plastic surgery. All about plastic surgery: types and myths

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Plastic surgery for stars has long been an integral part of life - lifting the face or lifting the eyelids for many of them is as natural as washing and brushing your teeth. Now the culture broadcast from the screens has stepped into the masses - more and more people decide to improve their appearance with the help of surgery or injections. They want to stay young as long as possible, and a wrinkle-free face and a toned figure best demonstrate this to others.

But not only for beauty invented plastic surgery. In addition to aesthetics, plastic surgery solves health problems: breast reduction allows a woman to live without pain in the spine, abdominoplasty with diastasis of the abdominal muscles prevents the development of intestinal infringement, and intimate plastic surgery relieves urinary incontinence.

History of plastic surgery

Plastic surgery and cosmetology have existed since ancient times. Translated from Latin and Greek, the term means the creation of form. There is evidence that the aesthetic side of the operation has been of concern to people for at least 3000 BC. In India in 800 B.C. did rhinoplasty with their own tissues. In China, manuscripts have been preserved describing the operation to correct a cleft lip. In Europe, until the 16th-17th centuries, plastic surgery was practically not practiced - the only exception was the manipulation of breast reduction in men. During the Renaissance, aesthetic surgery became an independent direction, and was called "beauty surgery". The work of the Italian G. Tagliacozzi on the reconstruction of the nose with tissues from the forearm has survived to this day.

The foundations of modern plastic surgery appeared in the 19th century, when new tools and methods were developed, and antiseptics were invented. After the First World War, plastic surgery became more and more popular - many people who were injured began to turn to surgeons with a request to improve their appearance. This led to the development of techniques for tissue grafting, excision of fatty tissue, and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Medicine and plastic surgery received a second impetus after the Second World War: methods of skin grafting were improved, new drugs for anesthesia appeared, and local anesthesia began to be used.

What trends are typical for modern plastic surgery?

Striving for naturalness.

In the distant past, there were huge lips, impressive busts and a tightening to the shine of the skin. Today, such work of a surgeon, which others do not notice, has become an ideal. Therefore, for women, plastic surgery offers small-sized implants that increase the breast by 1-2 sizes. Noses that cannot be distinguished from natural ones are now in fashion, and lips are enlarged with fillers based on hyaluronic acid, which gradually dissolve - this means that you can correct their shape or completely abandon a new injection.

Minimally invasive procedures instead of extensive intervention.

Clients are offered injections, and if surgery is necessary, it is performed endoscopically or with a laser, which avoids scars and reduces recovery time. According to the statistics of the last decade, the number of minimally invasive procedures has more than doubled, and plastic surgeries have decreased by 20%. Manufacturers of drugs and devices have responded to changing customer preferences - more and more methods of non-surgical or minimally invasive effects are emerging. So, blepharoplasty is now performed with inside century, so as not to leave scars and avoid complications in the form of an unplanned change in the shape of the eyes or exposure of the sclera. An endoscopic facelift is becoming popular, performed through two small incisions at the temples. Excess skin is no longer cut off, but pulled from the problem area into an inconspicuous area.

Modern plastic surgery offers more and more combined procedures, when two or three problems are solved in one go.

At the same time, the patient experiences the recovery process once, and not twice and thrice, as it would be with 2-3 operations, and also saves money on anesthesia and stay in the clinic. The possibility of carrying out combined interventions is determined individually by a plastic surgeon.

The number of male patients who have decided on plastic surgery is growing.

There can be many reasons for improving appearance: the desire to correct unfortunate traits inherited; the desire to correspond to a young life partner; struggle with children's complexes; the need to be presentable appearance(this is true for politicians, public people, businessmen). Responding to rising demand, the best plastic surgery clinics offer men liposuction, Botox and hyaluron injections, hair transplant, eyelid lift and nose reshaping.

State plastic surgery

To date, there is no state plastic surgery in Russia - it is impossible to eliminate the consequences of burns for free, restore the mammary gland after tumor removal, and remove scars from wounds. Until now, officials believed that such physical disabilities do not interfere with a normal life.

However, patients are in dire need of the services of state plastic surgery, because not everyone can have an operation at their own expense, and the number of people with burns, scars, scars after amputations is growing. At the government level, discussions are underway on the inclusion of part of the services in the compulsory health insurance program. Representatives of insurance companies, clinic owners and plastic surgeons believe that in the current economic situation, it will not be easy for the state to shoulder additional costs for the payers of mandatory medical insurance contributions, and therefore the likelihood of changes in medical legislation is small. Yes, and the introduction of free services for patients is possible if private clinics with rich experience in operations are interested in providing them under the CHI system.

The current commercial cost of operations, below which clinics do not agree to work, is much higher than the price at uniform rates established by compulsory health insurance. Therefore, one should not expect a rush in filing applications for CHI from private medical centers, and it is unlikely that state plastic surgery will appear in the near future.

What should be the best plastic surgery clinics? There are several requirements for them:

A permanent staff of doctors who have repeatedly worked together and perfectly understand each other and the situation.
The equipment of the clinic should be modern. Resuscitation equipment must be available in case of unforeseen complications.
The clinic must have a license, and the patient must be offered an agreement and voluntary informed consent for medical manipulations, a cash receipt or a receipt for review and signature.
In the best plastic surgery clinics, the patient and the doctor speak as equals. The patient cannot force the doctor to perform the operation that he wants, and the way he wants - the doctor, based on his knowledge and experience, must offer ways to improve the appearance in accordance with the wishes of the client.
In a good clinic, they honestly talk about the possible consequences and complications, and call the actual recovery time after the operation.
Serious medical institutions strictly monitor the materials and medicines used, purchasing only those that are certified in Russia and have a guarantee.
The best plastic surgery is one that takes care of the health of patients and performs operations on people who have no contraindications.

How to choose a surgeon for plastic surgery

Plastic surgery services differ from a traditional operation performed for the purpose of treating a disease in that plastic surgery is done exclusively at the request of the patient. The appearance of a person and his self-esteem depend on how plastic surgery is performed. Therefore, choosing “your” doctor for plastic surgery is no less important than finding a specialist in the surgical treatment of diseases. How to do it?

You need to start with a list of doctors with the specialization you need. Plastic surgery services are provided by many clinics and individually working doctors, and the list can be impressive.

Each doctor from the resulting list needs to be analyzed in terms of specialized education and advanced training; work experience; accumulated professional skills; the cost of the operation in its execution. It is important to evaluate where the surgeon works - perhaps he accepts in one of the best plastic surgery clinics or an author's medical center in another city or even country. Therefore, it would be nice to evaluate whether it is convenient for you to go there.

The next step is the subjective assessment of the doctor. Here, reviews from the Internet, all kinds of ratings, the opinion of his colleagues about him, the stories of patients about the manner of communication and the experience of communicating with this doctor will come in handy.

Having chosen several of the best surgeons from your list, it is worth signing up for a consultation with him to simulate the result of the operation. At this stage, it will become clear whether your ideas about beauty coincide, and whether the doctor will be able to realize your desires.

The last stage is the final choice of a doctor based on the results of modeling and consultation. Pay attention to how frankly the surgeon talks about possible ways solve your problem without surgery, about complications and limitations after the intervention, the terms of rehabilitation. Good specialist in plastic surgery, he is not intrusive and not self-confident, he competently uses terminology, clearly explains the details and confidently answers any questions.

How does a person change before and after plastic surgery? In dreams, he sees himself prettier, handsome and self-confident. But you need to understand that:

After plastic surgery, noticeable scars may remain, which are completely impossible to remove.
Plastic surgery is medicine, which means that there is a risk of complications, the worst of which is death. And although the percentage of troubles during aesthetic operations is quite low, it still exists. At the same time, the problem is not always the low qualification of the surgeon - the outcome of the intervention can be affected by unpredictable ones. characteristics of the skin and tissues of patients.
If a person has a certain temperament, operations can become a kind of drug when you want to change more and more new facial features and body parts. In plastic surgery, the surgeon determines the contraindications for the operation, but to decide how long the nose wants, or how much the patient can breast - and the decision does not always decorate, not disfigure.

What makes people resort to plastic surgery again and again? During preparation for the operation, which, in fact, is stressful for the body, adrenaline is released into the blood, and it causes a state of euphoria. After a while, the euphoria either passes without consequences, or the person decides to reshape something else in his body. As a rule, victims of plastic surgery are characterized by:

Dissatisfaction with oneself and the erroneous opinion that a change in appearance will bring happiness.
Fear of someone else's negative assessment of one's own face and body.
Violation of the idea of \u200b\u200bone's uniqueness and the desire to correspond to a third-party ideal.
The desire to preserve youth, albeit visual.
Psychical deviations.

Plastic surgery for women

Women have long been seriously passionate about improving their appearance. For this, the fashion industry and medicine offer breast plastic surgery, cosmetic procedures, face and body skin care products. But that's not all. Plastic surgery for women affects the most intimate part - the correction of genital organs that have lost their tone and original appearance. What does medicine offer the fair sex?

Plastic surgery of the labia minora allows you to achieve their symmetry and ideal shape. There are no scars after the operation.
Plastic surgery of the labia majora is aimed at eliminating cosmetic defects, achieving symmetry, and improving the appearance of the organs.
Intimate plastic surgery of the vagina is especially relevant after several births, when the tissues are significantly stretched, and sometimes torn. The entrance to the vagina and its internal space becomes too wide, which interferes with a full-fledged sexual intercourse. An increase in intake can also occur due to age-related and hormonal changes, limitation of physical activity, chronic constipation. Stretching the internal space of the vagina is fraught with omission and rupture of the walls with scarring, overstretching of the muscles. Against the background of the disease, omission may develop Bladder, urinary incontinence, uterine prolapse and rectal hernia. All this helps eliminate plastic surgery for women. There are several options for operations - plastic surgery of the walls of the vagina, due to which its volume decreases and tissue tension improves; plasty of the vestibule of the vagina to narrow the entrance.

Today, men are willingly using the services of plastic surgery. And it's not just about an eyelid lift, a hair transplant, or a facelift. Often, representatives of the stronger sex are interested in intimate plasticity:

The lengthening of the penis due to the implant allows a man to feel full and relieves psychological problems.
Implantation of phalloprostheses in the cavernous bodies of the penis makes it possible to get rid of impotence. The prostheses are invisible to outsiders, while the man retains the possibility of orgasm.
To thicken the organ due to its own adipose or muscle tissue, a special gel is resorted to when the penis is too thin by nature or the partner has an excessively wide vagina.
Enlargement of the head of the penis occurs by introducing a special gel.
Plastic surgery of the penis frenulum is necessary if it is too short and injured during intercourse, or a man has problems with rapid ejaculation.
Plastic surgery services also offer treatment for a curved penis. Curvature can cause discomfort during intercourse. It can be congenital or is the result of certain diseases. During the operation, longitudinal sutures are placed on the inner membrane of the penis.
Injuries and diseases can cause the absence of testicles. handicap causes a feeling of inferiority and embarrassment in a man during intimacy. During plastic surgery of the testicles, the surgeon inserts prostheses that completely imitate their presence.
The narrowing of the foreskin (phimosis) does not allow the head of the penis to be exposed - this usually happens in boys from birth or in adult men after suffering infectious diseases of the foreskin. Surgical treatment consists in excision of the leaves of the foreskin.

Plastic surgery for stars

Plastic surgery for stars is very popular today. Celebrities are cutting their faces and bodies with might and main to become even more beautiful and popular. The best plastic surgery and doctors are available to them, and for some, their own transformation has become the road to a dizzying career:

Halle Berry - despite the title of the first vice-miss in the US beauty pageant, the world fame came to the actress after her appearance became perfect thanks to a nose job and breast augmentation.
Blake Lively - good example moderate plastic surgery of stars: masterfully performed rhino-and blepharoplasty, implantation of implants into the bust made a real star out of an outwardly mediocre actress.
Bollywood star, Miss World-94 Aishwarya Rai is also no stranger to plastic: to acquire a more European appearance, the Indian woman used rhinoplasty and eye shape correction, and also installed fillers in her lips. Thanks to the operations, the celebrity began to look even more interesting, and the traces of plastic surgery are invisible to prying eyes. After a pregnancy that brought extra pounds, Aishwarya resorted to liposuction, which allowed her to return to her former shape.
Another celebrity who is an example of successful plastic surgery of stars is Jennifer Lopez. Only an experienced doctor will understand that J. Lo's face has changed under the influence of rhinoplasty, chin correction, injection procedures, and implants are sewn into the chest - so successfully that one can assume that a first-class professional worked on the appearance of the actress and singer.

While some stars diligently retouch their appearance with plastic surgery, others are not afraid to age beautifully without medical advances:

Meryl Streep has never used the services of a plastic surgeon - and this did not stop her from making a brilliant acting career. Meryl still plays leading roles in the highest quality and most successful films, and is considered the greatest actress of our time.
Kate Winslet is an example of the struggle for naturalness - the actress, who has never been on a diet and has a 41-foot size, not only did not do plastic surgery herself, but even created the British League against Plastic Surgery.
Another star without plastic surgery is Julia Roberts. The actress has never had surgery, which did not prevent her from starting a modeling career at the age of 40.
Julianne Moore reached the age of 56 without a single plastic procedure. Moreover: the star even uses makeup only at social events and filming, and in everyday life she prefers a face without a large number makeup.

Types of plastic surgery

Reconstructive plastic surgery

What is reconstructive plastic surgery? This branch of medicine involves work to restore the functionality and shape of an organ or part of the body. Indications for reconstructive plastic surgery are disorders due to trauma, previous operations or congenital anomaly. The work of the surgeon is to transplant their own tissues, implantation of foreign organs and tissues, artificial implants. Typically, the intervention takes place in several stages and includes elements of aesthetic surgery.

What operations are performed as part of reconstructive plastic surgery?

Plastic with restoration of facial tissues after burns, traumatic injuries, congenital defects.
Breast reconstruction after trauma, failed plastic surgery or mastectomy, to treat congenital anomalies (for example, funnel chest) Sometimes plastic surgery is necessary to improve the functioning of the lungs and the cardiovascular system.
Reconstructive plastic surgery in gynecological and urological practice is needed for the treatment of acquired and congenital anomalies of the external genitalia (descent of the vaginal walls, expansion of the vaginal inlet, urinary tract defects, etc.).
Reconstructive tummy tuck involves the removal of hernias, suturing the divergence of the abdominal muscles to prevent prolapse and infringement of the intestine.

Plastic aesthetic surgery involves improving the appearance of a person by correcting congenital and age-related changes on the face and body. It enables people to experience a feeling of youth longer, feel beautiful, get rid of complexes and feelings associated with their own imperfection.

The uniqueness of plastic aesthetic surgery is that doctors are dealing with a healthy person, and the task is not to cure the patient. The doctor must change the appearance, and with it the attitude of a person towards himself and the world around him. Therefore, it is extremely important for a patient who decides to undergo aesthetic plastic surgery to find “his” doctor and be on the same wavelength with him.

Plastic surgery and cosmetology

For a long time, plastic surgery and cosmetology have been living in close cooperation, because the union of a cosmetologist and a surgeon helps the client become beautiful, young and self-confident.

Where is the boundary between plastic surgery and cosmetology? The cosmetologist, acting with therapeutic methods, improves the condition of the skin: his manipulations allow you to adjust the color, firmness, elasticity skin. It can also work with subcutaneous fat. Plastic surgery is focused on working with fiber and muscle layer, surgical removal of scars and scars from the surface of the skin.

The decision on whether a patient needs an operation or a cosmetic procedure is made individually in each case. Obviously, at extremely small size Breast cosmetology will not help in any way, and the woman needs to be sent to a plastic surgeon. And if the patient has small wrinkles around the eyes, it is pointless to do the operation, since there are no serious indications, and you can limit yourself to cosmetic procedures.

Plastic surgery services

What can be improved with facial plastic surgery?

Reshape lips.

You can increase them by injecting special preparations or transplanting your own tissues, and reduce them by removing tissues. Incisions are made on the inside of the lip or outside along the contour. The operation lasts 2 hours, the rehabilitation takes a week.

Another type of facial plastic surgery is a facelift.

It can be circular (rhytidectomy), when the skin of the front and side of the neck, forehead, temples, cheeks, the area around the mouth and the middle part of the face is stretched. The operation takes a long time, requires a three-day hospital, and full rehabilitation with the convergence of edema will take 2 months. Endoscopic lifting is much less traumatic, although it lasts 1-5 hours - it is done through mini-incisions under the hair and in oral cavity. Recovery takes 10 days.

Forehead plastic.

A fairly simple, low-traumatic operation in which the skin is pulled up and fixed. Rehabilitation takes 10 days.

Facial liposuction.

One of the options for facial plastic surgery is liposuction (pumping out excess fat through tiny incisions in the skin). The procedure is performed on an outpatient basis and takes only 30-60 minutes.

Great popularity in recent times acquired contour plastic. It is executed:

Fillers (gels) - hyaluronic acid preparations are administered to patients subcutaneously. The effect consists in smoothing wrinkles and nasolabial folds, correcting the lowered corners of the mouth. Through fillers, you can change the shape of the chin and lips, the line of the cheekbones.
Lipolifting - with this manipulation in plastic surgery, the surgeon works with a fat mass taken from the same person, but from another part of the body. The procedure is performed to smooth wrinkles and improve the facial contour.
Implants (usually silicone) are used on the cheekbones, lower jaw or chin to add volume. The operation takes 1-2 hours, rehabilitation - 1 week. Implants are designed by a specialist on an individual basis.

Eye plastic surgery offers the following types of operations:

Canthoplasty - correction of the incision of the eyes (due to age or an ugly natural shape).

The operation involves fixing the tissues of the lower eyelid on the periosteum. Hospital stay is limited to one day, recovery takes one week. Canthoplasty is good because the effect after it persists for a long time (5-10 years or more).

Blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery) is another type of manipulation in eye plastic surgery.

The operation is performed to eliminate wrinkles, "bags", folds. Blepharoplasty can remove overhanging upper eyelids. Before manipulation, you should consult an ophthalmologist. After the operation, patients stay in the clinic for 1-2 days, swelling and bruising disappear within 14-15 days, contact lenses cannot be used for 30 days.

Eye plastic surgery also offers patients a browlift (eyebrow surgery), which allows you to get rid of age-related drooping of the eyebrows, which is associated with a decrease in skin tone.

Browlift is usually combined with a forehead lift. The manipulation lasts from 1 to 3 hours and consists of cutting the forehead muscles, pulling the skin up and fixing it. The effect after the operation lasts up to 15 years.

Nose plastic surgery

Nose plastic surgery allows you to change the unfortunate shape of the nose. It should not be performed on people under the age of 18 (except when surgery is needed to treat injuries). It is optimal to perform the operation after 20 years, when the facial skeleton is already fully formed. Previously, patients should be examined by an ENT and a dentist and receive a conclusion that there are no contraindications for intervention, and a CT scan of the brain should be done. The operation lasts about 1 hour and requires hospitalization for 1-2 days. Recovery after rhinoplasty takes a little over 1 month.

How is the operation going?

To reduce the nose, the cartilage that supports the wings of the nose is completely removed, and partially the bone from the back and septal cartilage.
Reduction of the wide nostrils involves the removal of the alar cartilage and part of the wings of the nose.
To correct the back of the nose, fragments of bones protruding above the surface are removed.
Correction of a sunken back in nasal plastic surgery is done using bone implants or the patient's own bone taken from another part of the body.

Breast plastic surgery is perhaps the most popular among the representatives of the beautiful half of humanity. The desire to find the bust of your dreams is understandable, because it is the personification of beauty and attractiveness. Looking at the sites of clinics, women see a lot of pictures before and after plastic surgery, and decide on an operation:

Breast augmentation.

It is carried out using implants (fillers) with a silicone shell, filled with hydrogel, silicone or saline inside. The shape of implants can be round or drop-shaped. The most modern models are those that have a rough shell and are filled with a solution - they almost do not give complications and last longer than silicone ones (about 20 years). Bust augmentation, made by installing implants under the thickness of the pectoral muscle, does not limit a woman in breastfeeding- She can safely feed the baby. A contraindication for surgery is the presence of tumors and severe prolapse of the breast. Implants are placed through incisions under the breast, around the areola, or under the armpit. The patient discusses the shape and size of the future breast with the surgeon before the operation, because, in addition to the desire to get a larger size, there are considerations of aesthetics and health safety. A complication of implantation is the formation of a fibrous capsule. It can be eliminated by dissecting the capsule shell, and sometimes subsequent replacement of the implant is required.

A breast lift (mastopexy) is necessary if the former shape is lost.

During the procedure, the surgeon removes excess skin, moves the nipple and areola to the right place, and gives the breast new form and suturing tissue. With moderate descent, the sutures are located around the circumference and to the side of the areola. If the sagging is strong, the seams go from the areola to the crease under the breast. Mastopexy should not be performed if the patient is diagnosed with a breast tumor. A rare complication of the operation may be necrosis of the areola or loss of sensation around it.

Reduction mammoplasty is a type of breast plastic surgery that involves reducing the breast.

This is a rather long operation (3-5 hours), during which the surgeon removes excess skin and tissues, moves the nipple and areola, and forms the contour of the breast. If necessary, fat is removed from the armpit through liposuction. Another type of breast reduction is called a breast lift. During this operation, fat is sucked out through punctures made along the contour of the breast. Experts recommend breast reduction plastic surgery after a woman has given birth and nursed children, and no longer plans to become pregnant.

Plastic surgery for overweight there are several types:

Plastic surgery of the stomach (gastroplasty) - the formation of a narrow long gastric sleeve for slow evacuation of food through laparoscopic incisions.

Unlike other methods (insertion of balloons, bypass surgery), gastroplasty does not require intermediate manipulations (adjustment) and avoids recurrence of weight gain, because during the operation the gland that increases appetite is removed. The operation is done with a high body mass index (from 35), especially if obesity is accompanied by complications.

Elimination of subcutaneous fat deposits with the help of liposuction (suction of fat) is the destiny of plastic aesthetic surgery.

Liposuction is performed if the person's skin is not stretched, and there is no risk that it will sag a lot. The operation is recommended to be done at a stable weight - that is, you first need to lose weight, and then point-wise remove the remaining problem areas.

Abdominoplasty is indicated when, in addition to fat, there is excess skin on the abdomen, sagging in the form of an apron, and stretched muscles.

All this cannot be removed either by diet or by the gym, so it remains to resort to the help of a plastic surgeon.

Body contouring is performed if the patient has a lot of excess skin, which happens with a sharp weight loss with the help of bariatric surgery.

Do not hope that the operation will eliminate problems with excess weight. Nutritionists say that before and after plastic surgery for obesity, it is necessary to follow a diet that will allow you not to gain extra pounds and not aggravate health problems.

Operations in plastic surgery

Plastic surgery operations are usually performed at the request of the patient to improve his appearance. Therefore, there are not so many medical indications for interventions. For example, breast plastic surgery (reduction) is indicated for a large bust, when a woman experiences back pain due to excessive load. Breast implants can be used to reconstruct breasts after a mastectomy (removal of the breast for cancer).

Plastic surgery of stretched vaginal walls is needed to avoid rectal hernia, urinary incontinence, vaginal prolapse. The operation of plastic surgery is needed to eliminate diastasis of the abdominal muscles, which is fraught with prolapse and infringement of the intestinal loops. Plastic surgery of large postoperative and post-burn scars is often performed to restore the functionality of the organ. Correction of facial defects in children with cleft lip is designed to ensure normal (not probe) nutrition, proper development of the facial skeleton, bite and teeth, normal self-esteem child.

Contraindications for surgery

There are a number of contraindications for plastic surgery operations. Absolute - these are those in which intervention is completely impossible:

Tumors - no matter what oncological diseases operation cannot be done. This is especially true for mammoplasty: a qualified surgeon will definitely require a mammogram to make sure there are no neoplasms. If the breast is removed during surgery for breast cancer, breast reconstruction is possible only after a thorough examination for the absence of metastases and recurrence.
A bleeding disorder that can cause massive blood loss during surgery.
Allergy to drugs used during anesthesia and during the intervention itself.
Infectious diseases are dangerous because they can cause the spread of pathogenic microbes in the body.
Chronic internal diseases - plastic surgery can cause serious complications and even death.
Age under 18 is also a relative contraindication (unless the patient requires otoplasty).
You can not do surgery during pregnancy and lactation. If we are talking about breast augmentation, after the end of feeding, at least six months should pass.
Until recently, diabetes mellitus was an absolute contraindication, as it is accompanied by poor wound healing and is accompanied by dysfunction of internal organs. But now operations are allowed if a person's diabetes is well compensated, as there is an endocrinologist's conclusion.

Relative contraindications to surgery mean that manipulation is possible, but there is a certain risk. The final decision is made by the surgeon after studying the patient's history:

Older age - people over 60-65 years old have a number of comorbidities that can lead to complications after anesthesia.
Menstruation - during them, the risk of bleeding increases. Therefore, surgeons in plastic surgery recommend planning operations in the middle of the cycle.
Colds and flu.
Smoking - nicotine impairs healing. To avoid complications, you need to say goodbye to cigarettes for 2 weeks before the intervention and during the entire postoperative period.
Tendency to keloid scars - in such patients there is a high risk of forming an ugly dense scar, which can only be eliminated by additional cosmetic procedures.

Plastic surgery is beauty medicine, and the success of the operation is determined by the skill of the surgeon. But to achieve the best result, it is important to follow the recommendations for rehabilitation after discharge from the hospital. Thanks to restorative procedures, you can quickly get rid of hemorrhages, swelling, pain and see your transformed face and body in all its glory.

Plastic aesthetic surgery involves a fairly extensive intervention affecting the vessels. The blood supply to the operating area changes as a result, and swelling and inflammation may develop. Blood leaking through the incisions soaks the tissues. Decaying hemoglobin changes the color of the skin in the place where the hemorrhage occurred - bruises appear. At the site of the operation, metabolic processes slow down, nerve impulses are transmitted worse.

Rehabilitation after plastic surgery should include measures to detoxify, improve blood microcirculation and skin condition, increase muscle tone, reduce pain and swelling, accelerate healing and form a neat thin scar. The procedures are prescribed by a dermatologist or a rehabilitation specialist, taking into account the characteristics of the patient's health, on the second or third day after the operation.

What methods of rehabilitation after plastic surgery and cosmetology are used most often?

Microcurrents for muscle contraction. The procedure is needed to reduce swelling and relieve pain, has anti-inflammatory, tonic and lymphatic drainage effects.
Ultrasound exposure (phonophoresis) facilitates the introduction and assimilation medicines, has an anti-inflammatory effect, promotes the resorption of scars.
Cosmechanics - pinching manipulations of the device on the skin of the face and subcutaneous fat layer, imitating manual massage. The procedure reduces swelling and soreness, helps to cope with bruises.
Pressotherapy normalizes the outflow of lymph, relieves swelling and improves the elasticity of the skin.
Endermology (special LPG postoperative program) – body massage with two rollers and vacuum through a layer of compression underwear or a special suit. The technique allows you to improve microcirculation, remove hematomas and stagnation, form a new skin frame due to the active production of collagen.
Wearing compression underwear after some operations in plastic surgery is necessary to prevent swelling and relieve excessive stress on postoperative scars.
Mesotherapy - injections of drugs into the dermis - promotes rapid skin regeneration, improves its tone and elasticity.
Biorevitalization, or intradermal injection of hyaluronic acid with a special device, deeply moisturizes the skin.
Cosmetics and preparations based on silicone are used to restore the skin and prevent the formation of unsightly scars.

Complications after plastic surgery

What complications can occur after plastic surgery?

infection

The risk of infection entering the body is always high, so in the postoperative period, the doctor prescribes antibiotics for prevention. Proper suture treatment can reduce the likelihood of complications.

Hematoma

Hemorrhage under the skin or into internal tissues - can happen with any type of intervention: in plastic surgery of the face (during a nose lift or correction), chest and abdomen. They are dangerous because they can soften and fester. You can remove the hematoma during the operation or after it with the help of special medicines and a tight bandage.

Seroma

Accumulation of fluid under the skin after damage to the capillaries of the lymphatic system. Seroma usually occurs after liposuction, when patients lose a large amount of subcutaneous fat. To get rid of it, you need to drain the postoperative cavity.

Thickening and thickening of postoperative scars

It is treated conservatively, with drugs to improve blood microcirculation in tissues. Surgical treatment is indicated only if the scars have changed very much.

Implant displacement

Most often found in plastic surgery for women with breast augmentation. It occurs due to the fact that patients violate the regimen and stop using compression garments too early. Sometimes the implant can be replaced conservatively, but surgery may also be required.

plastic surgery victims

The victims of plastic surgery are those who, in their desire to transform, cross the boundaries of common sense, damage their health and disfigure their own appearance.

People of public professions - actors, singers, TV presenters - suffer the most from this. Therefore, among the "stars" there are so many victims of plastic surgery:

Perhaps the most famous victim of excessive plastic surgery is Michael Jackson. In addition to the disease, which forced the king of pop to hide from the sun and apply a thick layer of cosmetics to the skin, Jackson's face was constantly changing after operations. The singer repeatedly changed the shape of his forehead, cheekbones, nose, reduced his lips and tightened his eyelids to get closer to a European look. A botched intervention on his nose resulted in difficulty breathing and additional surgeries were required to allow the singer to breathe normally.

American actress Joan Rivers has had more than 700 surgeries in her lifetime. Repeated nose plastic surgery, facelift, blepharoplasty are just a small list of what Joan has done. The actress herself admitted her own dependence on plastic surgery, and said that she visits the clinic weekly for the next procedure. At the age of 79, Rivers refused Botox injections: the tight skin on her face did not allow her to speak normally, and the celebrity could not even blow out the candles on her birthday cake.

Donatella Versace, designer and co-owner of the company of the same name, became addicted to changing her appearance after she first improved the shape of her nose. This was followed by operations on the lips and chest, numerous Botox injections. The result was a face like a mask.

The transformation story of Jocelyn Wildenstein began in the 70s. From a beautiful blonde, she gradually turned into a woman with cat features: in this way, Jocelyn wanted to rekindle the fading interest of her billionaire cat lover husband. However, the husband did not appreciate the aspirations and filed for divorce.

Actress Lolo Ferrari is the owner of the most big breast in the world - she survived 28 operations on her face and body and achieved that each breast weighed 3 kg, and the girth was 130 cm. Lolo wore a special bra, and doctors, fearing for the integrity of the implants, forbade her air travel.

There are also victims of plastic surgery among Russian stars. Lyudmila Gurchenko, at first, all the changes were to her face, but over time, from merciless braces, the skin lost its elasticity. As a result, bumps, an artificial smile, incomplete closure of the eyelids and blurred vision appeared. In addition, operations at a respectable age had a negative impact on general condition health. Perhaps, without them, the star of Soviet cinema would have lived longer.

Masha Rasputina repeatedly went under the surgeon's knife: her nose, chin and lips changed, the cut of her eyes was redrawn, her breasts were enlarged. The singer became completely unrecognizable. New coarse features combined with bright makeup and active facial expressions look strange.

The list of "stars" with unsuccessful plastic surgery can be continued. Despite the fact that the best plastic surgery is available to them, the result is often not pleasing to fans. And it's not the bad work of doctors. Having gone through one operation and having enjoyed pleasant changes, celebrities can no longer stop, and cut themselves beyond recognition.

More and more people are joining plastic surgery who want to keep their youth on the outside longer. The beauty industry offers many options to improve yourself on the outside, and shows impressive before and after photos of plastic surgery. But in the pursuit of beauty, the main thing is not to lose yourself and your health, and therefore the choice of an operation and a doctor must be approached with all responsibility.

Facial plastic surgery
(face, nose, ears, lips, neck, eyelids)

Modern facial plastic surgery has in its arsenal a lot of techniques for correcting absolutely various shortcomings appearance. With the help of blepharoplasty, lipofilling and facelift, unnecessary signs of aging and fatigue are removed, the look becomes more open and expressive, and the face is young. The most narrowly focused plastic surgeries - rhinoplasty (nose correction), cheiloplasty (lip plastic surgery), otoplasty (ear plastic surgery), mentoplasty (chin plastic surgery) - are performed on separate parts of the face, but significantly change the entire appearance of the patient. Plastic surgery to remove Bish's lumps allows you to get rid of problems with jowls and gives your face a more sophisticated look.

(implants, areolas, nipples)

Mammoplasty is a whole range of plastic surgeries aimed at correcting the appearance of the mammary glands. This includes:

increase or decrease in breast size
breast lift (mastopexy)
elimination of asymmetry of glands
nipple and areola reshaping
breast reconstruction
repeated mammoplasty

Modern used implants are made of materials High Quality and have a lifetime manufacturer's warranty.

(belly, navel, waist, back)

Every person wants to have a beautiful toned body, but, unfortunately, nature has not awarded everyone with such an advantage. But thanks modern technologies in the arsenal of surgeons there are such plastic surgeries as liposuction, lipomodeling and abdominoplasty. They can be used to remove redundant body fat in any, even hard-to-reach, places, correct parts of the body in which there is not enough fat and tighten the tummy.

(ass, clitoris, vagina, lips)

Such types of plastics are gaining more and more popularity in last years. Gluteoplasty, or buttock plastic surgery, allows you to tighten your ass and increase it in volume.

The whole range of plastic surgeries intimate zone aims to remove defects and give the genitals an attractive appearance:

laboplasty (correction of small and large labia)
vaginoplasty
clitoroplasty
hymenoplasty (hymen reconstruction)
G-spot injections (to enhance a woman's sexual sensations)

The appearance of a person has a significant impact on the moral state of a person, and sometimes even determines his fate. That is why for many it is extremely important how they look. Some people are extremely critical of themselves, so they are ready to do anything in order to have plastic surgery and get closer to the ideal. They are ready to go through dozens of surgical interventions, to take on credit the missing amount for plastic surgery, to go through a long and far from always pleasant rehabilitation period. As a result, many manage to start life from scratch and become a successful and happy person.

What are plastic surgeries

Modern aesthetic medicine solves almost any problem associated with external imperfections. All operations are divided into two main groups: reconstruction and plastic surgery.

Reconstruction is usually performed for medical reasons and its main purpose is to restore the function of a particular part of the body. Such interventions are relevant for patients after serious injuries, unsuccessful operations, and those with congenital malformations. Plastic surgery is purely aesthetic. Its purpose is to make the patient more attractive.

The same intervention can be both aesthetic and reconstructive. An example is rhinoplasty. If the patient has a deviated nasal septum that causes respiratory failure, the intervention will be reconstructive, if the person simply does not like the shape of his nose, this is an aesthetic operation.

Today there are many types of plastic surgery. Here are the most popular destinations:

mammoplasty;
liposuction and lipofilling;
rhinoplasty;
lifting;
cheiloplasty;
abdominoplasty.

Undoubtedly, the most popular area is mammoplasty. Many women want to enlarge their breasts or change their shape, because they believe that the bust is the first thing that attracts the attention of men. There are many ways to do this, from implants to breast modeling using your own adipose tissue. There are also those who want to reduce their breasts. Nothing is impossible for aesthetic surgeons.

Not less than actual question is the preservation of youth. Wrinkles and blurry facial contours do not adorn anyone, so most women make every effort to get rid of these manifestations. Russian and foreign stars are especially eager to save their face. They are ready to do dozens of braces, lifts, Botox injections to look attractive.

Liposuction closes the top three most popular procedures. Slenderness is considered a sign of youth and beauty, therefore plump women constantly struggling with extra pounds. The fastest and most reliable way to lose weight is liposuction. The technique not only allows you to eliminate excess weight, but also to model the figure.

Today, sensual, voluminous lips are in trend. And it does not matter if nature has not made such a gift. The possibilities of plastic surgery allow you to adjust the shape and volume of each lip, create a bright, attractive image.

Eyes, cheeks, jaws, neck, chin, ears are also often subject to correction. Thanks to plastic surgeons, you can create almost any image and get closer to your own ideal.

To do or not to do plastic

There can be no single answer to this question, as they say: to each his own. If a person has congenital or acquired anomalies, here the answer is unambiguous: of course, do it. But why do those who are quite naturally pretty come to plastic surgeons?

The fact is that each person sees himself in a specific image, wants to occupy a certain position in society. The appearance given by nature often does not correspond to these ideas, which sometimes causes moral discomfort and serious mental disorders. It is plastic surgery that helps such people restore inner balance, gain self-confidence. In this case, it is worth deciding on plastic surgery, but you need to know the measure and realize what kind of result is needed and whether it is possible. We must not forget that there are many people for whom plastic surgery has become an obsession. This encourages them to perform one operation after another, in the end not improving their appearance, but disfiguring it.

If you are thinking about plastic, evaluate your own health. You need to understand what it is surgery, and only a healthy, strong body can tolerate it well and recover quickly. A sick heart, diabetes mellitus, reduced immunity and many other diseases are also contraindications for plastic surgery. if you have serious problems, then you should not take risks, because health is more expensive than a beautiful appearance.

An obstacle for many is the cost of plastic surgery. It is worth noting that beauty is not cheap. But if there is an irresistible desire, to find the right amount money is possible. Many people invest in their appearance, and for good reason. The original appearance helped them become famous and make a solid profit.

Undoubtedly, the best option- perceive ourselves as we are, love our appearance, and consider shortcomings as a sign of individuality. But not everyone succeeds. If the desire to transform does not leave you, why not take the chance that plastic surgeons give us!

What can be said about a person whose lower eyelids seem to be swollen, or it is noticeable that the skin on them has become flabby and wrinkled? If he has swelling under the eyes, which we simply used to call "bags"? About such a person, we will say that he is either sick, or under constant stress, or simply too tired and does not get enough sleep.

Yes, the lower eyelids are one of the most important human organs that affect the aesthetics of the entire face. Everything can be fine in it, but if there are dark circles under the eyes (they are also called, although this is not entirely correct, “bruises”), wrinkles or “bags”, then the whole impression deteriorates. And the swollen and noticeably aged eyelids themselves can affect how you feel psychologically when looking in the mirror. With such a reflection, even a young girl may think that she is an elderly woman. But don't people aged 50+ want to look younger?

Fortunately, there is a relatively simple procedure that can rejuvenate the lower eyelids, eliminate bags under the eyes, and thereby give the face a fresher and more toned look. Which, in the end, will improve the comfort and quality of human life. Lower eyelid surgery or lower blepharoplasty helps with this.

Operation steps

Regardless of the method chosen by the plastic surgeon, the steps involved in this operation are fairly standardized. Let's take as an example the subciliary method, that is, with an external incision.

First, anesthesia is given. Most often, general anesthesia is used, since the patient's movements during this procedure are unacceptable: the surgeon needs jewelry accuracy. Then the doctor applies (if necessary) a special markup and makes a subciliary incision on it, that is, an external one, on the lower lash line. This allows him to access the underlying tissues of the lower eyelid.

Most often, the cause of swelling of the lower eyelids is an excess of subcutaneous fat, which, gradually accumulating, forms a kind of “bag”. Therefore, it must be removed through liposuction. However, today there is a variant in which the fat located in the infraorbital zone (periorbital) is not removed. It is evenly redistributed, turning it into a kind of filler. This allows you to even out the hollows under the eyes.

After that, if necessary, excess skin is excised and muscle tissue is tightened if the eyelid has sagged a lot due to its weakening. Most often this is noted in old age under the influence of gravity and body fat. Also, depending on the wishes of the patient, the plastic surgeon can slightly raise the outer corner of the eye, which improves the shape, giving it a more youthful appearance.

At the end of the operation, the wound is closed with a suture. The stitching is done in such a way that the skin is neatly joined and the stitches are easily removed about a week after the procedure. During this time, the patient will need to apply a cold gel mask to reduce discomfort and speed up healing.

Operation methods

The main trend in plastic medicine today is low invasiveness. That is, minimal surgical intervention in the human body in order to avoid noticeable postoperative scars. In this sense, the plasticity of the lower eyelids is indicative. The vast majority of such operations are performed using the transconjunctival or internal method, while the subciliary (with an external incision) is gradually becoming a thing of the past.

The incision with the transconjunctival method is made inside the lower eyelid, therefore, after it there is no noticeable seam, while traditional method provides an incision in the lower lash line. This method also gives the surgeon the opportunity to minimize the risk of potential complications: scars on the skin, impaired facial expressions, eversion of the lower eyelid, and others.

In general, the choice of incision method depends on what the patient and their surgeon plan to accomplish with the procedure. Here are the main problems that plastic surgery of the lower eyelids helps to solve:

bags under the eyes;
small wrinkles on the lower eyelid;
puffiness under the eyes;
excessive fat deposits under the eyes;
hollow areas under the eyes.

Although lower eyelid surgery is a fairly common operation, it is important to choose a surgeon who is good at performing it, as it requires them to do more than highest precision but also aesthetic vision. The second is important because in order to achieve a natural look, the surgeon needs to remove a certain amount of fat and skin without removing too much. Otherwise, unaesthetic "failures" form in the lower eyelid and under it.

Today, plastic surgeons are increasingly using a laser to make an incision instead of a scalpel. Its advantages are that under the influence high temperatures Small blood vessels located in the skin are “sealed”, which reduces swelling after the procedure, reducing blood loss. In addition, the laser has other "pluses": it stimulates the production of collagen, one of the proteins that determine the degree of skin elasticity.

In addition to the above, surgical methods of lower blepharoplasty, there are injection methods. Their essence is the introduction of fillers (fillers) based on hyaluronic acid, which allows you to even out the skin. This method is good for removing fine wrinkles.

Preparing for the operation

Before plastic surgery of the lower eyelids is made, the patient will have to fulfill a number of requirements that the plastic surgeon will announce during the consultation. First of all, he will need to make sure that the person is really a good candidate for the operation. “Good” means that it has no serious contraindications, since lower blepharoplasty, although considered a simple procedure, is still a surgical intervention.

You should prepare for it. That is, to tell the surgeon about all previously undergone operations. You will also need to pass blood and urine tests, undergo an electrocardiogram and fluorography. This will help determine how well the internal organs work, whether everything is fine with blood clotting, whether there are serious disorders in the body or infectious diseases.

For example, "bags" under the eyes can be caused by kidney disease, allergic reactions, hormonal changes in women during pregnancy, and so on. If the patient does not help the surgeon to identify the exact cause of this phenomenon, then, quite possibly, some time after the operation, it will return. This means that you must first eliminate the root cause, and only then take on the aesthetics of the face.

In addition, since the lower eyelid is part of the visual apparatus, it is quite possible that the patient will need to be examined by an ophthalmologist. This is because swelling or redness of the lower eyelid is common with conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent tissue that covers the back of the eyelids. Naturally, plastic surgery will not be performed until the cure.

There are also a number of general contraindications:

blood clotting disorders;
oncological disease;
serious disruption at work internal systems(respiratory and cardiovascular primarily);
acute viral diseases (for example, influenza);
pregnancy or lactation (if complications occur, antibiotic treatment may be necessary, which is an additional risk for pregnant and lactating women).

Before the operation, about two weeks, you need to give up smoking and alcohol: they have a bad effect on the respiratory and circulatory system, and nicotine also slows down the healing process. You will also need to consult with a plastic surgeon what medications can be taken if the patient is being treated for something. The same applies to dietary supplements and vitamins.

A day before surgery, women should stop using cosmetics. It can cause an allergic reaction or irritation, and then the procedure will have to be postponed.

Finally, before the plastic surgery of the lower eyelids, it should be clearly defined: is this the only procedure that is needed? It is possible that such an operation alone will not solve all the aesthetic problems on the face. In this case, it is better to do everything in a complex way. Circular blepharoplasty, for example.

Rehabilitation after surgery

The recovery period after surgical plastic surgery of the lower eyelids is relatively short and takes about a month on average, but the first day is most often required to be spent in a hospital under medical supervision. This is necessary to avoid complications.

In the first days there is some degree swelling and redness. Cold compresses, as well as sleeping with your head held high, will speed up healing and relieve discomfort. If there are discomfort, then painkillers will help to cope with them. But only those that will appoint a plastic surgeon.

Lower eyelid sutures dissolve after a few days and do not need to be removed. However, in order to avoid problems, it is required to limit excessive physical activity, not to visit public places with high temperature and humidity: saunas, swimming pools, beaches. It is also better to cover your eyes from the sun with dark glasses.

During the first 3-4 days, you will need to use antiseptic eye drops. Depending on how quickly you recover, you can return to normal life within a week to 10 days and start enjoying your new look about two weeks after surgery. However, the full effect after lower eyelid surgery will come about 40-50 days after the operation.

In conclusion, we note that the results of plastic and injection lower blepharoplasty are strikingly different in terms of preservation. The first method gives an aesthetic effect for a period of 7 to 10 and even a maximum of 15 years. It depends on the age of the patient, his lifestyle, skin characteristics. The second method works for up to two years, then the procedure will need to be repeated.

Lower eyelid surgery - addresses and prices

Lower eyelid surgery in Moscow
Lower eyelid surgery in Moscow
73 addresses, prices from 18 000 ₽ prices
Lower eyelid surgery in the Moscow region
1 address, prices prices
Lower eyelid surgery in St. Petersburg
24 addresses, prices from 20 000 ₽ prices

Plastic surgery, contrary to popular belief, is a rather ancient branch of medicine. So, long before our era, in ancient egypt, China and India, interventions were carried out to correct acquired defects in appearance as a result of battles or accidents. Then the healers restored their patients' noses, auricles and even lips. A little later, among the indications for this kind of intervention, congenital defects of the lip and palate, hypermastia, and even obesity appeared. "Surgeons" already then concentrated on finding the most aesthetic solutions for operations. With the arrival new era the development of plastic surgery slowed down for more than one and a half thousand years, perhaps against the background of Christianity's rejection of the principles of aesthetic surgery, and its desire to interfere with the will of the supreme forces, correcting the "sent from above" injuries and deformities.

All about facial plastic surgery

The era of the Renaissance was significant. Then "plastic" was singled out as an independent direction in medicine. Numerous studies began to be carried out, scientific papers, manuals were written, methods were developed and experiments were carried out. It was then that the foundations of modern aesthetic surgery were laid.

Already in the 19th century in Germany, the first intervention to remove excess fat is documented. A little later, at the very beginning of the 20th century, the first facelift operation in history, a few years later - eyelid lifting.

The period between the world wars in this area was marked by countless discoveries: new techniques were introduced to correct various injuries from firearms, the effects of frostbite and burns. Against this background, there was a rapid development of facial rejuvenation surgery.

So, by the middle of the 20th century, aesthetic surgery confidently practiced facelift operations on numerous representatives high society. Of course, back then, surgeons had only a circular coronary lift in their arsenal, which involved making incisions along the scalp from ear to ear. Moreover, such a seam was quite difficult not to notice, which gave the former patients a lot of uncomfortable sensations, and for ordinary people, devoid of any details, food for countless guesses, stereotypes and myths.

Myths about plastic surgery

Firstly, even despite the high technology of modern plastic surgery with a large number of safe and non-traumatic lifting and rejuvenation methods, many still believe that aesthetic surgery involves only a circular facelift, which distorts facial features, making it “artificial”.

Indeed, even 15 years ago, plastic surgeons could only offer this type of rejuvenation, but over the past decade there have been dramatic changes that allow today to perform “sparing” operations that do not require deep incisions and traumatic interventions, and therefore they are now performed not under general anesthesia and under local anesthesia.

Regarding the results of such operations, in contrast to the circular, modern minimally invasive and endoscopic methods exclude the distortion of facial features, assuming a neat zonal tightening of not only skin tissues, but also those located under it with simultaneous (if necessary) their filling. After such an operation, the patient looks absolutely natural, but younger.

Second the myth of plastic surgery: It is believed that aesthetic surgery should be treated no earlier than 45-50 years. In fact, earlier there were a number of indications for rejuvenation, which, as a rule, were characteristic of women of this particular age group. These included obvious sagging and deformities of the face oval, the presence of deep nasolabial and/or nasolacrimal folds, wrinkles, etc.

Today, plastic surgery has methods that do not even involve surgical intervention, but are based on techniques for filling the subcutaneous space “empty” in the process of withering with rejuvenating substances. These include injections based on hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin, etc. These procedures have recently become especially popular among young women 27-30 years old.

Another the myth of plastic surgery: many believe that the operation is enough to carry out just once to forget about aging forever. Unfortunately, it is not. Modern plastic surgery has not yet found such methods that would allow to stop the aging process. The only thing that is already available for each of us is to slow it down for 10 years.

All types of plastic surgery

Modern plastic surgery is divided into two types: aesthetic and reconstructive. The latter since ancient times was identical to the concept of plastic surgery in general. And only in the 19th century, with the development of techniques for surgical rejuvenation and body improvement, the concept of “aesthetic plastic surgery” began to strengthen in this area.

The aesthetic type of plastic surgery involves the following types of interventions:

face lifting;
correction of the shape of eyebrows, eyelids and eyes;
blepharoplasty;
lip shape correction;
neck skin tightening;
breast augmentation;
breast lift;
breast reduction;
buttock augmentation;
change in the shape of the labia;
correction of the shape, length and width of the vagina;
restoration of the hymen;
liposuction in the abdomen, buttocks, legs, arms
correction of the thickness, length and shape of the penis.

Reconstructive type of plastic surgery:

rhinoplasty (correction of the shape or length of the nose);
otoplasty (correction of the shape of the ears);
correction of the shape of the chin;
correction of the consequences of injuries and burns of varying degrees;
correction of the defect of cleft lip and palate.