Compatibility of calcium and ammonium nitrate. Ash - universal plant nutrition

It's time to dig the soil with fertilizer. Some people neglect this event, not allowing the earth to put itself in order, while others, although they dig and add minerals, often do it wrong and do not get the desired effect. What is sometimes wrong with our zealous summer residents?

It turns out that, in addition to the correct doses when applying fertilizers, it can be important to consider their compatibility with each other. Indeed, some substances that we put into the soil can enter into real chemical reactions and form new compounds that are different from those with which we wanted to “feed” our vegetables. And it turns out that we put fertilizers, but they remained in the soil in a form inaccessible to plants.

Remember that in the fall, sparingly soluble fertilizers are usually laid - those that do not have time to wash out of the soil until spring, or those that take time to dissolve.

Manure

Experienced gardeners know that he needs to lie in the ground for a while before vegetables settle there. And they make a mistake in that, at the same time as manure, they bring ash or lime to the site, which in no case should be done, since they “overlap” each other’s action, and the owner’s efforts are in vain. If, nevertheless, there is a need for both substances, first dig up the soil with manure, and after a week or two, sprinkle lime or ash on the surface.

Phosphate fertilizers

The most popular of them are phosphate rock and superphosphate. These guarantors of a good harvest cannot be applied with manure or lime, and it is undesirable to mix them with ash. Therefore, we scatter them over the site in different time- some before digging, others - after.

Ash

This folk fertilizer cannot be combined with phosphate fertilizers and manure, but it can be safely mixed with sodium sulfate and lime before application.

Lime

It can be mixed in advance only with potassium sulfate and potassium chloride, and immediately before application - with ash. But it is better not to come into contact with lime phosphate fertilizers, otherwise you will not get any benefit from them.

Three in one

Specialty gardening stores now offer big choice complex fertilizers, in which all components are in the optimal ratio, and there is no need to worry about their compatibility.

By applying fertilizers it is important to follow some simple rules. Why is it important? Mixing some fertilizers is unacceptable, since processes can occur in such a mixture that will lead to loss nutrients or the nutrients will go into a hard-to-reach form, they will be less absorbed. The worst-case scenario is that the application of incorrectly mixed fertilizers can lead to a deterioration in the physical properties of the soil in the garden. First of all, these are material losses, which we cannot allow. And since we are reasonable housewives and hosts, let's remember the basic conditions for mixing fertilizers:

Fertilizers that should not be mixed

• Ammonia forms of nitrogen fertilizers with lime materials and ash. because of chemical reactions between them will decrease a significant content of nitrogen.
• Superphosphate with urea (urea). Formed sticky mass, which you simply cannot apply to the soil evenly.
• Potassium salt and saltpeter with superphosphate never mix in advance. The mass may be damp.

Fertilizers that can be mixed

• Loose dry mineral fertilizers. If they are a little caked, sift them or chop them.
• Ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate with other ammophos and nitrates.
• Ammonium sulfate with carbamide (urea), granulated ammophos and superphosphate.
• Feel free to mix lime materials and ash with urea and potassium chloride. The only thing is to prepare the mixture before applying it to the soil.
• Bird droppings, manure and compost with granulated superphosphate and potassium chloride. Also with carbamide (urea), but immediately before application.

To save time on horticultural work, sometimes for proper application, fertilizers are often mixed. And this is reasonable. Now we will know how to do it correctly so that our fertilizers do not lose nutrients or become unsuitable for application.

Another small addition.

• Fertilize only when the soil warms up to + 10C. At low temperatures, in cold weather, it is pointless to do this - the roots of almost all plants will not absorb nutrients.
• Try to apply mineral fertilizers directly under the root of the plants. Using a watering can for this, there is a risk of burning the leaves of plants with splashes.
• If the soil is dry, dampen it before fertilizing. Top dressing on dry ground can lead to burns of plant roots.

By following the simple rules of mixing and fertilizing, we will achieve excellent results in our gardens and orchards.

And most importantly, you need to buy high-quality fertilizers and follow the instructions for their use.

We wish you good and healthy harvests!

Mixing of mineral fertilizers is usually carried out in order to combine 2-3 or more nutrients in one fertilizer in order to improve their physico-chemical properties and reduce labor costs for sieving. The preparation of fertilizer mixtures does not cause any difficulties, does not require special knowledge in chemistry. You just need to strictly follow the rules.

For mixing, powder and granular components are used. All mineral fertilizers produced by the industry go on sale in packages called tuks. The requirements for the storage of this fertilizer must be observed, each package must be provided with the appropriate marking or label indicating the name, chemical composition and percentage of nutrients. If the fertilizer is complex, the percentage of all elements included in its composition should be indicated. This percentage is called the beneficial substance, or active beginning. It serves as the main indicator by which the doses of applied fertilizers can be calculated.

In addition, there are many works on the calculation and preparation of mixtures, written by specialists and practitioners and published in periodicals and special editions. However, there are no two identical plots or two identical vegetable gardens, so you should delve into the recommendations and comments on individual mixture options. This will allow you to select the best possible components for the preparation of the highest quality and most effective mixtures.

Universal fertilizer mix for vegetable crops

For use on the most different soils and for all vegetable crops, you can make a fertilizer mixture that contains approximately equal proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements - zinc, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt, boron.

Universal fertilizer mixture for peat and sandy soils

For use on peat and sandy soils, a fertilizer mixture is recommended that contains the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements - zinc, molybdenum, magnesium, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron.

Preparation of lime fertilizer mixture

The best option for lime fertilizer should be considered dolomite flour, which, in addition to calcium, also contains magnesium. Of the boric fertilizers, boric acid and borax are the most widely used.

For acidic soils, it is desirable to use limestone and dolomite flour, chalk. Hydrated lime (fluff) is recommended to be used in the most extreme cases.

For alkaline soils, it is supposed to use a neutral calcium compound, namely gypsum.

Based on these recommendations, to prepare a lime fertilizer mixture, you should take lime fertilizer in a volume of 5 kg, add 40 g of boric acid or 60 g of borax to it. Mix all components thoroughly, after which the mixture is ready for application.

As a rule, alkaline soils are widespread in the southern arid regions of Russia. In such places, instead of lime fertilizer (chalk, dolomite flour), neutral gypsum should be used in the same amount. It does not affect the reaction of the soil environment, but at the same time is a source of calcium and sulfur. The remaining components must be taken in the same amount.

Preparing a Balanced Mix

Balanced mixtures are prepared from the most common mineral fertilizers. Each package contains the weight percentage of the active ingredient. It is always calculated on nitrogen (N), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5) and potassium oxide (K 2 O). All fertilizers must have three numbers on their packaging, separated by a hyphen. In the first place, the percentage of nitrogen in this fertilizer is always indicated, in the second - phosphorus, in the third - potassium.

Suppose the package with nitroammophos indicates 17-17-17 - therefore, this fertilizer contains an equal amount of nitrogen, phosphorus oxide and potassium oxide: 17% of each battery. If the package with diammonium phosphate indicates 19-49-0, then this fertilizer contains 19% nitrogen, 49% phosphorus oxide, but it does not contain potassium.

For the preparation of balanced fertilizer mixtures, simple and complex fertilizers containing phosphorus should be used, in particular:

Nitroammophos grades A 23-23-0, B 16-24-0, B 25-20-0;

Nitroammophoska - 17-17-17;

Diammonium phosphate - 19-49-0;

Diammofoska - 10-26-26, 10-30-20;

Double superphosphate granulated - 0-46-0;

Ammophos - 12-50-0.

Simple granulated superphosphate (0-19-0) is suitable for preparing mixtures for alkaline soils. Since in simple granular superphosphate low content phosphorus, then any balanced mixture prepared on its basis will be low concentrated - you will have to increase the dose of the mixture by 1.2 times compared to the standard dose. In addition, superphosphates have a high acidity, which is usually neutralized with gypsum, so a lot of gypsum gets into the soil along with simple superphosphate. For these reasons, this fertilizer is best used on alkaline soils.

For the preparation of balanced mixtures, azophoska (16-16-16) and other types of this fertilizer, as well as nitrophoska (11-10-11), have limited use. Restriction is recommended because these fertilizers contain a lot of phosphorus, which is insoluble in water. The share of water-soluble phosphorus in azophos does not exceed 75% of general content phosphorus, and in nitrophoska the proportion of water-soluble phosphorus is only 60%. In addition, nitrophoska is an insufficiently concentrated fertilizer.

If it becomes necessary to prepare a balanced mixture based on azophoska or nitrophoska, it is better to use it as part of a pre-sowing fertilizer, and not for top dressing. In addition, the dose of applying a mixture prepared on the basis of nitrophoska should be increased by 1.2 times compared to the standard dose.

For the preparation of balanced mixtures, it is recommended to use simple nitrogen fertilizers:

Ammonium nitrate - 34-0-0;

Urea (urea) 46-0-0.

When using urea for mixtures, it should be remembered that it is produced in crystalline and granular form. It is easier to work with granules, however, during granulation, a certain amount of biuret, an impurity harmful to plants, is formed in urea during granulation. Therefore, when preparing a fertilizer mixture, it is better to give preference to crystalline urea. It is advisable to use mixtures based on it only on alkaline soils.

Sodium nitrate - 16-0-0 (27% sodium) - has limited use for the preparation of mixtures. By its nature, sodium nitrate is the best fertilizer for acidic soils, since it does not oxidize the soil, but alkalizes. However, sodium nitrate has a low nitrogen content, which significantly limits its use for mixtures. It is advisable to use sodium nitrate only in combination with concentrated fertilizers.

Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0), like urea or ammonium nitrate, is a physiologically acidic fertilizer - it acidifies the soil. This side effect nitrogen fertilizers is undesirable on acidic soils of the Non-Black Earth Region. Therefore, ammonium sulfate is not recommended as component mixtures for acidic soils for one reason: its acidifying capacity per unit of applied nitrogen is more than twice that of ammonium nitrate and urea, which are similar in this respect. Ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen fertilizer is preferable to use as part of mixtures for alkaline soils.

For the preparation of balanced mixtures, it is recommended to use potash fertilizers:

Potassium magnesia 0-0-28 (9% magnesium oxide);

Potassium chloride 0-0-60;

Potassium sulfate 0-0-46;

Potassium nitrate 13-0-46.

In addition, manufacturers also produce potassium nitrate containing 37.5% K 2 0.

These mixtures should not be used. potash (0-0-50), or potassium carbonate, although this is an excellent potash fertilizer that alkalizes the soil. The fact is that potash cannot be mixed with other fertilizers - when it is mixed with ammonium nitrate, ammonia volatilizes.

For the preparation of balanced mixtures, it is recommended to use magnesium fertilizers such as:

Kali-magnesia 0-0-28 (9% magnesium oxide);

Magnesium sulfate or epsomite (14% magnesium oxide);

Magnesium sulfate as a reagent (16% magnesium oxide).

For the preparation of balanced mixtures, trace elements are needed. First of all, boron should be included in the mixture; on acidic soils, molybdenum is also needed. However, other micronutrients may be required to correct nutritional deficiencies. According to agrochemical indications, it is possible to add to the mixture the following microfertilizers:

Boric acid - contains 17% boron;

Sodium borate (borax) - contains 11% boron;

Molybdic acid - contains 53% molybdenum;

Ammonium molybdate - contains 52% molybdenum;

Sodium ammonium molybdate - contains 36% molybdenum;

Copper sulfate - contains 24% copper;

Zinc sulfate - contains 22% zinc;

Manganese sulfate - contains 21-24% manganese;

Ferrous sulfate - contains 21-24% iron;

Cobalt sulfate - contains 18-20% cobalt.

Chelated iron compounds can also be added to the mixture.

For the preparation of balanced mixtures, it is possible to use various options, but they are all united by one typical indicator: the main characteristic of balanced mixtures is the ratio between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which should be close to 1.8: 1.0: 1.8. Magnesium must be present in these mixtures, the amount of which is balanced in relation to the main nutrients. The ratio between phosphorus and magnesium should be within 1: (0.2-0.5), i.e. if the amount of phosphorus is taken equal to one, then the amount of magnesium should be 0.2-0.5 of this amount.

Difference between different options mixtures usually consists in the concentration of nutrients. Preference should be given to the most concentrated - their full dose should weigh no more than 8 kg, while the concentration of the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium cannot be lower than the ratio of 13-7.5-13. The higher the level of concentration of a balanced mixture, the less impurities enter the soil when it is applied.

In the process of preparing a complete balanced mixture for a full dose of a semi-finished product, it is recommended to add:

- 15 g of boric acid or 25 g of sodium borate (borax);

- 15 g of molybdic acid or ammonium molybdate or 20 g of sodium ammonium molybdate.

Fertilizer mixing

Fertilizer mixtures good quality can only be obtained from fertilizers with sufficiently strong granules and an even granulometric composition (1-3 mm). Granular fertilizers should be well mixed in a circular motion. Please note that trace elements in the form of powdered compounds tend to settle to the bottom of the container, so at the last stage of preparing the mixture, you need to mix it from the bottom up, lifting the fertilizer from the bottom. If the mixture was not used up on the day of preparation, then before each reuse, mixing the mixture from the bottom up must be repeated.

Some mixtures become damp very quickly after preparation. It is quite possible that mixtures containing ammonium and potassium nitrate will become damp. This will inevitably happen if mixtures are stored at high humidity. A mixture that simultaneously contains simple superphosphate and potassium chloride is distinguished by a special intensity of water absorption - when these fertilizers are combined, a certain amount of calcium chloride is formed, which actively attracts moisture from the air. Working with such fertilizers is very difficult, so it is best to prepare mixtures in small portions.

It is desirable that the fertilizers used to formulate the fertilizer mixture do not have a tendency to caking. In addition, they should not have high humidity.

Some fertilizers either cannot be mixed at all, or can only be mixed in strictly limited proportions, since the compounds included in them are capable of entering into chemical interaction. Such a development of events usually leads either to the loss of nitrogen or the conversion of assimilable phosphorus into forms that are difficult for plants to access. Therefore, fertilizer mixtures should not be prepared without neutralizing additives from ammonium nitrate and superphosphate or from urea and superphosphate. To neutralize a possible reaction, chalk, ground limestone, dolomite or phosphate rock can be used in the amount of 10-15% of the total mass of the mixture.

It is impossible to prepare mixtures of fertilizers from powdered superphosphate with ammonium sulfate, since this mixture hardens and turns into a dense mass. Before making it, you have to grind it, which is inconvenient.

Mixes are easy to apply to the soil when they are well dispersed. In order for fertilizer mixtures containing potash to be well dispersed, dry sifted peat or humus is introduced into their composition in an amount of 5-10% by weight. However, mixing with peat and humus mixtures, which include saltpeter, is unacceptable. Some fertilizers, when mixed, improve the physical properties, increase the ability to disperse. This happens if you mix phosphate rock with superphosphate or ammonium nitrate.

Mineral fertilizers applied in autumn should contain a minimum amount of nitrogen. However, you also need to make them wisely, especially if you want to mix several components.

Most often, one-sided (which contain one nutrient) fertilizers are mixed - it is easier to bring the content of one or another nutrient to the desired value, although it is not forbidden to mix both complex and complex (with several nutrients) fertilizers. However, three negative scenarios are possible.

1. The physical properties of the mixture will be worse compared to the original fertilizers. This happens when mixing urea or ammonium nitrate and insufficiently dry superphosphate. The mixtures are wet, poorly dispersed. If you are not going to apply the mixture immediately after mixing, it is also not recommended to mix potassium salts, phosphate slag or tomasslag. This will result in the formation of highly hygroscopic calcium chloride and the finished product will cake.

2. Nutrients will be converted into a less accessible form for plants, due to the fact that the constituents of the mixed fertilizers will chemically react with each other. An example of the second scenario is the mixing of superphosphate and alkaline fertilizers (phosphate slag, tomass slag, calcium cyanamide, lime, ash, etc.). In this case, the availability of phosphorus for plants from the mixture, and, consequently, its efficiency is sharply reduced.

3. Ready mix lose some of the nutrients. This rule concerns, first of all, nitrogen fertilizers. It is unacceptable to mix all ammonia salts (ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammophos, diammophos, etc.) with alkaline fertilizers, such as phosphate rock, potash (potassium carbonate), phosphate slag, thermophosphate, as well as with lime materials - lime, chalk, dolomite or cement dust.

This leads to gaseous losses of nitrogen - ammonia volatilizes from the mixture.

Sodium and potassium nitrate should not be mixed with acidic superphosphate containing a lot of free phosphoric acid. Nitrogen losses from such a mixture are also inevitable, but in the form of nitrogen oxides.

However, the moisture content of mixed fertilizers should also be mentioned. If it is excessively high, the mixture will not be free-flowing, which means that it will be difficult to evenly apply it to the soil. The maximum permissible moisture content in ammonium nitrate should be no more than 0.2-0.3%, in urea - 0.2 * 0.25%, in superphosphates - no more than 3%. If the fertilizer is granular, high humidity will cause the granules to break down.

Reminder when mixing several fertilizers

Below are other entries on the topic "Cottage and garden - with your own hands"

20 07.18

What fertilizers should not be mixed?

Do not forget that all fertilizers cannot calmly interact with each other. Since they contain chemical elements, which can neutralize the action of each other, which can adversely affect the earth.

Every experienced gardener knows that it is not recommended to feed plants with fertilizers separately. In order to get a rich harvest in the fall, they should be thoroughly mixed. Before leaving them to be stored for a long time and prepare for application, it is recommended to adhere to some simple conditions so that there are no serious problems in the future.

What are the rules

1. Top dressing must be stored in a separate container and have a label with the name. Children and animals should not be allowed to touch them;
2. Fertilizers should stand exclusively in a dry room, as many species have the ability to dissolve;
3. Before you put them into the soil, you need to inspect it. If it has caked and turned into lumps, it should be kneaded or broken with a hammer, and if wet, dry well.

When combining different types of fertilizers, it is advisable to adhere to certain conditions, since with the wrong actions it is possible to lose a lot of useful substances. After all, they have the ability to volatilize, and some simply turn into a form that will be practically insoluble.

What errors can occur

Most even experienced gardeners can make stupid mistakes when applying top dressings.

The main condition is the introduction of various mineral fertilizers into the ground, distributing them in the same amount throughout the site. It is also immediately recommended to dig it in, while it is important to take into account the quality of the soil mixture.

For example, useful substances of dressings will be perfectly absorbed and fixed on clay and heavy soils. Since they will move quite slowly throughout the earth, therefore, their loss will not be great. But if the soil is sandy or sandy top dressing will be very weakly fixed and absorbed. But on the other hand, progress across the entire plot of land will be much faster, which can lead to huge losses of nutrients. Most often this occurs in regions where the humidity is very high.