? Where are you from and where do you live? etc. And they can also count up to a hundred, spell their name and personal data. The latter in English is called spelling.

2. Elementary - Elementary. This level follows immediately after zero and implies knowledge of some basics of the English language. The Elementary level gives students the opportunity to use previously learned phrases in a more free form, and also instills a whole range of new knowledge. At this stage, students learn to briefly talk about themselves, their favorite colors, dishes and seasons, weather and time, daily routine, countries and customs, etc. In terms of grammar, at this level there is an initial acquaintance with the following tenses: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Future Simple (will, to be going to) and Present Perfect. It also considers some modal verbs(can, must), different types of pronouns, adjectives and their degrees of comparison, categories of nouns, forms simple questions. Having firmly mastered the Elementary level, you can already take part in the KET (Key English test) testing.

3. Pre-Intermediate - Below Intermediate. The level following the Elementary is called Pre-Intermediate, literally translated as Pre-Intermediate. Having reached this level, students already have an idea of how many sentences and phrases are built, they can speak briefly on many topics. The Pre-Intermediate level adds confidence and expands the learning potential. There are longer texts, more practice exercises, new grammatical topics, and more complex sentence structures. Topics encountered at this level may include compound questions, the Past Continuous, different forms of the future tense, conditional sentences, modal verbs, infinitives and gerunds, repetition and reinforcement of the Past Simple tenses (regular and irregular verbs) and Present Perfect, and some others. In terms of oral skills, after passing the Pre-Intermediate level, you can safely go on a journey and look for any opportunity to use your knowledge in practice. Also firm hold English language at the Pre-Intermediate level, it gives the opportunity to participate in the PET (Preliminary English Test) test and the BEC (Business English Certificate) Preliminary exam.

4. intermediate. At the Intermediate level, the knowledge gained at the previous stage is consolidated, and a lot of new vocabulary is added, including complex ones. For example, personal characteristics of people, scientific terms, professional vocabulary and even slang. The object of study is active and passive voices, direct and indirect speech, participial and participle phrases, phrasal verbs and prepositions, word order in complex sentences, varieties of articles, etc. Of the grammatical tenses, the difference between Present Simple and Present Continuous, Past Simple and Present Perfect, Past Simple and Past Continuous, as well as between various forms of expression of the future tense, is considered in more detail. Texts at the Intermediate level become longer and more meaningful, and communication becomes easier and freer. The advantage of this stage is that in many modern companies, employees with knowledge of the Intermediate level are highly valued. Also, this level is ideal for avid travelers, as it allows you to freely understand the interlocutor and express yourself in response. From international exams, after successfully passing the middle level, you can take the following exams and tests: FCE (First Certificate in English) for B / C, PET Level 3, BULATS (Business Language Testing Service), BEC Vantage, TOEIC (Test of English) for International Communication), IELTS (International English Language Testing System) by 4.5-5.5 points and TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) by 80-85 points.

5. Upper Intermediate - Above average. If students progress to this level, it means that they are able to understand fluent English fluently and communicate easily using the vocabulary that they have already acquired. At the Upper-Intermediate level, it becomes possible to use English much more in practice, since there is a little less theory, and if there is, it basically repeats and reinforces the Intermediate level. Of the innovations, Narrative Tenses (Narrative tenses) can be noted, which includes such difficult times as Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous. It also covers the Future Continuous and Future Perfect, the use of articles, modal conjectural verbs, indirect speech verbs, hypothetical sentences, abstract nouns, causal voice, and more. The Upper-Intermediate level is one of the most popular in both business and education. People who are fluent in English at this level can easily pass any interviews and even enter foreign universities. At the end of the Upper-Intermediate course, you can take exams such as FCE for A / B, BEC (Business English Certificate) Vantage or Higher, TOEFL for 100 points and IELTS for 5.5-6.5 points.

6. Advanced 1 - Advanced. The Advanced 1 level is required for professionals and students who want to achieve high fluency in English. Unlike the Upper-Intermediate level, a lot of interesting turns appear here, including idioms. Knowledge of tenses and other grammatical aspects studied earlier is only deepened and considered from other unexpected angles. Discussion topics become more specific and professional, for example: the environment and natural disasters, legal processes, genres of literature, computer terms, etc. After the Advanced level, you can take a special academic exam CAE (Cambridge Advanced English), as well as IELTS for 7 and TOEFL for 110 points, and you can apply for a prestigious job in foreign companies or a place in Western universities.

7. Advanced 2 - Super advanced (native speaker level). The name speaks for itself. We can say that there is nothing more than Advanced 2, because this is the level of a native speaker, i.e. a person born and raised in an English-speaking environment. With this level, you can pass any interviews, including highly specialized ones, and pass any exams. In particular, the highest test of English proficiency is the CPE (Cambridge Proficiency Exam) academic exam, and as for the IELTS test, it can be passed to the highest score of 8.5-9 with this level.
This gradation is called ESL (English as a Second Language) or EFL (English as a Foreign Language) level classification and is used by ALTE (Association of Language Testers in Europe). The level system may vary, move around depending on the country, school or organization. For example, some organizations reduce the presented 7 levels to 5 and call them a little differently: Beginner (Elementary), Lower Intermediate, Upper Intermediate, Lower Advanced, Upper Advanced. However, the meaning and content of the levels does not change from this.

Another similar system of international exams under the abbreviation CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) divides the levels into 6 and has other names:

1. A1 (Breakthrough)=Beginner
2. A2 (Waystage)=Pre-Intermediate - Below Intermediate
3. B1 (Threshold)=Intermediate
4. B2 (Vantage)=Upper-Intermediate
5. C1 (Proficiency)=Advanced 1 - Advanced
6. C2 (Mastery)=Advanced 2 - Super Advanced

The right choice of measuring tool significantly improves the quality of work and saves time. By design, five main types of building levels can be distinguished: bubble, electronic, pipe, hydraulic, laser. Below we will look at each of them in more detail.

Five types of building levels

bubble levels are most widely used due to their simplicity, accessibility and versatility. They are called so because the sensitive element they have is an air bubble floating in the ampoule. The measurement error of these devices is 0.5 ÷ 1 mm/m. Domestic models are produced in accordance with GOST 9416-83, which describes the technical conditions for their manufacture. The body of the tool is a hollow box-shaped structure with stiffeners. It can have a length of 30 cm to several meters. To reduce weight, the device is made of aluminum alloys. Ampoules with air are covered with protective glass. At the base of the case, as a rule, there is a millimeter scale of measurements.

Magnetic bubble levels are perfect for working with metal structures. Their distinctive feature is the presence of built-in magnets that allow you to fix the tool vertically on metal parts. For masons, there are models with a reinforced cast body. If you have plastering work ahead, pay attention to the rules with the level. They combine two devices at the same time.

Electronic levels with goniometer belong to professional measuring tool. They have several bubble chambers to assess the verticality and horizontality of building structures. However, unlike conventional levels, such devices have a number of additional features.

One of the main features is the digital display, which clearly shows the amount of deviation in degrees. At the same time, the accuracy of the data provided is high - up to 0.1⁰. It is possible to record the measured slopes. Sound indication is provided, which signals the achievement of 0⁰ and 90⁰.

Checking the accuracy of the electronic level is simple and does not take much time. To do this, you need to put the device on a flat surface, take readings. Rotate the level 180 degrees to see the new values. If the reading difference is more than 0.2⁰, the device needs to be calibrated.

It is intended for check of horizontality and verticality of water, gas, sewer pipes. In general, it is convenient to use it for working with beams, a round profile in various building structures. The main features of this tool are the V-shaped body, the presence of magnets. Thanks to this, the device can be easily installed on metal pipe or support.

The pipe level, like the bubble level, is equipped with several flasks with alcohol liquid. An air bubble floats in each of them, by the location of which the deviation from the given direction is determined.

It is used for applying accurate horizontal markings on objects that are far from each other. With its help, they beat the floor level, install the foundation, lay bricks, install various building structures in one plane.

The hydrostatic level consists of two vessels connected by a transparent tube. Before operation, the system is filled with water so that it occupies approximately 2/3 of the volume of the flasks. At the same time, make sure that the liquid inside the tube does not contain air bubbles. They must be removed, otherwise the measurements will be inaccurate. Bends and fractures of the tube are not allowed: water must flow freely from one vessel to another. To check the accuracy of the instrument, the flasks are aligned with each other. It is necessary that they have a common fluid boundary.

The industry produces hydrostatic levels from 5 to 25 m long. The measurement error of these devices is 2÷3 mm. It is recommended to markup from one base mark. This allows for maximum accuracy.

Laser building levels(levels) belong to the group of professional measuring instruments. Despite the relatively high cost compared to other solutions, they provide their owner with a number of advantages. First of all, it is the high accuracy of markup. The value of the permissible deviation is only 0.1÷1 mm/m, depending on the class of the device. Technical capabilities linear laser levels allows them to build horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes at a distance of up to several tens of meters from the installation site. For home use this is more than enough. Rotary laser levels, due to the rotation of the emitter, project beams around the entire perimeter of the room, that is, they cover the entire space around them.

What kind construction works conducted with the help of laser levels:

leveling walls or floors;
installation of attachments;
wall papering;
installation of stretch ceilings;
tiling of premises;
installation of partitions, etc.

To carry out repairs with high quality, even before starting work, you should choose a good measuring tool. Now there is a wide variety of building levels. They differ from each other in purpose, technical characteristics, workmanship and price.

What is the task before you?! If you need an inexpensive universal tool for all occasions, you should pay attention to bubble levels. They are comfortable, unpretentious, and most importantly - have good accuracy. Their capabilities are enough to evenly lay tiles, install windows, doors or furniture. The length of the universal level is 60÷80 cm.

Electronic levels with a goniometer and a magnetic system are suitable for those who decide to take repairs seriously. They have advanced features. First of all, this is a visual presentation of data on an electronic display with an accurate indication of deviations in degrees, percentages or millimeters. Others distinctive features are high accuracy, the function of recording readings, as well as the possibility of electronic calibration.

If you need to level beams, poles, water or gas pipes vertically or horizontally, take full advantage of pipe levels. Their indisputable advantage is the possibility of precise centering on these elements of building structures.

The water level will be useful when installing floor screed, installation suspended ceilings, foundation device. It is useful for marking places for sockets that will look aesthetically pleasing, being at the same height. With a water level, you can make accurate horizontal markings for adjacent rooms, between which there is no direct line of sight. This is one of its main advantages. This tool is low cost and easy to use. Its length varies from 5 to 25 meters, which is quite enough for domestic use.

The laser level will be an excellent choice for those who have a large amount of construction work. It will significantly save time, while ensuring high accuracy of construction of both horizontal and vertical planes. This is a good tool for beating the floor level, marking the walls for finishing work, installing furniture and communications.

There are three main types of laser levels: point, linear, rotational. In accordance with the name, they are used to build points, lines, and markings around the entire perimeter of the room at the same time.

Before starting work, the lasers must be leveled using the built-in bubble level. Some models have an additional self-leveling function within 2÷4 degrees. The price of professional laser levels is quite high, but there are available options for home use.

What to look for when choosing

Among the large number of manufacturers present on the market of measuring instruments, there are those who have already managed to gain an excellent reputation in our country and abroad. In good standing with builders, there are bubble, as well as electronic levels Stabila and Kapro. Bosch laser levels are known for their quality. However, it is best to rely on your own experience in order to purchase a thing with the necessary set of functions for a reasonable price. The main selection criteria: technical characteristics, equipment, build quality and materials.

When purchasing a bubble level, you need to inspect it appearance. Is there any visible damage? What is the quality of the materials, is it neatly assembled?! Particular attention should be paid to ampoules with liquid. They must be securely integrated into the case.

Place the chosen level on a flat horizontal surface. It should fit snugly, without gaps, to it with its base. Note the position of the air bubble in the upper ampoule. After that, turn the device 180⁰ clockwise or counterclockwise and put it in the same place. If the bubble has moved relative to its initial position, this level cannot be trusted. Similarly, you can check the vertical accuracy of the readings.

Thinking about how to choose building level, it should be noted that this tool is an indispensable assistant in the implementation of almost all construction and repair work. They resort to it, starting from the first stages of the construction process and ending with the finishing.

A common type of bubble level is its rectangular modification, which is inexpensive.

The choice and purchase of a building level must be approached carefully, having previously familiarized yourself with the conditions of its operation and the tasks that will be assigned to it. This is due to the fact that with different types a certain type of levels will do a better job (for example, a laser level is the best option for laying tiles, and a water level is the best option for leveling the floor in a large room). So what types of building levels exist today and how to choose a building level for a particular case?

Varieties of building levels

The modern market for construction equipment is represented by various models levels of both domestic and foreign production. All of them have a certain set specifications and different cost. However, despite the great diversity, all building levels according to the principle of operation are divided into:

water (hydraulic levels);
bubble;
laser.

Let's consider each type in more detail.

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Choosing a water level

This tool has a very simple and clear design, consisting of a transparent plastic hose from 5 to 25 m long and two glass flasks with markings on them. The flasks are equipped with lids through which water at room temperature is poured into the device before use. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that no air bubbles form in the hose during filling, as they can lead to measurement errors.

The water level is excellent for determining the evenness and level of deviation of horizontal planes, however, neither the vertical nor the beveled plane can be checked with such an instrument. A huge advantage of water levels is that when working with large surfaces, they give very accurate results. This is especially important when pouring the foundation, leveling the floor, installing piles. However, their use in small spaces can be somewhat difficult.

The advantages of hydraulic levels include:

ease of use;
low cost;
high accuracy when working at long distances;
the ability to use in hard-to-reach places (for example, when it is required to take measurements from different corners of the building, where there is no direct visibility).

If you plan to work with large horizontal areas, you can safely buy a water level. At the same time, as in the case of any other construction tool, it is recommended to give preference only to trusted manufacturers. These are Zubr (Russia) and Stayer (China). The cost of the first is about $ 8, and the second - $ 2-5.

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How to choose a bubble type building level?

A bubble level is a versatile tool that is used to draw vertical and horizontal lines, as well as to check the flatness of a particular surface. The principle of its operation is based on an air bubble placed in a liquid, for which many manufacturers use technical alcohol. The liquid is in a special flask with marks applied to it. It is by the position of the bubble relative to the marks that measurements of horizontal and vertical evenness are made.

Almost all modern models of bubble levels are equipped with three measuring flasks. In this case, one flask is placed in the middle (used to measure the horizontal), the second - at one end of the tool (intended to control the vertical), and the third is installed at an angle to the other two (used to measure inclined surfaces).

To choose the right bubble level, you need to pay attention to its following characteristics:

Length. This indicator can vary from 20 cm (pipe levels) to 4 m (folding modifications). When choosing the length, it is necessary to take into account the tasks that will be assigned to the tool. For work on leveling floors, walls and ceilings, it is recommended to buy a level 150-250 cm long. For installing windows, doors, installing furniture the best option there will be a device with a length of 50-80 cm. If you need to properly lay plumbing, gas or sewer pipes, then in this case, buy a small pipe level, which is one of the varieties of bubble levels.
Base material. The level can be made of plastic, wood or metal. The most durable and reliable is a metal tool with stiffeners located inside, which is why it should be chosen.
Flask marking quality. The applied strips should be placed at the same distance from each other and be clearly visible. The best option is the location of the strips inside the flask, and not on its surface, because the surface markings will quickly be erased with the active use of the tool.

Before finally choosing a bubble level, you need to make sure that it works correctly. In specialized points of sale there should be a stand where you can do this. Even if there is no such stand, it's okay, because the check can be carried out on the floor or windowsill. To do this, the device is placed on a horizontal surface and the position of the bubble is noted, after which the level is turned 180 ° and again set to the same place. In this case, the position of the control bubble should be the same in all cases.

When choosing a bubble level, you should not try to save as much as possible, because cheap models will have a strong measurement error and poor build quality.

Of the available models, the firms Stayer, Matrix and Brigadir should be noted, which are characterized by an optimal ratio of the price of the product to its quality. Of more expensive models you can opt for Stabila products.

The final result of the work of a number of industrial specialists depends on the accuracy of measuring instruments: a builder, a bricklayer, a carpenter, etc. The building level of various modifications is a simple but indispensable tool for any serious team or individual craftsman, which allows you to determine the accuracy of the location of horizontal and vertical surfaces. The history of the appearance of the first spirit level dates back to the second half of the 17th century, and the vertical plumb line is a well-known primitive prototype of later inventions.

The generally accepted classification for building levels:

Bubble (water level) - with flasks installed in a rigid case filled with liquid, and the presence of a floating air bubble in each flask;
Laser level - with fast and clear marking by a point of a laser beam of working surfaces;
Water level (hydrolevel) - the principle of operation is based on Pascal's hydrostatic law and checks the compliance of the planes of horizontal surfaces.

Despite all the obvious innovative advantages of the same laser level, skilled craftsmen never refuse to use a high-quality bubble level - this versatile tool that has been tested by time.

The main characteristics of the building level

Measurement accuracy (from 0.3 mm / m, the longer the building level and the heavier it is, the higher the accuracy of its readings);
Impact resistance. As a rule, levels have a hollow body, but with walls of sufficient thickness;
Wide resistance to the slightest bending and torsion;
Measuring flasks with a high degree of transparency and resistance to discoloration, haze, cracking and leakage when exposed to low and high temperatures as well as ultraviolet rays.

Device

A rigid monolithic, most often rectangular case with a milled bottom edge is made of light and durable materials (aluminum, polystyrene, plastic, wood) with an anti-corrosion coating. In the case, depending on the required accuracy, a certain number of transparent sealed glass flasks (level eyes) are securely fixed with an air bubble floating in a colored alcohol-containing liquid:

one flask - only for a horizontal guide (180 degrees);
two - for horizontal (180 degrees) and vertical guides (90 degrees);
three - for more complex work, with an additional third camera that controls the measurement of the angle of inclination (rigidly fixed at 45 degrees, or rotary - to measure any angle of the controlled surface).

In order to minimize errors in angular vision, limiting lines - risks - are applied on the surface of the measuring flasks. Eyes for checking the position of surfaces of the vertical plane and the angle of inclination have built-in mirror reflectors for simultaneous control of the position of the bubbles.

Plastic plugs at the ends of the level protect the structure in case of accidental drops.

Some level manufacturers also provide additional conveniences: for example, a built-in magnifying lens for more comfortable bubble control, magnetic systems or a fluorescent flask liquid for the possibility of continuing work even in the dark.

The principle of operation of the bubble building level is simple: measuring and adjusting surfaces relative to the horizontal and vertical planes occurs by moving the bubble inside a certain level eye. The result of the correct adjustment will be the presence of the bubble exactly in the middle between the measuring marks of the flask.

Building level. Which is better?

Having decided to purchase a building level, it will not be superfluous to familiarize yourself with some recommendations for choosing it:

Flask– must be securely fastened to the body. When buying, it is worth abandoning the level at which the flask is screwed with screws, because of which it can become loose over time. Flasks made of polyacrylic should be chosen, which is stronger than glass and more transparent than plastic.
Level length- it is necessary to take into account the type of work to be done, since the larger the working area, the longer the level should be chosen;
Defects- the building level is a measuring device, so when buying a tool, you must make sure that there are no factory defects, as well as errors in the readings.

Housing material- the tool can be made of plastic, metal or wood. The most reliable and durable is, of course, the metal level, inside which there are stiffeners
markup- the best option is to place control strips inside the bubble itself. The divisions applied to the surface of the flask should be clear and located close to each other.

The run-up in the cost of building levels is quite diverse. At the same time, it is not worth asking for a choice of more economic models, especially if you need to use the tool repeatedly. If you have to carry out a thorough repair, then experts strongly recommend purchasing a professional tool. For him, a characteristic difference is the presence of a shock-resistant case with special rubber pads, which, during operation, are able to soften the blows from falls, etc.

In operation, it is better than others, the construction level of the famous German brand "Stabila" has proven itself. For such a tool, on average, you will have to pay from 700 to 1800 rubles. This measuring device famous for such advantages as:

high-quality and stable reading of indications ( high degree measurement accuracy);
good ergonomic characteristics;
precision in the geometry of the aluminum profile housing.

In addition, this brand also produces magnetic building levels, which make it possible to work with electricity, and are equipped with special slots for marking switches and sockets.

In addition to "Stabila", another good option may become the building level of the company "Shark". Levels of this trademark good because they are not afraid of falls and bumps. Also, good models are produced by Ermak, Bosch or Kapro.. For example, the Kapro company constantly updates its models and often introduces the latest innovative solutions, releasing household and professional tools. high quality different models of the German company "Bosch". A similar tool with Bosch models is also produced by the Russian company Condtrol, which is more affordable.

In the middle category of such instruments, it is worth highlighting the levels manufactured by Matrix, Brigadier and Stayer, which are distinguished by their high measurement accuracy and optimal cost-quality ratio.

However, when buying a building level, a well-known brand should not be a decisive aspect. The main thing is to decide on the type of future work and the frequency of using the tool.

180 degree method

You can check the accuracy of the level in the simplest way, called the 180 degree method:

It is necessary to put the building level tightly, without gaps, on a flat horizontal surface and remember the position of the bubble relative to the marks.
In the horizontal plane, turn the level 180 degrees and place it clearly on the same area.
In a qualitative and accurate level, the position of the bubble should remain the same.

In the same way, you can check the accuracy of the vertical readings.

Round bubble level

This kind of building levels is designed to control only horizontal surfaces and differs somewhat from the usual levels in the design of the body with the same principle of operation. The round level is a sealed hemispherical capsule made of impact-resistant glass with a fixed flask, inside which the position of the bubble is determined by a bounding round line.

The scope of the round bubble level is not only construction work and control of the degree of shrinkage of already rebuilt buildings. Such levels are widely used in photo and video shooting for strict adjustment of the horizontal position of the equipment tripod. The use of round levels is also very common when installing trade or control scales, as well as for constantly monitoring the stable horizontal position of stationary machines, industrial tools and even jewelry surfaces - for example, polishing wheels.

A round bubble level often has the possibility of local attachment to a controlled surface and a very low cost when high precision measurements. A knowledgeable person will appreciate this simple and essential tool.

The ubiquity of levels

Whatever work you have to do (check the vertical and horizontal alignment of the surface of the walls, floor and ceiling; install without distortion washing machine, hang a bookshelf or a picture) - the simplicity and ease of use of the bubble building level will help you do it quickly and with the highest quality. Even in the presence of a laser level or a plane builder that is more complex in execution and principle of operation, the building level, unchanged in the arsenal of any master, will not remain idle.