Message on the topic of using a computer. "ICT in professional activity" Possibilities of using a personal computer in the classroom

Human Information Activity

Human information activity is an activity associated with the processes of obtaining, transforming, accumulating and transmitting information.

All people in their lives are engaged in information activities (receiving letters, reading books, storing photo and video archives, talking on the phone, solving problems, solving crossword puzzles, etc.); for many it is professional.

For thousands of years, the subjects of human labor were material objects. All tools from the stone ax to the first steam engine, electric motor or lathe were associated with the processing of matter, the use and transformation of energy. At the same time, mankind has always had to solve the problems of managing, accumulating, processing and transmitting information, experience, and knowledge. There were groups of people whose profession is associated exclusively with information activities. In ancient times, these were, for example, priests, chroniclers, then scientists, etc.

As society developed, the circle of people whose professional activities were associated with the processing and accumulation of information was constantly expanding. The volume of human knowledge, experience, and with it the number of books, manuscripts and other written documents has also grown constantly. There was a need to create special repositories of these documents - libraries, archives. The information contained in books and other documents had to be not just stored, but streamlined and systematized. This is how library classifiers, subject and alphabetical catalogs and other means of systematizing books and documents arose, and the professions of a librarian and archivist appeared.

As a result of scientific and technological progress, humanity has created more and more new means and methods of collecting (recording sound information using a microphone, camera, movie camera), storage (paper, film, gramophone records, magnetic tape), information transmission (telephone, telegraph, radio, television, satellites). But the most important thing in information processes - the processing and purposeful transformation of information - was carried out until recently exclusively by man.

At the same time, the constant improvement of technology and production has led to a sharp increase in the amount of information that a person has to operate in the course of his professional activity.

In the second half of the 20th century, the production of scientific and technical printed matter became like a growing avalanche. Neither an individual, nor special organizations created to process incoming information, could not only master the entire information flow, but also quickly find in it what was required for certain jobs. A paradoxical situation has arisen when, in order to obtain the necessary information, it was easier and cheaper to conduct research anew than to search for it in the scientific literature. The paper-based information system has outgrown its capabilities. An information crisis has ripened, that is, a situation where the information flow has increased so much that it has become unavailable for processing at an acceptable time.

We can say that we, living at the turn of the century and millennium, were lucky to witness grandiose changes on our home planet. And the result of these changes was the acceleration of the emergence of knowledge. The information flow literally falls on us. If the first doubling of the total amount of knowledge on Earth occurred in the period from the turn of our era to 1750, then the second doubling happened already in 150 years, by the beginning of the twentieth century, and the third - in 50 years - by 1950.

In the future, the volume of knowledge doubled even more rapidly: before 1970 - for 10 years, after 1970 - every 5 years, and since 1991 - annually! In fact, we live in a society where the power of any country is determined by its information potential and the ability to quickly provide the necessary and reliable information to all who are interested in them.

The way out of this situation was the invention of electronic computers (computers) and personal computers, the creation of a telecommunications infrastructure (databases and networks of various types).

But modern technical means of working with information include not only computers, but also other devices that ensure its transmission, processing and storage:

network equipment: modems, cables, network adapters;

analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters;

digital photo and video cameras, digital voice recorders;

recording devices (CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-RW, etc.);

printing equipment;

digital music studios;

medical equipment for ultrasound and tomography;

scanners in archives, libraries, shops, exams and polling stations;

TV tuners for feeding a television signal to a computer;

plotters and various printers;

multimedia projectors;

flash memory, also used in players and cameras;

Cell phones.

In addition to personal computers, there are powerful computing systems for solving complex scientific, technical and defense problems, processing huge databases, and operating telecommunications networks (Internet):

multiprocessor systems for parallel data processing (management of complex technological processes);

servers in the global computer network that manage the work and store a huge amount of information;

special computers for design work (designing aircraft and spacecraft, bridges and buildings, etc.).

All of the listed technical means and systems are designed to work with information resources (IR) in various sectors of the economy. At present, computers have firmly entered the life of a modern person, they are widely used in production, design work, business and many other industries.

Computers are used in production at all stages: from the design of individual parts of the product, its design to assembly and sale. The computer-aided production system (CAD) allows you to create drawings, immediately getting a general view of the object, to control machines for the manufacture of parts. A flexible manufacturing system (FPS) allows you to quickly respond to changing market conditions, quickly expand or curtail the production of a product or replace it with another one. The ease of transferring the conveyor to the production of new products makes it possible to produce many different models of the product. Computers allow you to quickly process information from various sensors, including from automated security, from temperature sensors for regulating energy consumption for heating, from ATMs that record money spent by customers, from a complex tomograph system that allows you to "see" the internal structure of human organs and correctly put diagnosis.

The computer is located on the desktop of a specialist of any profession. It allows you to connect with any part of the globe, connect to the collections of large libraries without leaving your home, use powerful information systems - encyclopedias, learn new sciences and acquire various skills with the help of training programs and simulators. He helps a fashion designer to develop patterns, a publisher to compose text and illustrations, an artist to create new paintings, and a composer to music. An expensive experiment can be completely calculated and simulated on a computer.

The development of ways and methods for presenting information, technology for solving problems using computers, has become an important aspect of the activities of people of many professions. There are several main areas where information activities are related to computers.

Information is an object of legal regulation.

Historically, the traditional object of property rights is a material object. Information itself is not a material object, but it is fixed on material carriers. Initially, information is in the memory of a person, and then it is alienated and transferred to material media: books, disks, cassettes and other drives designed to store information. As a result, information can be replicated by spreading a material carrier. The transfer of such a material carrier from the subject-owner that creates specific information to the subject-user entails the loss of ownership of the owner of the information.

The intensity of this process has increased significantly due to the total spread of the Internet. It's no secret that very often books, music and other products of human intellectual activity are posted on various sites without any consent of the authors or publishers without reference to the original source. The intellectual product created by them becomes the property of many people who use it free of charge, and the interests of those who created it are not taken into account.

Legal regulations

Considering that information is practically no different from another object of ownership, such as cars, houses, furniture and other tangible products, we should talk about the existence of similar ownership rights for information products.

^ The right of ownership consists of three important components: the right of disposal, the right of possession and the right of use.

The right of disposal consists in the fact that only the subject-owner of the information has the right to determine to whom this information can be provided.

The right of ownership should ensure that the subject-owner of the information keeps the information unchanged. No one but him can change it.

^ The right to use gives the subject-owner of information the right to use it only in their own interests.

Thus, any user entity is obliged to acquire these rights before using the information product of interest to him. This right must be regulated and protected by public infrastructure and relevant laws. As for any property, such an infrastructure consists of a chain:

legislature (laws) ? judiciary (court) executive power (punishment).

Any ownership law must govern the relationship between the owner entity and the user entity. Such laws should protect both the rights of the owner and the rights of rightful owners who legally acquired the information product. The protection of information property is manifested in the fact that there is a legal mechanism for protecting information from disclosure, leakage, unauthorized access and processing, in particular copying, modification and destruction.

At present, the world community has already developed a number of measures on this problem, which are aimed at protecting the property rights to an intellectual product. The normative-legal basis of the necessary measures is made up of legal documents: laws, decrees, resolutions that ensure civilized relations in the information market. Thus, a number of decrees, resolutions, and laws have been adopted in the Russian Federation.

^ Law of the Russian Federation No. 3523-I "On the legal protection of computer programs and databases" gives a legally precise definition of the concepts associated with the authorship and distribution of computer programs and databases. It defines that copyright extends to specified objects that are the result of the creative activity of the author. The author has the exclusive right to publish programs and databases, their distribution, modification and other use.

For the current state of our society, it is the issues related to the violation of copyright and property rights that are the most relevant. Much of the software used by individuals and even organizations is obtained through illegal copying. This practice hinders the formation of a civilized market for computer software and information resources.

This issue has become especially relevant for our country in the process of Russia's accession to international organizations and unions - for example, to the World Trade Organization. Non-observance of property rights in computer software has become the object of criminal prosecution in practice.

^ Law of the Russian Federation No. 149-F3 "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" regulates relations arising from:

exercising the right to seek, receive, transmit and produce information;

application of information technologies;

ensuring the protection of information.

In 1996, the section "Crimes in the field of computer information" was first introduced into the Criminal Code. He determined the punishment for some types of crimes that have become common:

illegal access to computer information;

creation, use and distribution of malicious programs for computers;

deliberate violation of the rules for the operation of computers and networks.

In 2006, Law No. 152-0Ф3 “On Personal Data” came into force, the purpose of which is to ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen in the processing of his personal data (with or without the use of automation tools), including the protection of the rights to inviolability private life.

Legal regulation in the information sphere, due to its rapid development, will always lag behind life. As you know, the happiest society is not the one in which all the actions of people are regulated, and the punishments for all bad deeds are prescribed, but the one that is guided, first of all, by ethical considerations. This means in this case that information is not stolen, not because there is a punishment for it, but because a person considers theft a low deed that discredits himself. It is to such relations between the state and the individual, as well as between individual members of society, that we should strive.

Currently, the solution of the problem of legal regulation in the field of formation and use of information resources is in Russia at an early stage. It is extremely important and relevant to adopt such legal acts that could ensure:

protection of the rights of producers and consumers of information products and services;

protection of the population from the harmful effects of certain types of information products;

the legal basis for the functioning and application of Internet information systems, telecommunication technologies.

In terms of distribution and use, software is divided into closed (non-free), open and free:

^ Closed (non-free) -- the user receives limited rights to use such a software product, even by purchasing it. The user has no right to transfer it to other persons and is obliged to use this software under the license agreement. The license agreement, as a rule, regulates the purpose of use, for example, only for education, and the place of use, for example, only for a home computer. It is impossible to distribute, view the source code and improve such programs, which is enshrined in a license agreement. Violation of the license agreement is a copyright infringement and may result in legal liability. Russian legislation provides for civil, administrative and criminal liability for violation of copyright in software products.

^ Open source software -- has an open source code that allows anyone to judge the methods, algorithms, interfaces and reliability of the software product. Open source code does not imply free distribution of the program. The license stipulates the conditions under which the user can change the program code in order to improve it or use fragments of the program code in his own developments. Responsibility for violation of the terms of the license agreement for open source software is similar to closed (non-free).

^ Free software -- grants the user the right, or, more precisely, the freedom to unrestricted installation and run, free use and study of the program code, its distribution and modification. Free software is also legally protected, subject to copyright laws.

The principles of free software were first formulated in the 70s of the last century.

Free software is actively used on the Internet. For example, the most common Apache web server is free, Wikipedia is powered by MediaWiki, which is also a free project.

Free software, in any case, can be freely installed and used on any computer. The use of such software is free everywhere: in schools, offices, universities, on personal computers and in all organizations and institutions, including commercial and government ones.

Control questions

• 1. What is the human information society?
• 2. Ways to collect information
• 3. What norms regulating the rights to property of information technologies are known to you?
• 4. What legal categories is the software divided into?

Human information activity is associated with the creation of knowledge, which form the information resources of society. Information resources include scientific and technical knowledge, works of literature and art, public and state information.

The basis of the technical means of any modern information technology is the following hardware:

a computer that provides the ability to automatically process information;

· machine-readable storage media - magnetic and optical disks of high capacity, reliability and durability;

computer networks and telecommunications that allow joint processing and prompt transmission of information.

Information resources that provide some professional activity are concentrated in arrays of documents, which in the modern version are prepared for automatic processing and are stored in databases (DB), knowledge bases (KB), which, in turn, are part of some information system.

Let's try in the following table to describe the types of professional information activity of a person and the technical and information means accompanying it (see table).

Traditionally, information activity is associated with the mass media. Journalists deal with operational information, which is sometimes only relevant for a few days, so they use the most modern means of information transmission in their work. Information of any kind (text, sound, video) can be transmitted by e-mail, published on the site, real-time video conferences are popular.

Postal workers, in addition to the traditional methods of delivering correspondence, actively use e-mail. Cellular communications and IP-telephony are rapidly developing.

Science is called upon to produce new knowledge. One of its modern tools is computer mathematical modeling, which makes it possible to study natural, economic and social phenomena in development.

Engineers secure technical inventions in patents. In developed countries, there are systems of scientific and technical information with specialized publications and patent services that prepare reviews and abstracts.

Automated processing of information in economic information systems using communications and office equipment provides managers with high-quality, accurate, objective information. Managers, using modern technologies in the field of management, can make more timely and objective decisions based on operational economic information.

Teachers pass on knowledge from generation to generation, therefore, they participate in the ancient information process. IT brings innovations to this conservative sphere as well. Multimedia technologies create virtual worlds, make the learning process more visual, complex abstract calculations become clearer. Computer technologies make it possible to individualize training and control of knowledge. Distance education is developing, which makes it possible to teach regardless of the distance from the educational institution.

Many forms of contemporary art use IT. Musical works are created using midi-compatible instruments that perform a computer score. Computer graphics has become the basis of modern printing and design work.

Professions related to the construction of mathematical and computer models, programming, ensuring the information activities of people and organizations.

The emergence of specialists in the field of informatics in Russia has historically been associated with the training of mathematicians-programmers at universities and engineers at technical universities. The current situation can be reflected in the following table.

For the sake of building computer models for solving scientific and technical problems, the first computers were created. At present, computer modeling is actively used in all sciences, but mathematicians are still entrusted with its application. Only a fundamental mathematical education allows one to form a specialist who owns the theory of differential equations and numerical methods, programming, computer modeling, and is able to build a computer model of a real system. In preparation, these specialists study a wide range of courses related to computing and programming: algorithms and algorithmic languages, computer architecture and assembly language, system software, application software, computer graphics, parallel computing, databases, operating systems, artificial intelligence, object-oriented programming, computer networks, network technologies, programming systems, etc. For example, we will indicate the areas of training of the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics of Moscow State University: applied mathematics and computer science, information technology.

The profession “Computer scientist” with a qualification in some applied field was approved in Russia in 2000. The goal is to train personnel capable of successfully functioning in the new economic and political conditions and ready to solve problems related to the use of high-tech information technologies in related fields of human knowledge and activities, including the development of integrated systems of information and mathematical support for economic, financial and administrative activities. This specialty is used in economics, law, political science, etc., where information systems are used. A computer scientist in the relevant field is engaged in the creation and maintenance of an information system. For example, a computer scientist is an information systems specialist in administration, banking, insurance, accounting, and so on. This specialist, who has deep fundamental training, can create information-logical models of objects, develop new software and information support for solving problems of science, technology, economics and management, and adapt the system at all stages of its life cycle.

Protection of information resources from unauthorized access, ensuring the security of information and telecommunication systems are especially relevant for the modern world. These tasks led to the emergence of a new specialty - an information security specialist. Specialists study the protection of information in automated systems, in personal computers, in computer networks using software and hardware. To ensure information security, technical, software, organizational and legal methods are used. Technical measures include protection against unauthorized access to the system, redundancy of system components, redistribution of resources in the event of an accident, backup power systems, installation of alarms, etc. Legal measures include the development of liability standards for computer crimes, copyright protection of programmers. Software protection is based on cryptographic methods of information protection. Information security specialists are in demand in government organizations working with statistical, tax, customs information, in financial and credit institutions, in electronic commerce and electronic payment systems.

Computing and telecommunications form the hardware basis of any information technology. Engineers are engaged in their development and creation. They know the principles of building computing and telecommunication systems, electrical engineering and microelectronics, the basis is engineering education. The basis of the functioning of computer systems is the level of architecture, which includes the general principles of construction and operation of the logical nodes of a computer, programming in machine language. The logical principles and schemes for the implementation of the main components of the computer (adders, triggers) constitute the next step. Knowledge of circuit solutions of modern radio engineering and microelectronics is required for developers of physical elements of computers.

Assignment for independent work: study additional literature and prepare a report on the topic: Information culture.

Literature:

Virtual computer museum. - http://www.computer-museum_r.html/

Virtual European Museum of the History of Computer Science and Technology. - http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/MUSEUM/museum_r.html

History of computer technology. - http://historyvt.narod.ru/

Information culture - http://www.fio.vrn.ru/2005/6/4.htm

Information culture - http://infdeyatchel.narod.ru/inf_kult.htm

Encyclopedias and dictionaries - http://enc-dic.com/

Based on the lecture and the study of additional literature, answer the following questions:

1. What is called information?

2. What is called computer science?

3. Name and characterize the stages of the information development of society.

4. What was the main reason for the invention of the computer?

5. What is included in the information resources?

6. Give examples of computers in everyday life.

Prepare a message (optional) on the topic"Signs of the Information Society".

Prepare a poster diagram(optional) "History of the development of the information society" (in electronic form).

Answer test questions.

1. The main carrier of information in society at the present stage is:

· paper;

film and film

· magnetic tape;

floppy disk, hard drive

laser CD.

2. Information revolution is:

Qualitative change in the methods of transmission and storage of information, as well as the amount of information available to the active part of the population;

· radical transformation of the technological structure that dominates in society;

the ability of a person to receive in full the information necessary for his life and professional activity;

· change in the ways of formation and use of the total intellectual potential of the society;

a set of information wars.

3. The first information revolution is associated with the invention:

writing;

· typography;

computer.

4. The first means of long-distance communication is considered to be:

· telephone;

· telegraph;

· radio communication;

· computer networks.

5. The idea of ​​programmatic control of computational processes was expressed by:

N. Wiener;

· J. Mauchli;

· A. Livelace;

· C. Babbage;

· J. von Neumann.

6. The emergence of the possibility of effective automation of processing and targeted transformation of information is associated with the invention:

writing;

· typography;

telephone, telegraph, radio, television.

7. Computers of the second generation had as an element base:

electronic lamps;

semiconductor elements;

integrated circuits;

super-large integrated circuits;

microprocessors.

8. The first adding machine, which performed all four arithmetic operations, was designed in the 17th century:

· Charles Babbage;

· Blaise Pascal;

· Hermann Gollerith;

· George Bull;

· Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

9. The first domestic computer, developed under the guidance of Academician S. A. Lebedev, was called:

· Arrow;

10. The element base of the third generation computers were:

electronic lamps;

semiconductor elements;

integrated circuits;

Large integrated circuits

ultra-large integrated circuits.

11. The stored program principle has been proposed:

· John von Neumann;

· Charles Babbage;

· J.P. Eckert;

· Alan Turing;

· Claude Shannon.

12. The composition and purpose of the functional means of an automatic computer for the first time determined:

· John von Neumann;

· Charles Babbage;

· Ada Lovelace;

· Alan Turing;

Simulation of human intelligence (creation of artificial intelligence);

creation of cheap and powerful computers;

· achievement of productivity of personal computers more than 10 billion operations per second;

construction of computer nodes in accordance with other physical principles;

Creation of a unified human-machine intelligence.

14. Information services include ...

search and selection of information;

· consulting;

· education;

· telecommunications;

· natural resources.

15. Informatization of society is a process ...

increase in the volume of redundant information in society;

· increasing role in the society of the media;

more complete use of accumulated information in all areas

human activity through the use of information and

· telecommunication technologies;

ubiquitous use of computers.

16. According to the views of a number of scientists (O. Tofler, Bell, Masuda, etc.) in the “information society”:

Most of the workers will be engaged in the production, storage and processing of information, knowledge; the problems of the information and environmental crisis will be solved, humanistic principles of social management will be implemented;

a person will become an obedient object of manipulation by the media;

· the power will belong to the "information elite", carrying out cruel exploitation of the rest of the population and control of the private life of citizens;

Man will become an appendage of super-powerful computers;

· Management of social production and distribution of material goods will be carried out on the basis of central planning.

17. The information culture of a person at the present stage is mainly determined by:

The combination of his skills in programming in high-level languages;

his knowledge of the basic concepts of computer science;

a combination of his skills in using application software to create the necessary documents;

· the level of understanding of the regularities of information processes in nature and society, the quality of knowledge of the basics of computer literacy, a set of technical skills for interacting with a computer, the ability to effectively and timely use the means of information and communication technologies in solving problems of practical activity;

· his knowledge of the main types of software and user characteristics of the computer.

18. Among the possible negative consequences of the development of modern means of information and communication technologies indicate:

implementation of humanistic principles of social management;

formation of a single information space of human civilization;

destruction of people's privacy;

organization of free access for each person to the information resources of human civilization;

solving environmental problems.

It is difficult to imagine the modern world without information technology. They are used in almost all areas in the form of specialized equipment, software, game projects, etc. Almost all professions are related to the computer to a greater or lesser extent.

In private and public organizations, computers have already become an integral part of the work process, due to which it was possible to speed up the interaction of employees and reduce bureaucracy. For this reason, information technology is so popular among employers.

Professions related to the computer may be of interest also because they are promising and profitable. All areas of activity in which information technologies are involved in one way or another should not be listed, since there are a lot of them. This review will consider some professions related to the computer.

Network Programming

Every year, educational institutions leave a huge number of web-programmers. However, the demand for skilled workers not only does not decrease, but also increases. But this characterizes many computer-related professions.

To work in this area, you need to be able to create Internet projects, implement, optimize codes, develop scripts, write various interfaces and understand what databases are.

It should be immediately noted that in order to master this profession, it is not at all necessary to receive the appropriate education. You can also develop skills through self-study. Luckily, learning materials are available to the public. The main thing is to have a desire to develop in this field of activity. In this profession, knowledge and skills are valued, but a diploma does not play a special role.

It should also be noted that this profession requires constant development of skills, study of educational materials. This is due to the fact that new programming languages ​​appear or existing ones are improved. And without constant training, a specialist will simply lose his qualification.

World Wide Web Artists

Professions related to computers and the Internet can be included in separate lists. But it is worth talking about WEB-designers. To become a highly qualified specialist in this field, you need to have an artistic taste, be creative. You can't do without programming skills. Although in a minimal amount, they are still needed. A specialist working in this field is engaged in the formation of pages for Internet projects, their design.

Main responsibilities include:

• work on the design of sites;
• drawing layouts;
• selection of formats, colors, sizes of various site components;
• development of interfaces, logos, corporate identity.

You can not even think about a brilliant career growth, since it is not observed as such in this field of activity. However, you can always switch to related professions related to computers. It should be noted that this specialty is well paid and is quite promising.

ERP consultant

Modern entrepreneurial business will not do without constant development, without the introduction of the latest management systems, without increasing productivity. It is unlikely that it will be possible to achieve great heights due to standard accounting optimization.

In order for a business to develop and make a profit, it is not necessary to forget about such components as personnel management, finance department, supplies and sales. Keeping in mind requires a huge number of different factors and aspects. This will help systems that allow you to link together the accounting of absolutely all processes in the company. They are called ERP. And to work with them, you need a qualified specialist.

Responsibilities of ERP consultants include:

• analysis of the features of business processes;
• search and elimination of shortcomings;
• search for opportunities to improve business activities;
• creating models that will help take your business to the next level;
• development of technical specifications;
• introduction of the latest modules into existing systems;
• system maintenance, staff training.

System Administrator

Professions related to informatics and computers are quite diverse. It is necessary to allocate such a position in many companies as a system administrator.

This employee must ensure the operation of computer equipment, networks and servers. Also, his job responsibilities include providing and restricting access to a variety of resources.

It is very difficult to become a good specialist if there is no resistance to stress, because you will have to face various mistakes every day, look for ways to eliminate them. The routine of this work also contributes. Due to the loss of concentration, apathy may also appear over time.

Also, among the main features of a system administrator, attention and patience should be highlighted. Without all this, it is extremely difficult to achieve great success in this profession.

Tester

Software testing is a fairly important task that not everyone can handle. Testers are specialists who are able to find a bug in software and fix it. Highly qualified personnel are required by many companies whose main specialization is the development of programs, Internet projects, games.

Career growth in this profession is possible. However, for this you will have to learn foreign languages. This circumstance is connected with the fact that many development companies are primarily focused on the Western segment.

The tester must:

• good understanding of operating systems;
• be able to model user behavior in order to identify software errors;
• prepare all necessary documentation.

These types of computer-related professions cause a lot of controversy. Some experts believe that testing is too boring and tedious. But there are those who are able to find creative moments even in such a field of activity.

Photographer

Photographer is a profession with which almost everyone is connected in one way or another, albeit at an amateur level. Of course, all you need to take a photo is a camera. However, processing and printing pictures is not possible without computers.

To become a good photographer, it is not necessary to receive an appropriate diploma. Naturally, its presence will be a huge plus, but even without it, the reputation will not suffer. Due to the huge amount of various equipment, the number of photographers has increased many times over. You can work in this field, both at an amateur and professional level.

Masters of the printed word

In modern conditions, such professions related to working on a computer, which involve typing, have begun to gain great popularity. It can be a rewrite or a copyright. In the first case, we are talking about a simple rewriting of existing articles, in the second - about creating original texts, personal, which is a more difficult task, since good knowledge in a particular area is required.

Naturally, these professions have nothing to do with writing. The earnings of a copywriter and rewriter will largely depend on professionalism. Having a portfolio can also play a role. To achieve great heights, you will have to make a lot of effort.

A few more areas of activity

The list of professions related to the computer is quite long. Some have been detailed above. It is worth giving as an example a few more interesting areas of activity, where information technology plays an important role.

1. IT evangelist is a field of activity that is closely related to the promotion of software products.
2. A game designer is a specialist who works on the creation of game projects. He is primarily responsible for the design, creativity.
3. A cybersportsman is a person who participates in computer games at a professional level.
4. Forum moderator - a specialist who monitors the work of the forums, communicates with users. He must monitor compliance with the rules and recommendations on a particular Internet resource.
5. A programmer is a person who writes computer programs.

Conclusion

Every day there are new professions related to computers. Above were listed only the main ones that are in demand today. However, there is no doubt that every day more and more new areas of activity will appear in which information technologies will be used. We hope that this review answered the question of what professions are associated with a computer.

The computer has quickly become part of our lives. A few years ago it was rare to see any personal computer - they were, but they were very expensive, and not even every company could have a computer in their office. And now? Now in every third house there is a computer, which has already entered deeply into a person's life.

Modern computers represent one of the most significant achievements of human thought, the impact of which on the development of scientific and technological progress can hardly be overestimated. The fields of application of computers are constantly expanding.

Computers in self-service stores

Imagine that it is 1979 and you. You work part-time as a cashier at a large department store. As customers place their selected items on the counter, you must read the price of each item and enter it into the cash register. It happens that a price is not indicated on some product, and then you have to ask the controller for it. This, of course, slows down the process of payments by buyers ... And now let's get back to our days. You still work as cashiers in the same department store. But how much has changed here. When shoppers now put their purchases on the counter, you run each one through an optical scanner that reads the universal code stamped on the purchase. The universal code is a series of dots and numbers by which the computer determines which product the buyer is; the price of this product is stored in the computer's memory and displayed on a small screen so that the customer can see the cost of their purchase. Once all selected items have passed through the optical scanner, the computer immediately outputs the total value of the items purchased. In this case, the final settlement with customers is much faster than when using a cash register.

The use of a computer not only makes it possible to significantly speed up settlements with customers, but also makes it possible to control the quantity of sold and available goods all the time.

Obviously, in the near future, computers will play an even greater role in the lives of supermarkets and their customers. There are already supermarkets in Japan where modern technology is used to perform most of the operations that have always been performed by people. For example, robots control the parking of cars in a special parking lot near the supermarket, greet customers at the entrance to the store (6 thousand people a day) and inform them about the ongoing sale at discounted prices. Even the meat department has its own robot that fulfills the desires of customers in less than a minute. Calculators are built into the grocery carts so that the buyer can quickly find out how much he selected the products. The computer regulates lighting and air conditioning in the supermarket. The optical scanning device speeds up the settlement with the buyer and keeps a record of the goods sold and remaining in stock. The supermarket also has a room where kids can watch videos while their parents shop.

About computer professions

Electronic computers appeared in the mid-40s of our century. The first in the world is ENIAC, created in 1946 in the United States. In the Soviet Union, the first machine began work in 1951, it was called MESM (Small Computing Electronic Machine). The honor of its creation belongs to the group of S. A. Lebedev, later a famous academician, who is called the father of domestic computer technology.

The first computers were unique installations, and the circle of specialists who could make them solve complex computational problems remained very limited. Programming was carried out at the level of machine instructions, that is, the machine needed a detailed and detailed list of operations that all its nodes were to perform. Commands were encoded with numbers represented in octal, hexadecimal, or binary. The programmer was required not only to know many details related to the device of the machine, but also great intuition, resourcefulness of the mind, in order to squeeze into the Procrustean bed of very modest, according to modern concepts, possibilities of the electronic machine.

The process of coding programs was very slow, a large number of errors appeared, and the quality of the programmer was determined by his ability to quickly find his own mistakes. At that time, two kinds of specialists arose - algorithmists and programmers-coders. The task of the algorithmist was to accurately describe the chosen method of calculation, the task of the programmer was to encode the algorithm in a digital language understandable to the machine. It soon became clear, however, that the last operation was technical work, provided, of course, that the algorithm was described in detail and accurately. The idea was to make the electronic machine do the work itself.

Today, representatives of a wide variety of professions, students and even schoolchildren are engaged in writing programs for computers. This became possible thanks to the emergence of special languages ​​in which we give commands to the computer. Machine languages ​​are created by representatives of a new profession - specialists in programming systems, or, as they are also called, translators.

Simply put, there are two types of computer languages: machine-dependent and machine-independent. The first (assemblers, or autocode languages) are used to communicate with the machine in its own language. Assemblers are still used by highly qualified specialists.

Fortran is considered the father of machine-independent programming languages. This name is an abbreviation of two English words FORmula TRANslation (formula translator). It is close to the generally accepted mathematical notation.

Then other languages ​​​​appeared (Basic, Prolog, the C family). It is by mastering these machine-independent languages ​​that a philologist or accountant can write a specific application program. But in order for the machine to work with it, a translator is needed - a program that translates what is written into the language of the computer. The creation of a computer language and translators requires highly qualified specialists. In addition, there are many problems in this area that require theoretical solutions.

A new direction of research and a new specialty emerged - theoretical programming. It is based on such branches of mathematics as the theory of algorithms, mathematical logic, algebra, the theoretical foundations of approximate calculation methods, the theoretical foundations of search methods, graph theory, the theory of formal languages ​​and grammars. That is why these disciplines are given great importance at the faculties of computational mathematics.

In the mid-1980s, mass production of personal computers began. At first, several hundred thousand were produced a year, then several million, and at the present time - about thirty million computers annually.

The problem of a simple and accessible form of communication with a computer - a friendly interface, as they say, has acquired a different social sound. Therefore, the tasks of system programmers have expanded and changed qualitatively. In fact, in order to navigate through the multitude of columns with English abbreviations, a certain amount of preparation is required, and even a junior schoolboy can "click" the mouse on an icon or on a clear inscription.

The user-friendly interface is based on the idea of ​​human-machine interaction. The computer in such a dialogue is assigned the role of a guide along the roads of its unique capabilities and an unobtrusive leader of the user's actions. The user is required to correctly formulate his requests and choose further steps from the options offered by the computer.

In general, we can say that the professional baggage of a system programmer includes programming languages, translators, methods for assembling programs from ready-made pieces, debugging programs in terms of high-level languages, and libraries of ready-made blanks.

Operating systems are the heart of all computer software. They control the input into the machine of information coming from the keyboard or from disks, the placement of input and output data in storage devices and their manipulation. These programs include translators, loaders, search for the necessary library programs, are responsible for the operation of the monitor, highlighting the necessary information, and much more.

The complexity of operating systems is increasing every year, because both the requirements of the mass user and the needs of science and technology are growing. Therefore, a new specialty, as it were, spun off from the specialty of system programming - developers of operating systems, operators, as they are called.

With the advent of multiprogramming (the simultaneous solution of several tasks on a computer that are at different stages of execution), the functions of operating systems have become especially complicated and several complex problems have arisen.

The first problem is related to the strategy of distributing machine resources between programs competing with each other in the counting dynamics. If the distribution strategy is chosen poorly, then the efficiency of the machine will be significantly reduced and the user will have to wait a long time for results, wasting precious time and sometimes money. With a good strategy, users can save both. The second problem is to exclude the influence of some tasks on the solution of others that are simultaneously being worked on. The third problem is in the distribution of RAM between independent tasks. Naturally, all these problems are hidden from the average user, and he should not take into account that many others are in the machine at the same time as his task.

The remote multiterminal access mode delivered a lot of new puzzles to the operators. This mode occurs when terminals are connected to the central computer, allowing several independent users to work on the machine at the same time. Terminals are a keyboard for typing data and a monitor located at a great distance from the computer, in another room or even a city. The terminal access mode is a kind of forerunner of network interaction.

The unification of computers, the creation of local and global networks required the performance of new functions from operating systems. Relatively recently, a new specialty of network programmers has emerged.

The entire computer network, from the point of view of its management, is divided into interconnected levels. Programs that implement control algorithms at these levels are called network programs. The rules of work here are strictly standardized by special protocols of the corresponding levels. Therefore, specialists developing network programs should have a good knowledge of the system of protocols adopted in a given network, the rules for generating addresses of network points, methods of transporting information, etc.

Currently, global computer networks, the most famous of which is the Internet, are capable of transmitting to their subscribers not only text information, but also audiovisual information. Their property was called "multimedia". The development of programs that control it is quite complicated. The fact is that the transmission of image and sound codes requires a high speed and, generally speaking, leads to a large load on communication lines. Therefore, programs are needed that can "compress" textual and audiovisual information at the input and decrypt it at the output. In addition, at all levels of the network, there are ways to control the correctness of transmission, ways to protect information from accidental and deliberate distortion. So there was a need for specialists in protecting information from unauthorized access. This area, which is closely related to the theory of coding and cryptography, has its own approaches, its own methodology and its own techniques.

The main meaning of the development of global networks is to create a single information space that does not have state borders and distance limits. This means that each network subscriber should be given the opportunity to access the knowledge accumulated by mankind and located in numerous institutions in different countries and continents. This information is stored in special databases.

Previously, computer databases contained mostly alphanumeric information. Currently, there is audiovisual and other information in encoded form, such as formulas of chemical compounds, tables of integrals, information about physical processes, software products, etc.

The network subscriber is not interested in how this or that database is arranged, he needs to get an answer to his request to the network. For example, he is interested in which libraries you can find a rare book in. A search system that responds to queries of this kind must access all databases of libraries accessible to the network and formulate for each of them a query corresponding to the requirements of a particular model. It is the basics, the database specialists, who create these systems. This is quite difficult, because the search system must determine how this or that database is arranged and how to access it.

The natural desire to give the things that we see on a computer display a familiar look led to the need to study optical effects in translucent bodies and other subtleties associated with a realistic vision of scenes displayed on a display. The results of these studies are embodied in algorithms and computer graphics programs.

Here we should mention computer games, in which the actions of the player and the objects of the game are of paramount importance. Many condemn the hobby for computer games, but as for computer graphics, its development was largely stimulated by the popularity of computer games.

There are two-dimensional graphics, which create images of flat figures, and three-dimensional graphics, which project spatial images onto the screen. Work is underway to create computer-assisted holographic pictures that create the effect of spatial reality.

Since the 1970s, computer-controlled simulators have been widely developed. In front of the human eye is a large screen on which the external situation is displayed by means of computer graphics. It changes depending on the actions of a person or at the behest of a computer that creates the situations necessary for training. For example, a simulator that teaches the rules of takeoff and landing imitates what the pilot should see from his cockpit during the flight.

At the behest of the developers' imagination, their own world is created in the depths of the computer, inhabited by objects and creatures capable of acting and communicating. The computer enables a person to interact with an imaginary world. This scientific and technical direction is called virtual reality.

I note that many scientists believe that immersing a person in such an artificial world can have a very harmful effect on the psyche.

But virtual reality has an important and useful purpose. Its tools allow you to explore and study the phenomena of the real world, physical and biological processes. You can "see" what is happening inside the body, inside the cell, see "from the inside", how a jet engine works, "walk" on the Moon or on Mars.

Virtual reality systems require colossal computing power, special sophisticated equipment such as stereoscopic screens, and various kinds of sensory impact simulators. To solve problems related to virtual reality, the speed of a single machine is not enough. Such tasks have to be parallelized and multiprocessor supercomputers used.

Computer specialties can be compared to multiple shoots that gave a single root. We only talked about professions that require serious mathematical training, and we saw how one after another new specializations spun off from systems programming.

The same thing happens in other areas related to computers. Applied programs today are created by physicists and philologists, chemists and biologists, economists and social scientists.

Service professionals have appeared who can install the necessary programs on the computer, set the modes of its use, network administrators, specialists in protecting computers from viruses, etc.

Therefore, it is possible only in general terms to say about the specialties that are in demand today, but there is no doubt that tomorrow more and more new computer professions will be required.

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

L. KOROLEV.

PROFESSION - USER

Despite the ever-increasing popularity of personal computers (PCs) and the abundance of information related to their use, there is a belief that you can become a professional computer scientist only if you know a programming language well or by thoroughly studying the PC device. In fact, thanks to the reliability and ease of mastering the PC and the many ready-made programs, professions that can be combined with the term "user" are increasingly coming to the fore. These are the professions where the computer has become not the basis of labor, but only a tool, a means. In almost any ad "I'm looking for a job" ("I offer a job"), you can find a mention of a PC. Even if we are talking about the position of secretary, who is entrusted with the preparation and sending of letters, computer knowledge and the ability to work with a printer are required from the candidate. In the near future, at least the minimum skills of a PC user in any profession will become as necessary as the ability to read and write today.

Modern typists

Text entry is perhaps the most common use of a PC, and at the same time the easiest. It is enough for a typist to learn how to turn on a computer, run one or another text editor, learn the basic commands used in it (see "Science and Life" No. 7, 1998) and, perhaps, master working with a printer. Of course, a specific skill will not be superfluous - the ten-finger method of working with the keyboard, without which it is difficult to achieve high typing speed. But here only desire and perseverance are required, since there are enough teaching methods, literature and educational computer programs today.

The ease of learning a profession (or retraining - in case of loss of a previous job), on the other hand, reduces the prospects of finding a customer, especially when working "in free flight". If earlier typists were required by almost any writer or scientist to prepare manuscripts for publication, not to mention the publishing houses to which these manuscripts were submitted, today most of the works are created by the authors directly on the PC. In addition, software for optical character recognition of handwriting and text input into PCs from voice is becoming more widespread. All this essentially "undermines the monopoly" of the human compositor.

In the same way that typing was a continuation of the old typewriting, computer typesetting marks the transition from the old linotypes to desktop publishing. They are, firstly, a hardware complex: a PC with the necessary peripherals (a laser printer, a scanner, less often a photo output device), and secondly, a software package that provides the ability to convert and print text with printing quality. Accordingly, the knowledge, skills and abilities of a computer layout designer have two main components: "user" (somewhat more complex than when typing) and "printing", which involves knowledge of printing formats and standards (what used to be part of the profession "technical editor ") plus some design skills.

The minimum knowledge of computer layout can be obtained independently. This applies to not very complex texts and not too severe performance requirements. For example, when making up brochures "for official use" or printing texts for a personal library. But to become a professional layout designer, you will need to attend special courses or work under the guidance of an experienced mentor.

Previously, the typical accountant was presented as a melancholy-looking man with armlets, immersed in a sea of ​​documents and papers behind the bastions of thick ledgers. The current accountant is primarily a personal computer user who works with special programs. There are separate packages of financial transactions that automate the implementation of various postings and deductions, and complex packages for managing the activities of the entire enterprise, which, in addition to purely accounting, also include modules for accounting for goods in the warehouse, making purchases, and much more. Such hardware and software systems have already been installed in many stores: you just need to enter the code of the product you are interested in, and the computer will check whether such a product is in stock, issue a receipt (or invoice) and print it in the required number of copies. And when you pay for the purchase, it will make all the necessary financial transactions.

As a rule, modern accounting programs are a fairly complete imitation of traditional ledgers (more precisely, the structure of records in them). And to get this profession, first of all, you need the knowledge and skills of an ordinary accountant, while the user aspect here is no more significant than when typing.

The computing power of a modern PC and the high quality of the image both on the screen and in a "hard copy" (printed on a printer or plotter) make the computer an indispensable assistant in a dozen professions, to some extent related to drawing, drawing and even video filming.

D. USENKOV.

INTRODUCTION

Currently, a large place in our lives is given to various devices designed to create comfort in everyday life, facilitate work, etc. One such device is a computer.

The word "computer" means "computer", i.e. computing device. This is due to the fact that the first computers were created as devices for computing, roughly speaking, as improved, automatic adding machines. The fundamental difference between computers and adding machines and other counting devices was that adding machines could only perform individual computational operations (addition, subtraction, division, multiplication), while computers allow complex sequences of computational operations to be carried out without human intervention according to a predetermined instruction - program. In addition, computers contain memory to store data, intermediate and final results of calculations.

Although computers were built for numerical calculations, it soon turned out that they could process other kinds of information as well. To process various information on a computer, it is necessary to have means for converting the desired type of information into numerical form and vice versa. Now, with the help of computers, not only numerical calculations are carried out, but also books are prepared for printing, drawings, films, music are created, factories and spaceships are controlled, etc. Computers have become universal means of information processing.

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

In the first half of the 19th century, the English mathematician Babage tried to build a universal computing device, i.e. computer. It was he who first thought that a computer should contain memory and be controlled by a program.

In the 40s of the XX century. several groups of researchers at once repeated Babage's attempt on the basis of the technology of that time.

The first of these was the German engineer Konrad Zuse, who in 1941 built a small computer based on several electro-mechanical relays. But because of the war, Zuse's work was not published.

And in the USA in 1943, at one of the enterprises of IBM, the American G. Aiken created a more powerful computer called "Mark-1". It allowed calculations hundreds of times faster than by hand.

Since relays are very slow, starting in 1943 in the USA, a group of specialists began to design a computer called "ENIAC" based on vacuum tubes. The computer they created worked a thousand times faster than the Mark-1. However, most of the time he was idle, because. to enter the program in it, it took several hours or days to connect the wires, and the calculations took place within a few minutes or seconds.

A huge step forward was the creation of microprocessors that do not exceed a few square centimeters in size (1970). It is thanks to them that we see the computer as it is, i.e. small processor unit and monitor.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS.

At present, the worldwide computer network InterNet has received wide publicity.

InterNet is a global collection of computer networks that connects millions of computers. Its embryo was the distributed network ARPAnet, which was created by order of the US Department of Defense to interconnect computers of this ministry.

The developed principles for organizing this network turned out to be so successful that many other organizations (especially universities and government agencies) began to create their own networks on the same principles.

These networks began to unite with each other, forming a single network. This single network became known as InterNet.

Until the mid-90s InterNet. was used mainly for sending emails and various information from one user to another, etc.

It was not easy to use these opportunities, therefore, until 1993-94, InterNet was used only in the scientific (primarily in the university) environment.

Around 1993-94, the situation in InterNet changed radically. The reason for this was the emergence of a new service on the network - the World Wide Web, literally translated - the World Wide Web (abbreviated as W W W or Web). and students, etc.

The next sphere of application of computers was the industrial industry. The creation of highly reliable control systems made it possible to automate the processes of manufacturing various goods, equipment, and assembly lines in the automotive industry everywhere. Automation processes have reduced human involvement in the production process to a minimum.

One of the most expensive and time-consuming areas of computer use is the military. This area from the very beginning of the creation of computer systems has been

in a slightly different way. In it, the computer has always acted as a weapon, or at least as a means of controlling a weapon. As a result, control and guidance systems for missile systems, ground and underwater weapons appeared. There were systems for detecting, tracking and defeating a potential enemy.

In everyday life, based on computer technology, so-called things with limited intelligence have appeared. This intelligence is possessed by almost all household appliances of the latest generation: washing machines, televisions, video recorders, audio equipment, microwave ovens, and so on.

Computers themselves have undergone significant changes. Various devices have been added that allow you to hear music, watch videos, etc. One of the latest achievements in consumer personal computers was the creation of a sound text editor. If earlier the text was entered mainly from the keyboard, then after the mass release of this editor, the text can be entered by voice.

Thanks to the speed of computers, electronic translators appeared, which also had a memory for tens of thousands of words and expressions. Such a translator can translate texts and expressions within a few seconds, facilitating communication between people who speak different languages.

In law enforcement, the computer has greatly facilitated the identification and search of criminals. If earlier the identification of a criminal by fingerprints took from several hours to several weeks, now, thanks to computerization and the creation of a database, this operation takes only a few seconds or minutes.

In the film industry, the computer has made it possible to create effects that had never been thought of before. The famous film "Jurassic Park" is 80% computer graphics, the same can be said about many films and cartoons.

CONCLUSION

This essay does not list all areas of computer application. In the future, most likely the computer will be given more and more space in our lives. I would like to note that learning to work with a computer is a very big task, especially in our time in our country. Much attention is paid to this in Kazakhstan. The city recently proposed a program to computerize high schools and higher education institutions, but although it has resonated with the public, at the pace of implementation of this program and such funding, its implementation threatens to be delayed for a long time.

This paper reflects the most popular areas of computer use. I tried to describe the InterNet network in more detail, since using it you can get different information, communicate with different users. Those. this network is a means of communication and learning not only for students but also for ordinary people, employees, etc. This network is the most real example of the introduction of computers into everyday life, because. other areas are either high-tech, requiring special knowledge, or simply inaccessible.