Underground crossings of pipelines through railways and roads. Railway crossings by pipelines Characteristics of calculated climatic regions

1.1. The requirements of this industry standard
document should be guided by the design of transitions
railway pipelines for various purposes- thermal
networks, oil product pipelines, oil pipelines, gas pipelines,
sewer pipelines, water pipes of external networks
water supply, etc., as well as in the design and implementation
measures to eliminate deformations of the railway earth
webs that appear at the places of existing intersections with these
engineering communications.
1.2. Crossings of railway lines by pipelines are necessary
be provided by above-ground laying (on supports or
flyovers) or underground - under the subgrade. At the same time, it should
be taken into account the prospect of laying additional (second, third and
fourth) main tracks or station developments.
1.3. To the crossings of gas pipelines, oil pipelines,
oil product pipelines, etc. requirements should be made as
areas of higher category.
1.4. When widening the subgrade for laying additional
main tracks or development stations working pipeline in place
intersection must be reconstructed or rebuilt (on a new
axis), taking into account the corresponding increase in the length of the section of increased
category and, if necessary, hydrotested.
The protective tube must be lengthened accordingly.
1.5. In areas of distribution permafrost soils transitions
pipelines through railways at hauls and stations
should be carried out, as a rule, by above-ground laying along
flyovers. Underground laying in these areas can be
provide for non-sagging foundation soils during thawing.
In areas with the occurrence of subsidence during thawing soils on
depth less than 25 m, underground laying is allowed when
designing special measures to prevent
thawing and precipitation based on heat engineering calculations.
1.6. When designing a railway underpass
pipelines in areas with occurrence in the subgrade
soils subject to frost heaving, it is necessary to carry out
thermal engineering calculations to prevent unacceptable violations
temperature regime and frost heaving of these soils. Uneven
heaving of the railway track in the longitudinal profile is due to
the difference in the depths of freezing and thawing of the soil over
pipeline and outside the zone of its thermal influence. To the exposed
frost heaving of railway subgrade soils
their following types should be attributed: clayey (clays, loams,
sandy loam); coarse-grained with clay filler at the content
particles with a size of less than 0.1 mm in an amount of more than 20% by weight;
easily weathered rocks (argillites, siltstones, marls,
shales) in the zone of active weathering; dusty sands at
saturating them with water; peat and peaty soils.
At an underground crossing of railways, a working pipeline
must be enclosed in a protective pipe (channel, tunnel). Laying
pipeline directly into the ground is unacceptable. Thermotechnical
calculation it is necessary to determine the parameters of laying the pipeline
(laying depth from the bottom of the rails to the top of the protective tube and
air temperature in the protective tube), at which the seasonal
path deformations from frost heaving will be uniform, not
exceeding the established content standards for this class
way.
When arranging underground passages or eliminating abysses on
existing intersections, the thermal effect of pipelines on
frost heaving of railway subgrade soils can
be fixed in the following ways:
- deepening of pipelines by the calculated value;
- reduction of heat losses by thermal insulation of workers
pipelines;
- removal of excess heat from the protective tube using
natural supply and exhaust ventilation;
- cutting and replacement of heaving soil with draining soil
calculation in the entire zone of seasonal freezing-thawing with
longitudinal mates; thermal insulation foam with
longitudinal connections.
Each of these methods can be applied
on its own or in combination with other methods.
1.7. At the underpass of the operated railway
pipelines open way penetrations are usually not
allowed.
1.8. When building railways over existing
pipelines, the working pipeline at the intersection should be
enclosed in a protective tube. Replacement of protective tube or worker
pipeline must be carried out in accordance with the requirements
real norms.
1.9. Pipelines should be located under the subgrade
railway outside the neck of the station at a distance from the turnouts
transfers and other road crossings of at least 20 m.
distance from pipelines to artificial structures (bridges,
culverts, etc.) must be provided in
according to their degree of danger for normal operation
railway, but not less than 30 m, to the points of connection
suction cables to the rails of electrified railways
- 10 m, to the supports of the contact network - 3 m.
1.10. Crossover design railway must
ensure the possibility of periodic inspections, current repair,
disconnection and emptying of pipelines. At pipeline crossings
oil product pipelines, etc. additionally needed
provide devices for warning and blocking movement
trains in case of danger.
1.11. For underground laying at hauls and stations
the pipeline must be enclosed in a protective pipe (channel,
tunnel). At intersections with pipelines transporting
explosive or flammable products (gas, oil, etc.), end
protective tube should be located at least 50 m from the sole
the slope of the embankment or the edge of the slope of the excavation, and in the presence of drainage
structures - from the extreme drainage structure, and on
intersections with water pipes, sewerage lines, thermal
networks, etc. - not less than 10 m on each side.
Vertical distance from the top of the protective tube (duct,
tunnel) to the sole of the railway rail should not be taken
less than 2 m, and in the case of a transition device by a puncture method or
horizontal drilling - 3 m. The top of the protective pipe should
be located, in addition, 1.5 m below the bottom of the drainage
structures or embankment soles. Device of transitions in the body of the embankment
prohibited.
Deepening of pipelines crossing the subgrade,
composed of heaving soils, should be determined by calculation,
based on the conditions under which the influence of heat release is excluded
or heat sink on the uniformity of frost heaving of the soil. At
impossibility to provide a given temperature regime due to
deepening of pipelines, ventilation must be provided
protective pipe (channel, tunnel), replacement or thermal insulation
heaving soil at the intersection, above-ground laying
pipelines on a flyover or in a self-supporting case.
1.12. At underground railway crossings in sections
embankments with a height of more than 6 m, as well as on slopes (with
slope steeper than 1:5), the design of the crossing should provide for
additional measures to ensure the sustainability of earth
canvases. In deep excavations, underground or above-ground crossing
railway pipelines are selected based on
technical and economic comparison of options.
1.13. Transfer of load to the working pipeline from weight
overlying soil and rolling stock is not allowed, protective
the pipe and its connections must be watertight and rated for
perception of the weight of the overlying soil and moving load from 4
axle freight car 30 tf/axle. Dimensions cross section
protective tube should be taken into account the device thermal
isolation of working pipelines. When removing excess heat from
tunnel - protective pipe its free section should provide
required air flow with natural supply and exhaust
ventilation.
1.14. The length of the protective tube depends on the number of tracks on
section of the transition of working marks of the subgrade, structures
drainage facilities and location of wells.
1.15. The distance from the base of the rail to the top of the protective tube at
the location in the subgrade of heaving soils is determined
thermotechnical calculation, the methodology of which is given in this
document.
1.16. If it is impossible to lower the air temperature in
protective pipe to the required value arrange a natural
supply and exhaust ventilation. The protective tube is
ventilation tunnel and its ends are adjacent to the chambers,
located on both sides of the subgrade. Above the cameras
construct supply and exhaust shafts. Supply and exhaust shafts
ventilation systems should communicate only with outside air and
ventilated tunnel. The ventilated tunnel is tightly separated from
channels of the approach main part of the pipeline for ventilation
partitions.
1.17. Distance from the gas pressure drop to
underpass gas pipeline of the railway should be assigned
based on the prevention of negative gas temperature in the place
transition in the annual cycle.

2. INITIAL DATA FOR DESIGN
RAILWAY CROSSINGS PIPELINES

2.1. Design of subgrade crossings
pipelines and heat engineering calculation is carried out on the basis of
data:
- topographic plan of the crossing section, cross profile
subgrade, as well as schemes of paths and placement of various
railway devices near the crossing point;
- engineering-geological sections along the axis of the pipeline and
railway;
- composition, properties and stratification of subgrade soils and
its foundations;
- depth data ground water and their mode;
- laboratory research of soils;
- long-term average monthly data on air temperature in
winter period;
- data on the magnitude of uniform frost heaving of soils
subgrade at the crossing point.
2.2. At the stage of feasibility study of options
transition it is allowed to take approximate heaving values
subgrade soils equal to 20-40 mm for the European part
Russian Federation and 60-80 mm for the roads of the Urals, Siberia and the Far
East. During the engineering-geological survey, the value
uniform heaving paths are determined by the results of two
path leveling. The first leveling is carried out in autumn
the onset of negative air temperature, and the second - in
the period of maximum freezing of the soil. As an exception, maybe
be allowed to carry out the first leveling in the period
maximum freezing of the soil, and the second - after complete
thawing of the soil before the start of summer track work. The path is being leveled
along the rail heads at fixed points every 5 m with their binding
to a non-bulging frame according to the program of Appendix 1 of the Technical
instructions for eliminating deeps and drawdowns of the railway track
TsP-4369, approved by the Ministry of Railways on 07.03.86, M., 1987. Length
leveling section is taken equal to 150 m (75 m from the axis
projected transition in each direction). as an observed
values ​​of uniform heaving take its maximum value
in the leveling area. The calculated value of this parameter
determined in accordance with the requirements of the Technical
TsP4369 instructions.
2.3. The depth of freezing of subgrade soils is determined
calculation according to nomograms in accordance with the methodology described in
Technical Instructions CPU/4369.
2.4. Groundwater level (GWL) is set in wells
with a depth of at least 4.5 m, which are laid on the side of an earthen
canvas and beyond (beyond the edge of the notch, at the base
embankments). GWL is measured until it is fully established. At
If necessary, the well will be equipped with a filter for this period.
2.5. Soil samples for laboratory analysis of its physical
properties (natural soil moisture, moisture within
plasticity, particle size distribution, density, etc.) are selected
according to the program of Technical Instructions TsP-4369. According to analyzes
soils are classified in accordance with GOST 25100-82 "Soils.
Classification".
2.6. After the construction of the railway underpass
pipeline at the end of the winter period, check compliance
air temperature in the protective tube to its calculated value. If a
the measured value exceeds the calculated value by more than 5%, then
take additional measures to reduce the air temperature in
protective pipe.
The air temperature in the protective tube (its temperature
surfaces) are determined at the end of winter with exhaust thermometers,
placed inside the pipe. Pipe surface temperature
can also be measured with thermometers, which are installed in
well, laid in a section along the axis of the pipeline
2.7. Organization of engineering and geological work on the way,
ensuring the safety of train traffic, people's safety,
fencing with signals of places of production of engineering and geological
workings, etc. determined jointly responsible
representatives of the design organization and the distance of the way to
depending on local conditions and scope of work.
2.8. The pipeline crossing project under the railway should
be approved by the chief engineer of the railway. On approval
present the following materials:
- a general view of the transition in terms of indicating the exact location
transition (km, picket, plus);
- longitudinal and transverse profiles along the axes of the pipeline and
subgrade with the appropriate engineering and geological
cuts and transition design;
- thermotechnical calculation of the pipeline crossing the earth
canvas;
- schemes and schedules for the production of works indicating activities
to ensure the safety of train traffic during production
works.
Agreed projects for crossing pipelines across the railway
the road should be taken into account in special logs indicating the place
intersection (stage, km, picket, plus) and main characteristics
transition.
Work in the right-of-way may be carried out only after
approval of the project under mandatory technical supervision
track distance, and if necessary - signaling distance and
communications and other linear divisions of the railway.

DEVELOPED by the All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Transport (VNIIZhT MPS) together with the Main Department of the Track of the Ministry of Railways of Russia

COMPILERS: P.I.Dydyshko, V.V.Sokolov

APPROVED by order of the Main Directorate of the track of the Ministry of Railways of March 17, 1995 N TsPI-22

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The requirements of this industry normative document should be guided in the design of railway crossings by pipelines for various purposes - heating networks, oil pipelines, oil pipelines, gas pipelines, sewer pipelines, water pipes of external water supply networks, etc., as well as in the design and implementation of measures to eliminate deformations of the railway subgrade that occur at existing intersections with these utilities.

1.2. Crossings of railway lines by pipelines must be provided by above-ground laying (on supports or overpasses) or underground - under the subgrade. At the same time, the prospect of laying additional (second, third and fourth) main tracks or the development of stations should be taken into account.

1.3. To transitions of gas pipelines, oil pipelines, oil product pipelines, etc. requirements should be made as to areas of a higher category.

1.4. When widening the subgrade for laying additional main tracks or developing stations, the working pipeline at the intersection must be reconstructed or rebuilt (on a new axis), taking into account the corresponding increase in the length of the section of the increased category and, if necessary, subjected to hydrotesting. The protective tube must be lengthened accordingly.

1.5. In areas where permafrost soils are distributed, pipeline crossings through railways at hauls and stations should be carried out, as a rule, by above-ground laying along overpasses. Underground laying in the indicated areas can be provided in base soils that are not subsidence during thawing. In areas with the occurrence of subsiding soils during thawing at a depth of less than 25 m, underground laying is allowed when designing special measures to prevent thawing and precipitation based on thermal engineering calculations.

1.6. When designing a railway underpass with pipelines in areas with soils subject to frost heaving in the subgrade, it is necessary to perform thermal engineering calculations to prevent unacceptable violations of the temperature regime and frost heaving of these soils. Uneven heaving of the railway track in the longitudinal profile is due to the difference in the depths of freezing and thawing of the soil above the pipeline and outside the zone of its thermal influence. The following types of soils subject to frost heaving of the railway subgrade should be referred to: clayey (clays, loams, sandy loams); coarse-grained with clay filler with a content of particles smaller than 0.1 mm in an amount of more than 20% by weight; easily weathered rocks (argillites, siltstones, marls, shales) in the zone of active weathering; silty sands when saturated with water; peat and peaty soils.

At an underground railway crossing, the working pipeline must be enclosed in a protective pipe (channel, tunnel). Laying the pipeline directly into the ground is unacceptable. Thermotechnical calculation it is necessary to determine the pipeline laying parameters (laying depth from the bottom of the rails to the top of the protective pipe and the air temperature in the protective pipe), at which the seasonal deformations of the track from frost heaving will be uniform, not exceeding the established maintenance standards for this class of track.

When arranging underground passages or eliminating deeps at existing intersections, the thermal effect of pipelines on frost heaving of railway subgrade soils can be eliminated in the following ways:

- deepening of pipelines by the calculated value;

- reduction of heat losses by thermal insulation of working pipelines;

- removal of excess heat from the protective pipe using natural supply and exhaust ventilation;

- cutting and replacement of heaving soil with a draining one according to the calculation in the entire zone of seasonal freezing-thawing with longitudinal mates; thermal insulation made of foam plastic with longitudinal mates.

Each of these methods can be used as an independent measure or in combination with other methods.

1.7. At the underground passage of the operated railway lines by pipelines, the open method of sinking, as a rule, is not allowed.

1.8. When building railways over existing pipelines, the working pipeline at the intersection should be enclosed in a protective pipe. The replacement of the protective tube or service piping must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of these standards.

1.9. Pipelines should be located under the railway subgrade outside the station neck at a distance of at least 20 m from turnouts and other track crossings. The minimum distance from pipelines to artificial structures (bridges, culverts, etc.) must be provided in accordance with the degree danger for the normal operation of the railway, but not less than 30 m, to the places where suction cables are connected to the rails of electrified railways - 10 m, to the contact network supports - 3 m.

1.10. The design of the railway crossing should provide the possibility of periodic inspections, current repairs, disconnection and emptying of pipelines. At the crossings of gas pipelines, oil product pipelines, etc. it is necessary to additionally provide devices for warning and blocking the movement of trains in case of danger.

1.11. When laying underground at hauls and stations, the pipeline must be enclosed in a protective pipe (channel, tunnel). At intersections with pipelines transporting explosive or flammable products (gas, oil, etc.), the end of the protective pipe should be located at least 50 m from the bottom of the slope of the embankment or the edge of the slope of the excavation, and in the presence of drainage structures - from the extreme drainage structure , and at intersections with water pipes, sewerage lines, heating networks, etc. - not less than 10 m on each side.

The vertical distance from the top of the protective tube (channel, tunnel) to the sole of the railway rail should be taken at least 2 m, and when the transition is made by puncture or horizontal drilling - 3 m. The top of the protective tube should also be located at 1.5 m below the bottom of drainage structures or the bottom of the embankment. The device of transitions in the body of the embankment is prohibited.

The penetration of pipelines crossing the subgrade, composed of heaving soils, should be determined by calculation, based on the conditions under which the influence of heat release or heat sink on the uniformity of frost heaving of the soil is excluded. If it is impossible to ensure the specified temperature regime due to the deepening of pipelines, ventilation of the protective pipe (channel, tunnel), replacement or thermal insulation of heaving soil at the intersection, above-ground laying of pipelines on a flyover or in a self-supporting case should be provided.

1.12. At underground crossing of railways on sections of embankments with a height of more than 6 m, as well as on slopes (with a slope steeper than 1: 5), the crossing design should provide for additional measures to ensure the stability of the subgrade. In deep excavations, underground or above-ground crossing of railways by pipelines is selected on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options.

1.13. The transfer of load to the working pipeline from the weight of the overlying soil and rolling stock is not allowed, the protective pipe and its connections must be watertight and designed to absorb the weight of the overlying soil and the moving load from a 4-axle freight car 30 tf/axle. The cross-sectional dimensions of the protective pipe should be taken taking into account the thermal insulation of the working pipelines. When removing excess heat from the tunnel - protective pipe, its open section must provide the required air flow with natural supply and exhaust ventilation.

1.14. The length of the protective pipe depends on the number of tracks at the transition site of the working marks of the subgrade, the design of the drainage facilities and the location of the wells.

1.15. The distance from the base of the rail to the top of the protective tube when heaving soils are located in the subgrade is determined by thermal calculation, the methodology of which is given in this document.

1.16. If it is impossible to lower the air temperature in the protective pipe to the required value, natural supply and exhaust ventilation is arranged. The protective pipe is a ventilation tunnel and its ends are adjacent to the chambers located on both sides of the subgrade. Supply and exhaust shafts are constructed above the chambers. Supply and exhaust shafts of ventilation systems should communicate only with outside air and a ventilated tunnel. The ventilated tunnel is tightly separated from the channels of the approach main part of the pipeline by ventilation partitions.

1.17. The distance from the place where the gas pressure is reduced to the underground crossing by the gas pipeline of the railway should be determined on the basis of preventing negative gas temperatures at the crossing point in the annual cycle.

2. INITIAL DATA FOR DESIGNING RAILWAY CROSSINGS WITH PIPELINES

2.1. The design of subgrade crossings by pipelines and thermal engineering calculation is carried out on the basis of the following data:

- topographical plan of the crossing section, the transverse profile of the subgrade, as well as the layout of the tracks and the placement of various railway devices near the crossing point;

- engineering-geological sections along the axis of the pipeline and the railway;

- composition, properties and layers of subgrade soils and its base;

- data on the depth of groundwater and its regime;

- laboratory research of soils;

- long-term average monthly data on air temperature in winter;

- data on the magnitude of uniform frost heaving of subgrade soils at the crossing point.

2.2. At the stage of the feasibility study of transition options, it is allowed to take approximate values ​​of heaving of subgrade soils equal to 20-40 mm for the European part of the Russian Federation and 60-80 mm for the roads of the Urals, Siberia and Far East. During an engineering-geological survey, the amount of uniform heaving of the track is determined by the results of two leveling of the track. The first leveling is carried out in autumn with the onset of negative air temperature, and the second - during the period of maximum freezing of the soil. As an exception, it may be allowed to carry out the first leveling during the period of maximum freezing of the soil, and the second - after the complete thawing of the soil before the start of summer track work. The track is leveled along the rail heads at points fixed every 5 m with their binding to a non-buckling benchmark according to the program of Appendix 1 of the Technical Instructions for eliminating deeps and subsidences of the railway track TsP / 4369, approved by the Ministry of Railways on 07.03.86, M., 1987. The length of the leveling section taken equal to 150 m (75 m from the axis of the designed transition in each direction). As the observed value of uniform heaving, its maximum value in the leveling section is taken. The calculated value of this parameter is determined in accordance with the requirements of Technical Instructions CPU/4369.

2.3. The depth of freezing of subgrade soils is determined by calculation according to nomograms in accordance with the methodology set forth in Technical Instructions TsP/4369.

2.4. The groundwater level (GWL) is established in wells with a depth of at least 4.5 m, which are laid on the side of the subgrade and beyond (beyond the edge of the excavation, at the base of the embankment). GWL is measured until it is fully established. If necessary, wells for this period are equipped with a filter.

2.5. Soil samples for laboratory analysis of its physical properties (natural soil moisture, moisture within the limits of plasticity, granulometric composition, density, etc.) are taken according to the program of Technical Instructions TsP/4369. According to the analyzes, soils are classified in accordance with GOST 25100-82 "Soils. Classification".

2.6. After the construction of the underground passage of the railway by the pipeline, at the end of the winter period, the compliance of the air temperature in the protective pipe with its calculated value is checked. If the measured value exceeds the calculated value by more than 5%, then additional measures are taken to reduce the air temperature in the protective tube.

The air temperature in the protective tube (its surface temperature) is determined at the end of winter with exhaust thermometers placed inside the tube. The surface temperature of the pipeline can also be measured by thermometers that are installed in the well, laid in a section along the axis of the pipeline.

2.7. Organization of engineering-geological work on the track, ensuring the safety of train traffic, the safety of people, fencing with signals of the places of production of engineering-geological workings, etc. are determined jointly by the responsible representatives of the design organization and the distance of the path, depending on local conditions and the amount of work.

2.8. The design of the pipeline crossing under the railway must be approved by the chief engineer of the railway.

The following materials are submitted for approval:

- general view of the crossing in plan, indicating the exact location of the crossing (km, station, plus);

- longitudinal and transverse profiles along the axes of the pipeline and subgrade with the corresponding engineering and geological sections and the design of the transition;

- thermotechnical calculation of the pipeline crossing the subgrade;

Schemes and schedules for the production of work indicating measures to ensure the safety of train traffic during the production of work.

Agreed projects for crossing pipelines across the railway should be taken into account in special logs indicating the crossing point (span, km, picket, plus) and the main characteristics of the crossing.

Work in the right of way can only be carried out after the project has been agreed upon under mandatory technical supervision of the track distance, and, if necessary, the distance of signaling and communication and other linear divisions of the railway.

3. METHOD OF HEAT ENGINEERING CALCULATION OF PIPELINES AT UNDERGROUND RAILWAY CROSSING

3.1. Characteristics of calculated climatic regions

3.1.1. The permissible depth of the pipeline and the air temperature in the protective pipe (casing) (Fig. 1), at which the seasonal deformations of the track (frost heaving of soils and sediment during thawing) will not exceed the established norms for the current content, are determined depending on climatic conditions. The calculated climatic parameter is the long-term average sum of degree-days of negative outdoor temperatures, °C day. General network railways of the Russian Federation is subdivided into the following calculated climatic regions:

Fig.1 Calculation scheme of the working pipeline in the protective pipe when crossing the subgrade

Fig.1 Calculation scheme of the working pipeline in the protective pipe when crossing the subgrade

The values ​​are determined according to the nearest weather station. The period of maximum freezing of the soil (March-April) is taken as the calculated period.

3.1.2. The temperature of subgrade soils at different depths from the top of the ballast prism in the calculated climatic regions set according to table.1.

Table 1

3.1.3. The design temperature of the outside air during the period of maximum freezing of the soil is taken according to Table 2.

table 2

3.2. Burial depth and air temperature of the protective tube

3.2.1. The depth of the pipelines from the bottom of the rails to the top of the protective pipe is determined depending on the class of the track, the calculated heaving value and the level of groundwater (GWL). For paths of 1-3 classes, valid values ​​and are set according to Tables 3-6, 4-5 classes - according to Tables 7-10. The upper value of the value in the tables is given for conditions of deep groundwater (GWL is at a depth of one and a half times the freezing depth), the lower value corresponds to GWL<1,5 .

To model temperature fields and for other calculations, it is necessary to know the soil temperature at a given depth.

The temperature of the soil at depth is measured using exhaust soil-deep thermometers. These are planned studies that are regularly carried out by meteorological stations. Research data serve as the basis for climate atlases and regulatory documentation.

To obtain the soil temperature at a given depth, you can try, for example, two simple methods. Both methods are based on the use of reference literature:

1. For an approximate determination of temperature, you can use the document TsPI-22. "Railway crossings by pipelines". Here, within the framework of the methodology for the heat engineering calculation of pipelines, Table 1 is given, where for certain climatic regions, soil temperatures are given depending on the depth of measurement. I present this table below.

Table 1

1. Table of soil temperatures at various depths from a source "to help a gas industry worker" from the times of the USSR

Normative freezing depths for some cities:

The depth of soil freezing depends on the type of soil:

I think the easiest option is to use the reference data above and then interpolate.

The most reliable option for accurate calculations using ground temperatures is to use data from the meteorological services. On the basis of meteorological services, some online directories work. For example, http://www.atlas-yakutia.ru/.

Here it is enough to select the settlement, the type of soil and you can get a temperature map of the soil or its data in tabular form. In principle, it is convenient, but it seems that this resource is paid.

If you know more ways to determine the soil temperature at a given depth, then please write comments.

You may be interested in the following material:

6.31*. Pipeline crossings through railways and roads should be provided in places where roads pass along embankments or in places with zero marks, and in exceptional cases - with appropriate justification in road excavations.

The angle of intersection of the pipeline with railways and roads should, as a rule, be 90°. Laying of the pipeline through the body of the embankment is not allowed.

6.32*. Sections of pipelines laid at crossings over railways and highways of all categories with an improved coating of capital and lightweight types should be provided in a protective case (casing) made of steel pipes or in a tunnel, the diameter of which is determined by the condition of the work and the design of the crossings and should be larger than the outer pipeline diameter not less than 200 mm.

The ends of the case should be displayed at a distance:

a) when laying a pipeline through railways:

from the axes of the extreme tracks - 50 m, but not less than 5 m from the base of the slope of the embankment and 3 m from the edge of the slope of the excavation;

from the extreme drainage structure of the subgrade (ditch, upland ditch, reserve) - 3 m;

b) when laying a pipeline through highways - from the edge of the subgrade - 25 m, but not less than 2 m from the bottom of the embankment.

The ends of the cases installed at the sections of the crossings of oil pipelines and oil product pipelines through motor roads III, III-p, IV-p, IV and V of categories should be displayed 5 m from the edge of the subgrade.

The laying of the communication cable of the pipeline in the sections of its transition through railways and roads should be carried out in a protective case or separately in pipes.

6.33*. At underground crossings of gas pipelines through railways and roads, the ends of the protective cases must have seals made of dielectric material.

At one end of the case or tunnel, an exhaust candle should be provided at a horizontal distance, m, not less than:

from the axis of the extreme track of public railways .......... 40

the same, industrial roads ....................................... 25

from the sole of the subgrade of highways .................. 25

The height of the exhaust candle from ground level must be at least 5 m.

6.34*. The depth of sections of pipelines laid under railways of the general network must be at least 2 m from the base of the rail to the upper generatrix of the protective case, and in recesses and at zero levels, in addition, at least 1.5 m from the bottom of the cuvette, flume or drainage .

Deepening of sections of pipelines laid under roads of all categories should be taken at least 1.4 m from the top of the road surface to the upper generatrix of the protective case, and in recesses and at zero levels, in addition, at least 0.4 m from the bottom of the ditch, drainage ditch or drainage.

When laying a pipeline without protective cases, the above depths should be taken up to the upper generatrix of the pipeline.

Deepening of pipeline sections under roads on the territory of the CS and PS is accepted in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89-80*.

6.35. The distance between parallel pipelines in the sections of their crossings under railways and roads should be determined based on the soil conditions and conditions of work, but in all cases this distance should not be less than the distances taken during the underground laying of the linear part of the main pipelines.

6.36. Crossing of pipelines with rail tracks of electrified transport under arrows and crosses, as well as in places where suction cables are attached to the rails is not allowed.

6.37. The minimum horizontal distance in the light from the underground pipeline at the places of its transition through the railways of the general network should be taken, m, up to:

Turnouts and crosspieces of the railway track and attachment points

suction cables to the rails of electrified iron

road................................................. ........... ten

arrows and crosses of the railway track with heaving

soils ................................................. ......... twenty

pipes, tunnels and other artificial structures on iron

roads ................................................. ........ thirty