Foreign Europe in the modern world. The place and role of foreign Europe in the world Great Britain as the leading country of foreign Europe briefly
Detailed solution topic Topic 6 in geography for students in grade 10, authors V.P. Maksakovskiy A basic level of 2017
Task 1. Using the maps of the atlas, describe the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use the model plan for characterizing the country's GWP (see the plan on p. 233).
Task 2. Using the "visiting card" of the countries of foreign Europe on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system. Explain why no other part of the world has so many constitutional monarchies as Western Europe. Plot republics and monarchies on a contour map. Also use Table. 2 in Applications.
Monarchies in Europe have survived more as an important part of culture. The modern monarchs of Europe wield limited power or simply perform a ceremonial role.
Task 3. Using the mineral map of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. Apply a standard plan for characterizing natural conditions for the development of the country's (region's) industry.
Task 4. Using fig. 44, give a description of foreign Europe as the main region of immigration of the population. Select countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Get from fig. 44 as much information as possible.
In terms of the level of immigration (people coming to the country), Great Britain, France, and Germany stand out among the countries of the region. The number of foreign workers there exceeds 6 million people, while in Germany it reaches 10 million people. The main immigration flows come from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, of Eastern Europe countries of Africa and Asia. At the same time, there is a migration of the population within Europe itself. For example, migration for the purpose of employment from the less economically developed countries of Europe (the Balkans, Spain, Italy) to more developed ones, primarily to the UK.
Task 5. Using the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, describe the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with mono-national, bi-national and many national composition population.
Almost all peoples living in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. The Ural family is represented in Europe only by Finns and Estonians.
Task 6. Using fig. 45 and a physical map of foreign Europe in the atlas, classify the millionaire cities of the region according to their EGL. Determine the cities located: 1) on the sea coasts; 2) at the mouths of rivers; 3) away from the seas, but on navigable rivers; 4) away from the seas. Reflect the results of the classification in the table. In which countries are the capitals located near the geographical centers of these countries?
In which countries are the capitals located near the geographical centers of these countries?
In Belarus, Spain, Poland.
Task 7. Using the text and drawings of the textbook, maps of the atlas and tables 22-27 in the "Appendices", specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and the largest centers or main basins, establish their distribution by country. According to Figures 21-26, establish where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from to foreign Europe.
Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Europe. This industry accounts for 1/3 of the entire industrial output of the region under consideration and 2/3 of its exports. Mechanical engineering focuses primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. The automotive industry was especially developed. Such car brands as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), Volvo (Sweden) are world famous. An important feature of mechanical engineering in foreign Europe is the active penetration of capital from other countries, primarily the United States and Japan. Oil and natural gas enter Europe from the Persian Gulf countries (the largest supply flows), Venezuela. Iron ore is supplied from Brazil, India, Australia, Canada.
Task 8. Using a map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy to: 1) coal basins; 2) iron ore pools; 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including maritime).
Examples of ferrous metallurgy centers focusing on: 1) hard coal reserves (Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine); 2) iron ore deposits (Lorraine in France, the Urals in Russia); 3) at the intersection of coal and ore flows (Taranto in Italy).
Task 9. With the help of fig. 49 identify crops that are most typical for countries belonging to the middle and southern European types Agriculture. Set the similarities and differences. For an explanation, also use the agro-climatic map in the atlas.
The Central European type of agriculture is characterized by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock, as well as pig and poultry farming. Crop production in this type not only satisfies the basic needs of the population for food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. For the South European type of agriculture, on the contrary, the predominance of crop production is characteristic, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, but also significant areas are occupied by fruit plantations (plantations of citrus fruits, grapes, olives, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops).
Task 10. Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas, schematically plot the main railway lines, navigable rivers and seaports of the region on the contour map. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.
The transport networks of individual countries can be radial (single-center) configuration (France) or multi-center (Germany).
Task 11. Using the plans of the central parts of London or Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a message about cultural and historical sights. Why did they become major centers of tourism?
There are many attractions in central London. The most famous symbol of London is the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which is better known as Big Ben. The Palace of Westminster itself hosts meetings of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Not far from the abbey is the residence of Her Majesty the Queen - Buckingham Palace. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace is one of the most recognizable ceremonies in the world. An important tourist attraction is Trafalgar Square, which is also the geographical center of London. In the center of Trafalgar Square stands a column in honor of Admiral Horatio Nelson. Also on Trafalgar Square there are pedestals in the corners, three of which are permanent, and the fourth pedestal is a platform for contemporary artists. Towering above Trafalgar Square are two more sights of London - the London National Gallery and the Portrait Gallery. Also one of the main attractions is the London Eye - the famous Ferris wheel in the center of London. The London Eye is located five minutes walk from Big Ben. In the center of London is the Tower of London and next to it is the Tower Bridge. The Tower is the oldest building in London and houses the Treasures of the British Crown. And Tower Bridge is the only drawbridge across the Thames in London.
London, like Paris, are the oldest cities in Europe, its cultural centers.
Task 12. Make a project for a two-week vacation in foreign Europe, dedicated to getting to know the World Heritage Sites. Suggest one or two route options.
European countries have a large number of attractions that are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. To get acquainted with them, you can make 2 routes, one will pass through Northern Europe, some countries of Central Europe and the UK. The second route will pass through the countries of Central Europe.
1 route (main points):
Suomenlinna fortress (Helsinki, Finland) - royal residence Drotningholm (Stockholm, Sweden) - Geiranger fjord (Norway) - old Bergen shipyard (Norway) - Kronborg Castle (Denmark) - Runestones in Jelling (Denmark) - Windmills in the Kinderdijk area -Ellshout (Rotterdam, The Netherlands) - Schröder House (Utrecht, The Netherlands) - 17th century concentric canals in the Singelgracht (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) - Historic city center of Bruges (Belgium) - Grand Place in Brussels (Belgium) - Neolithic quarries in Spienne (Mons, Belgium) - Stonehenge megalithic monuments (UK) - Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey (UK) - Tower of London (UK)
2 route (main points):
Palace and Park Complex of the Radziwills in Nesvizh (Belarus) - Mir Castle (Belarus) - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) - Historic Center of Warsaw (Poland) - Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (Oswiecim, Poland) - Royal Salt Mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Wieliczka) , Poland) - Historic center of Krakow (Poland) - Historic center of Prague (Czech Republic) - Holy Trinity Column in the city of Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) - Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany) - Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) - Speyer Cathedral ( Speyer, Germany) - Cathedral St. Mary and St. Michael Church in Hildesheim (Germany) - Palaces and parks of Potsdam and Berlin (Germany)
Task 13. Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Determine the main branches of its industry and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?
The Ruhr is one of the most typical old industrial areas in Europe. In the Ruhr industrial region, a complex complex of industrial production was formed, including coal, metallurgical, chemical industries, heavy (including military) engineering, energy and enterprises of many related industries. New industries that have developed in this region include instrument making, electrical engineering, and electronics. The largest industrial centers of the region are Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund, Bochum.
Task 14. Using the "visiting card" of the countries of foreign Europe on the flyleaf of the textbook and a selection of diagrams on p. 217-219, give a short presentation about one of the countries (of your choice).
When preparing a message, you can use the answers to tasks 1 and 15 of this topic.
The Federal Republic of Germany is a state in Central Europe. The area of the territory is 357,408.74 km². Population 82 million people According to the state structure, it is a federal state. Germany is a developed country with a very high standard of living.
The level of urbanization of the country is 74%. The largest cities are: Berlin (the capital with a population of 3.5 million people), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main. AT ethnic composition The population is dominated by Germans (92%).
Germany does not have significant reserves of any minerals. The only exception is coal mined in the Ruhr basin. However, today these resources are limited or depleted because they have been exploited for a long time. Therefore, the country's economy is concentrated mainly in the industrial production sector and the service sector. The basis of the economy (from 70% to 78%) is services, 23-28% - production. The agricultural sector makes up 0.5-1.5% of GDP, which employs the same number of the economically active population of the country.
Germany has highly productive agriculture. About 70% of agricultural products are produced by animal husbandry. Cattle breeding is the main livestock industry in Germany. The second place in importance is occupied by pig breeding.
Germany is one of the founding countries and a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and a member of the G7.
Task 15. Using the maps of the atlas, put on the contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural regions, highways and seaports of one of the countries of foreign Europe (of your choice).
Task 16. Review the material of part I of the textbook and topic 6 "Foreign Europe", as well as the tables of "Appendices" and write down in a notebook all the information and figures related to Germany. Use your abstract for more complete characteristics economic and social geography of this country.
The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of the FRG is its location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes of the latitudinal and meridional directions, the availability of access to the Baltic and North Seas.
According to the form of government, Germany is a parliamentary republic, and according to the form of administrative-territorial structure, it is a federal state.
In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the United States, China, India and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita, it is among the top ten leading countries in the world.
The structure of the economy indicates that the country is at the post-industrial stage of development.
In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world.
Mechanical engineering is focused on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and also gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. Great Britain, the Czech Republic, there are enterprises of this industry in almost every city.
The automotive industry was especially developed. Car brands such as Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany) are world famous.
The country has developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The copper industry stands out from the sectoral structure of the non-ferrous industry.
The transport network of Germany belongs to the multicenter.
Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of productivity of field and garden crops and the productivity of animal husbandry. The industry is characterized by the predominance of animal husbandry. Breed mainly dairy cattle and pigs. Crop production almost completely satisfies the needs of the population for food. Of the food crops, wheat, barley, potatoes, and sugar beet are of the greatest importance.
The international specialization of Germany is the export of cars, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronic products, ships, chemicals and light industry products.
Task 17. Work in a notebook
17.1. Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) the size of the territory; 2) population; 3) the level of urbanization. Draw your own conclusions.
By area
After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among the countries of Europe, countries of medium size predominate. At the same time, there are a number of dwarf states in Europe. In Europe there is a part of the largest country in terms of area - Russia (its European part).
By population
After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among the countries of Europe, countries with a population of 3 to 20 million people predominate. Also among the countries of Europe there are countries with a population of more than 20 million people, and less than 1 million.
By level of urbanization
After analyzing the table, we can conclude that almost all European countries are highly urbanized. Countries with a percentage of urbanization above 80% are the dwarf states and the most economically developed countries in Europe. This also includes Iceland, whose high urbanization is caused by the influence of climate. A lower level of urbanization is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.
17.3. Using the tables, figures and text of topic 6, determine which countries in the region are in the top ten countries in the world in terms of production of certain types industrial and agricultural products. Present the data obtained in the form of a table.
17.4. Using the textbook material and additional sources of information, describe your virtual journey along the Danube from its sources to its mouth.
The Danube is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga). Often the Danube is called an "international" river, as it flows through the territory of 10 states: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. The main feature of the Danube is the yellowish-brown color of its water, which is given to the Danube by suspended particles of silty soils washed off the coastal surface. Therefore, the Danube is considered the most muddy among the largest rivers in Europe. The Danube originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany. The territories of the water basin covered by the Danube along its entire length have the most diverse landscape. These are high-altitude regions with glaciers, mountain ranges of medium height, covered with forests. There are karst plateaus devoid of any vegetation, low mountain plateaus with river valleys, as well as forest and steppe plains. In the lower reaches, the Danube forks, and forms a vast delta, cut through by a dense network of channels.
17.5. Prepare an oral report about one of the microstates of Western Europe.
San Marino is one of the smallest states in the world. It is located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by the territory of Italy. San Marino is the oldest state in Europe. Its area is only 60.57 km². The country is completely located on the southwestern slope of the Monte Titano mountain range, rising above the hilly plain of the foothills of the Apennines. The capital of the state is the capital of the same name - San Marino, in which most of all the sights are concentrated. The visiting card, as well as the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country), is the medieval complex "Three Towers of San Marino", located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. There are many different museums in the capital. Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.
17.6. Determine the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying the topic 6. Which of them are new to you?
When compiling maps on this topic, the following methods were used:
The cartographic method, with which you can trace the structure of the industry;
Movement signs that are used to show the spatial movements of any social, natural or economic phenomena (for example, transport routes, population migration, etc.);
Icon method (reflecting the volume of production by country);
Qualitative and quantitative background method.
Block of self-control and mutual control
Test knowledge of a specific material:
1. Which of the listed countries of foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany?
Answer: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain.
2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway to access the sea: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany?
Answer: Of the listed Danube waterways, let Hungary and Serbia use them for access to the sea, since they have no access to the sea and the Danube River plays an important transport role. In addition, of these countries, the Danube flows through the territory of Croatia, Romania and Germany, however, these countries have open access to the sea, so the Danube waterway is of less importance than for other countries.
3. Which of the following ports of foreign Europe belong to the category of world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, Athens, Gdansk, Constanta?
Answer: Rotterdam, Hamburg, Marseille, Constanta (more than 50 million tons of cargo are handled annually)
4. Which of the following areas are highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South Germany?
Answer: London, Paris. South German (modern highly developed regions).
Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:
1. What are the characteristics of a Western European city?
In the center of such a (Western European) city, there is usually the main (market) square with a town hall and a cathedral, from which the narrow streets of the old city diverge radially from residential buildings, shops and buildings. In the old city, architectural and historical sights are usually preserved. The remaining parts are dominated by modern buildings.
2. What are the specific features of the fuel and energy economy in Eastern Europe?
Oil and natural gas, both produced in the region itself (North Sea) and imported from other countries (Russia), have taken the leading place in the fuel and energy economy of most countries of foreign Europe. In Eastern Europe, in contrast to the countries of Western Europe, the focus on coal as an energy source has been partially preserved (Poland, Czech Republic). The majority of thermal power plants in the region are also oriented towards coal basins.
3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?
In the northern part of the region, both ore and fuel minerals are common. Ore deposits predominate in the southern part, and fuel resources are much smaller here.
4. What are the characteristics transport system foreign Europe?
The transport system of the region belongs to the Western European type. In terms of transportation distance, it is inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But it ranks first in the world in terms of the provision of a transport network. It is characterized by high traffic density, great importance of international and transit traffic. Road transport plays a major role in the transportation of passengers and goods.
Use the cards to answer the questions:
1. In which countries of foreign Europe, the role of the capital is not the largest city of this country?
Answer: Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Montenegro, Switzerland.
2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?
Answer: Monaco has the highest population density (more than 10,000 people/km2). Also, high density is typical for Malta, San Marino, the Netherlands and Belgium.
3. How can you get from the North to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland peninsula?
Answer: You can use the Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic and North Seas. It runs from the Kiel Bay, near the city of Kiel, to the mouth of the Elbe River, near the city of Brunsbüttel.
4. What industries are most typical for industrial regions and nodes that have formed: 1) in capital cities; 2) in port cities; 3) in coal fields?
For the industrial areas formed in the capital regions, mechanical engineering, electronics, and the food industry are typical. In port cities: shipbuilding and ship repair, food industry (processing of fish and imported products). Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry are developed in the coal basins.
5. Which metallurgical plants operate on imported raw materials and fuel?
Plants located in coastal regions and ports operate on imported raw materials and fuel. Such combines are found in Italy (Taranto), in Germany, France, Great Britain.
Explain:
1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of population immigration?
Europe is characterized by the "aging of nations", when the proportion of the elderly population is increasing and the proportion of people of young and working age is sharply declining. When superimposed on this is still low birth rates, the demographic problem of Europe becomes clear, which leads to a shortage of labor resources. In this regard, the countries of Europe for some time pursued a policy of attracting immigrants who were interested in moving to more highly developed countries with a high standard of living. However, this situation changed dramatically in 2015, when another European migration crisis arose. As a result of the increase in the number of soldiers in the Middle East and Syria, as well as the population explosion in Africa, the proportion of refugees from these regions has increased dramatically. In total, more than 1.5 million migrants arrived in Europe during this time (2015-2016).
2. Why is there a sharp preponderance of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?
These cities (Paris and London) are the oldest political and industrial centers of both countries and Europe as a whole. This explains the preponderance of these metropolitan agglomerations over other cities within their countries. In the case of Germany and Italy, their modern capitals were not always the political centers of the countries. So Rome became the modern capital of Italy only in 1870, and even after that, during the Second World War, the capital was transferred from Rome to other cities.
3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, 60-80% falls on industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - on agriculture?
The countries of Southern Europe have more favorable agro-climatic resources in comparison with the countries of Central and Northern Europe. This allows the active development of agriculture, a significant part of its products is exported and is an international specialization of countries. The countries of Central and Northern Europe have significant reserves of mineral resources, which allows them to develop industry.
4. Why do oil monopolies conduct exploration and production of oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?
Oil from the Near and Middle East, despite its low cost, requires expenses for the delivery of this oil to the region. At the same time, many countries pursue an energy security policy, during which they purchase energy resources (including oil) from various countries in order to reduce the dependence of the country's energy security on political and economic issues. Also, in the course of this policy, the development and production of oil on its territory is carried out.
5. Why does Norway have more income from fishing than from agriculture?
Agricultural lands in Norway occupy 3% of the country's area, which is a consequence of the climatic (poor soils) and orographic features of the country. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, heavily dissected by fjords and cut through by deep valleys. At the same time, the country has a long coastline and is washed by the seas from 3 sides. As a result, fishing has developed.
6. Why does the Rhine River surpass all other river systems in the world in terms of cargo turnover?
The Rhine is the largest river in Western Europe, which flows through the territory of such countries as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. All these countries are among the highly developed countries of the world. Also, the river is navigable for 952 km (to the city of Basel and along Lake Constance), which, combined with the climatic conditions of the region (the Rhine does not freeze during the year), allows it to be the most important transport artery of the region. Along the Rhine are large cities characterized by a high level of industrial development.
7. Why Europe has been and remains the main area of international tourism?
This region has a rich history and cultural heritage, which is represented by architectural sights, museums, etc. The region also has a variety of recreational resources: mountains, sea coast, vast plains. All this together attracts tourists to this region.
8. Why is the state of the environment, as a rule, the most threatening in depressive old industrial areas?
In the old industrial regions, coal was the main energy resource. When coal is burned, large amounts of particulate matter and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. The presence of coal attracts ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which also affects the state of the environment. All these problems are multiplied as a result of the long existence of these areas, during which human activities are carried out there.
Specify:
1. In which of the following countries does the population speak the languages of the Germanic group of the Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?
Answer: Austria, Germany, Great Britain.
2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland?
Answer: The largest influx of immigrants is characteristic of Italy, Germany and France.
3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?
Answer: Statement 1 is true for Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy.
Statement 2 is true for France, Finland.
Statement 3 is true for Switzerland.
Statement 4 is true for Poland, Hungary, France, Finland, Italy.
Statement 5 is true for Germany, Switzerland.
Can you:
2. From memory, identify countries that have land borders: 1) only with Germany; 2) only with Spain; 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia?
Answer: 1 - Denmark and the Netherlands; 2 - Portugal; 3 - Austria.
4. Name the country of foreign Europe, where there is practically no rural population?
Answer: Monaco, Vatican.
5. Exclude single-national countries from the list below: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain?
Answer: single-national countries - Norway, Portugal, Germany.
Choose the correct answer:
1. France borders on: a) three countries; b) five countries; c) six countries.
Answer: France borders on 7 countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra.
2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Dutch.
Answer: Parisian agglomeration.
3. Of the capital cities of the region on the sea coast are: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.
Answer: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens.
4. Most of the oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.
Answer: In Europe, Norway produces the most oil (in the world ranking 13th place as of 2016 according to OPEC).
Find out the country:
1. The island country of Western Europe, which in the past was distinguished by mass emigration to the United States. Member of the European Union. Specializes in dairy farming.
Answer: Ireland.
2. A country located on a peninsula in northern Europe. It is a constitutional monarchy. Specializes in mechanical engineering, production of ferrous metals, forestry and woodworking industry.
Answer: Sweden.
3. A country that is a confederation of 26 independent administrative units, the population of which speaks four state languages.
Answer: Switzerland.
Introduction................................................. ................................................. ................................. 3
general characteristics foreign Europe .................................................. ............................... 3
1. Territory, borders, position ............................................... ................................................... 3
2. Natural conditions and resources............................................... ................................................. .. four
3. Population: reproduction, migrations, ethnic composition, urbanization.................................. 5
4. Economy: place in the world, differences between countries .............................................. ................... 7
5. Industry: main industries .............................................. ........................................... eight
6. Agriculture: three main types............................................................... ...................................... eleven
7. Transport: main highways and nodes .......................................... ..................................... 13
8. Science and Finance: Research Parks and Banking Centers 14
9. Recreation and tourism: the main tourist region of the world .............................................. ................... fourteen
Introduction
Foreign (in relation to the CIS countries) Europe occupies an area of 5.1 million km 2 with a population of 500 million people (1995). About 40 sovereign states are located here, interconnected by common historical destinies, close political, economic and cultural relations. Foreign Europe is one of the centers of world civilization, the birthplace of the Great geographical discoveries, industrial revolutions, urban agglomerations, and international economic integration. And although, as you already know, the era of “Eurocentrism” is a thing of the past, this region still occupies a very important place in world politics and economics today.
General characteristics of foreign Europe
1. Territory, borders, position.
The territory of foreign Europe extends from north to south (from the island of Svalbard to the island of Crete) for 5 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 3 thousand km. Among European countries there are more and less large ones, but for the most part they are relatively small.
The economic and geographical position of the countries of foreign Europe is determined by two main features.
First, the neighboring position of these countries in relation to each other. With a relatively small size of the territory, its small “depth” and good transport “passability”, these countries either directly border or are separated by short distances. In addition, their borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create significant obstacles to transport links.
Secondly, the coastal position of the vast majority of countries, many of which are located close to the busiest sea routes. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km from the sea, in the east - 600 km. The whole life of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece has been closely connected with the sea since ancient times, the “daughter of the sea” - this can be said about each of them.
Political map of the region during the 20th century. underwent major changes three times: after the first and second world wars and in recent years (the unification of Germany, the acquisition of independence by the Baltic countries, the collapse of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, a change in the social system in Eastern Europe).
In foreign Europe, both republics and monarchies, both unitary and federal states are represented.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
The natural prerequisites for the industry of foreign Europe were formed under the great influence of the distribution of minerals. However, their composition in the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region differs significantly.
In the northern part, both ore minerals, associated with the Baltic Shield and the Hercynian folding zone, and fuel minerals, "tied" primarily to the sedimentary cover of the platform and its marginal foredeeps, are widespread.
Among the coal basins, the Ruhr in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Upper Silesian in Poland stand out, among the oil and gas basins - the North Sea, among the iron ore - Lorraine in France and Kiruna in Sweden.
In the southern part, ore deposits of both igneous and sedimentary (bauxite) origin predominate, but the reserves of fuel resources are much smaller here. Such a tectonic structure of the territory largely explains the "incompleteness" of the set of minerals in individual countries.
The hydropower resources of foreign Europe are quite large, but they fall mainly on the regions of the Alps, the Scandinavian and Dinaric mountains.
The natural prerequisites for agriculture in the region are relatively favorable and have been widely used for many centuries. As a result, the reserves for the expansion of cultivated land are almost exhausted, and the "load" on them is increasing. Therefore, small coastal countries, and above all the Netherlands, continue to attack the coastal areas of the seas.
In the Netherlands, over the course of many centuries, with the help of dams and dams, almost 1/3 of the entire territory of the country has been reclaimed from the sea.
No wonder there is a saying here: "God created the earth, and the Dutch - Holland." The drainage of the IJsselmeer, formerly a sea bay, and the implementation of the so-called "Delta Plan", which provides for the complete protection of the coast, are being completed.
The agro-climatic resources of the region are determined by its position in the temperate, and in the south - in the subtropical zones. In the Mediterranean, sustainable agriculture needs artificial irrigation. Most of the irrigated land is in Italy and Spain.
Sweden and Finland have the greatest natural prerequisites for forestry, where typical forest landscapes predominate: forests cover lowlands and uplands, banks of rivers and lakes, and approach settlements. No wonder people say: "Finland without a forest is like a bear without wool."
Foreign Europe also has large and diverse natural and recreational resources.
3. Population: reproduction, migration, national composition, urbanization.
Recently, the population of foreign Europe began to grow very slowly. As you already know, this is due to the fact that the reproduction of the region's population is characterized by a difficult demographic situation. In some countries, there is even a natural population decline. At the same time, the age composition of the population is changing, and the proportion of older people is growing.
All this led to a sharp change in the share of the region in the global system of external migration of the population. Having been the main center of emigration since the time of the Great geographical discoveries, foreign Europe has become the main world center of labor immigration. Now there are 12-13 million foreign workers here, a significant part of whom are not citizens, but temporary guest workers (in German, "guest workers").
In terms of national composition, the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the vast majority of the 62 peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family. At the same time, the related languages of the Slavic, Romance, Germanic groups have significant similarities. The same is true for the languages of the Uralic family. Nevertheless, the ethnic map of the region, which has evolved over thousands of years, is not so simple. Along with single-ethnic states, there are many states with a complex national composition, in which interethnic relations have recently become aggravated; Yugoslavia is an example of this kind.
In all countries of foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. In Southern Europe, Catholicism sharply prevails, in Northern Europe - Protestantism; and in the Middle they are in different proportions. Rome is home to the world center of Catholicism - the Vatican.
Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. At the same time, the distribution of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The level of urbanization here is one of the highest in the world: on average, 73% live in cities, and in some countries more than 80% and even 90% of the total population. The total number of cities is measured in many thousands, and their network is very dense. Gradually, over thousands of years, a Western European type of city developed, the roots of which date back to the times of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.
A characteristic feature of the urbanization of foreign Europe is ~ very high concentration population in large cities and urban agglomerations, which are more here than in the United States and Japan combined. The largest of them are London, Paris and Rhine-Ruhr. In the 70s. after a period of rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, an outflow of the population from their centers (cores) began, first to the near and far suburbs, and then to more remote small cities and in countryside("green wave"). As a result, the number of residents in the central areas of London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities either stabilized or even began to decline. This process has received in science the name suburbanization.
According to forecasts, the level of urbanization in the region by the end of the 20th century. can increase up to 85%.
4. Economy: place in the world, differences between countries.
Foreign Europe, as an integral region, ranks first in the world economy in terms of industrial and agricultural production, in the export of goods and services, in reserves of gold and currency, and in the development of international tourism.
It is clear that the economic power of the region is primarily determined by four countries that are members of the "big seven" of Western countries - Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. It is these countries that have the widest range of various industries and industries. But the balance of power between them has changed in recent decades. The role of the leader has passed to the FRG, whose economy is developing more dynamically on the path of reindustrialization. Great Britain, the former "workshop of the world", has lost many of its former positions.
Of the rest of the countries of foreign Europe, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the greatest economic weight. In contrast to the four main countries, their economy is primarily specialized in certain industries, which, as a rule, have won European or world recognition. Small and medium-sized countries are especially widely drawn into world economic relations. Most high level economic openness has reached in Belgium and the Netherlands.
A special place on the economic map of the region is occupied by the countries of Eastern Europe, where since the late 80s. there is a transition from the former system of public ownership and central planning to a system based on market principles.
5. Industry: main industries.
The "face" of foreign Europe in the international geographical division of labor has been determined for more than 200 years, and is still largely determined by the development of industry.
The region produces more machine tools, industrial robots, precision and optical instruments, automobiles, tractors, petroleum products, plastics, and chemical fibers than the United States.
Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of industry in foreign Europe, which is its homeland. This industry accounts for 1/3 of the total industrial output of the region and 2/3 of its exports.
Mechanical engineering, which focuses primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations, including metropolitan ones. But at the same time, for each of the numerous sub-sectors of the mechanical engineering itself, its own peculiarities of orientation are typical.
In Great Britain, the area of London stands out for the development of electrical engineering, electronics, instrumentation, and the aerospace industry, the Birmingham area for the development of machine tool building and the automotive industry, the Manchester area for the development of textile engineering, and the Glasgow area for shipbuilding.
One of the largest industrial hubs in foreign Europe is the capital of Hungary, Budapest, where more than 0.5 million people are employed in this industry. More than 1/3 of all industrial products of the country are produced here.
But there are also such regions and even entire countries in which mechanical engineering is very dispersed. In Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, there are enterprises in this industry in almost every city.
The chemical industry in foreign Europe ranks second after mechanical engineering. In particular, this applies to the most “chemicalized” country not only in this region, but also in the whole world - Germany.
Until the Second World War, the chemical industry focused mainly on hard and lignite coal, potash and table salts, and pyrites, and was located in areas where they were mined. The reorientation of the industry to hydrocarbon raw materials has led to the fact that it has moved "to oil". In the western part of the region, this shift found expression primarily in the emergence of large centers of petrochemistry in the estuaries of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, and Rhone, where this industry is combined with oil refining.
The region's largest hub of petrochemical production and refineries was formed in the estuary of the Rhine and Scheldt in the Netherlands, near Rotterdam. In fact, it serves the whole of Western Europe.
In the eastern part of the region, the shift “to oil” has led to the creation of refineries and petrochemical plants along the routes of main oil and gas pipelines.
The main oil refining and petrochemical enterprises of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary were built on the route of the Druzhba international oil pipeline and gas pipelines that carry oil and natural gas. In Bulgaria, for the same reason, petrochemistry is "shifted" to the Black Sea coast.
In the fuel and energy economy of most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place was occupied by oil and natural gas, produced both in the region itself (the North Sea) and imported from developing countries, from Russia. The extraction and consumption of coal in the UK, Germany, France, and the Netherlands have declined sharply. In the eastern part of the region, the focus on coal is still preserved, and not so much on hard coal (Poland, Czech Republic), but on brown coal. Perhaps there is no other area in the world where brown coal would play such a big role in the fuel and energy balance.
The largest lignite basins in foreign Europe are located in Poland (Belchatow), the Czech Republic (North Czech) and Germany (Lower Lausitz, Halle-Leipzig).
The majority of TPPs are also oriented towards coal basins. But they are also built in seaports (on imported fuel) and in major cities. An increasing impact on the structure and geography of the electric power industry - especially in France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria - is exerted by the construction of nuclear power plants, of which there are already more than 80 in the region (see Figure 51). On the Danube and its tributaries, on the Rhone, the Rhine, the Duero, hydroelectric power stations or their entire cascades have been built.
The largest of the hydroelectric facilities on the Danube was built in the early 70s. in the gorge iron gate joint efforts of Romania and Yugoslavia. HPP capacity - 2.1 million kW, electricity generation - 11 billion kWh per year.
The metallurgical industry of foreign Europe was mainly formed before the beginning of the era of scientific and technological revolution. Ferrous metallurgy has been developed primarily in countries that have metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials - Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, and the Czech Republic.
The southern metallurgical base of Poland was formed on the basis of the Upper Silesian coal basin. It includes about two dozen factories, including two very large plants - Huta-Krakow and Katowice.
After World War II, large smelters were built or expanded in seaports with a focus on importing higher quality and cheaper iron ore and scrap metal.
The largest and most modern of the plants built in seaports is located in Taranto (Italy). Its capacity is more than 10 million tons of steel per year.
Recently, not large plants, but mini-factories have been built mainly.
The most important branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are the aluminum and copper industries. Aluminum production arose both in countries with bauxite reserves (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece) and in countries where there is no aluminum raw material, but a lot of electricity is generated (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Recently, aluminum smelters are increasingly oriented towards raw materials coming from developing countries by sea.
The copper industry has received the greatest development in Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia.
The timber industry, oriented primarily to the sources of raw materials, has become an international specialization in Sweden and Finland, which have long been the main "forest shop" of the region.
Light industry, with which, as you already know, the industrialization of foreign Europe began, has largely lost its former significance. Of course, the old textile districts, formed at the dawn industrial revolution(Lancashire and Yorkshire in the UK, Flanders in Belgium, Lyon in France, Milan in Italy), as well as the one that arose already in the 19th century. The Lodz region of Poland still exists today. But lately light industry has been shifting to Southern Europe, where there are still reserves of cheap labor. So, Portugal has become almost the main "clothing factory" of the region. And Italy in the production of shoes is second only to the United States.
In many countries, rich national traditions are also preserved in the production of furniture, musical instruments, glassware, metal products, jewelry, toys, etc.
6. Agriculture: three main types.
For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in selling them on foreign markets. After the Second World War, significant changes took place in their agrarian system, in the system of land ownership and land use, associated with the transition from a universal small peasant farm to a large specialized high-commodity farm included in the agribusiness system. The main type of agricultural enterprise has become a large highly mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landownership and small-scale land use by tenant peasants still predominate.
The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are plant growing and animal husbandry, which are ubiquitous, combined with each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region: 1) Northern European, 2) Central European and 3) Southern European.
The northern European type, common in Scandinavia, Finland, and also in Great Britain, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the crop production that serves it, fodder crops and gray bread. The Central European type is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, as well as pig and poultry farming.
Animal husbandry has reached a very high level in Denmark, where it has long become an industry of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork and eggs. No wonder it is often called the "dairy farm" of Europe.
Crop production not only satisfies the basic needs of the population for food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops.
The South European type is characterized by a significant predominance of crop production, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. Although cereal crops occupy the main place in the crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes (which since ancient times has been a symbol of fertility and abundance), olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main "garden of Europe".
The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain, and especially the region of Valencia, is usually called "huerta", i.e. "garden". Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all - oranges, which are harvested from December to March. In the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world.
Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.
7. Transport: main highways and nodes.
The regional transport system of the region is mainly of the Western European type. In terms of transportation distance, it is much inferior to the systems of the United States and Russia. But in terms of the provision of a transport network, it is far ahead, ranking first in the world. The density of traffic is also very high, the role of international and transit traffic is great. Relatively short distances stimulated the development of road transport, which now plays a major role in the transportation of not only passengers, but also goods. The railway network in most countries is declining, and large new buildings in the 50s - 70s. were characteristic only for some countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania).
The configuration of the region's transport network is very complex. But its main frame is formed by the highways of the latitudinal and meridional directions, which are of international importance.
River routes also have meridional (Rhine) or latitudinal (Danube) directions. The transport significance of the Rhine is especially great, along which 250-300 million tons of cargo are transported per year. After the commissioning of the Rhine - Main - Danube waterway, which connected the two most important waterways of foreign Europe, it should increase significantly.
Large transport hubs arose at the intersections of land and inland waterways. In essence, such nodes are also seaports, serving primarily international transportation. Many world ports (London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Le Havre) are located in the estuaries of rivers that connect them with the hinterland. All of them have actually turned into single port-industrial complexes. They are characterized by the development of branches of the marine economy and especially the so-called "port industry", working on imported, overseas raw materials. The largest of them is Rotterdam.
The turnover of the port of Rotterdam is 250 - 300 million tons per year. Located on one of the branches of the Rhine, 33 km from the sea, it serves as the main sea gate for many European countries. It is connected with the hinterland by waterways along the Rhine and Moselle, railways and highways, oil and gas pipelines.
The transport networks of individual countries have either a radial (single-center) configuration, as in France, where "all roads lead to Paris", or a multi-center one, as, for example, in Germany.
8. Science and finance: research parks and banking centers.
Following the example of Silicon Valley in the United States, many research parks have also emerged in foreign Europe, which already largely determine the geography of science in a number of countries. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Cambridge (Great Britain), Munich (Germany). In the south of France, near Nice, the so-called "Valley of high technology" is being formed.
In foreign Europe there are 60 of the 200 largest world banks. Switzerland has long been the benchmark of a banker country:
in the vaults of its banks lies half of all securities in the world. The “economic capital” of the country, Zurich, stands out in particular. Recently, Luxembourg has also become a banker country. But still the largest financial center was and remains London.
9. Recreation and tourism: the main tourist region of the world.
As you already know, overseas Europe is the main area of international tourism. "World record holder" for tourism - France, which is visited annually by over 50 million people; this means that for every Frenchman there is approximately one visiting foreigner! Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Great Britain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Portugal, Greece are also among the most popular tourist countries. And in such microstates as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, tourist services have long been the main source of income. There are 100 tourists for every inhabitant.
In foreign Europe, the most widely represented tourist areas are two types of recreational areas - seaside and mountainous.
The main area of seaside tourism is the Mediterranean, which is visited annually by 100 to 150 million people. The coast of the Lagurian Sea is especially popular, where the Cote d'Azur (Riviera) protected from the north by the Alps is located, with its center in Nice, the Adriatic Sea coast in Croatia, the coast of Spain, the Balearic Islands.
The main region of mountain tourism is the Alps. The lower belt of mountains is used mainly for treatment and hiking, the middle one for skiing, the upper one for mountaineering.
Along with the countries "selling their climate", tourists and vacationers are attracted by the "old stones of Europe" - the sights of its cities. Paris, Rome, Madrid (see Figure 55) have become a kind of "tourist Mecca" (see Figure 55), where in July - August there are probably fewer local residents than visitors. Many tourists also visit London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Dresden, Prague, Budapest, Venice, Naples, Athens.
10. Environmental protection and environmental problems: overcoming the threat.
As a result of high population density, long-standing industrial and agricultural development of the territory
the natural environment of foreign Europe to the greatest extent has become the geographical environment of human society. All types of anthropogenic landscapes are widespread here. But at the same time, this led to the aggravation of many environmental and environmental issues.
All countries in the region are pursuing a state environmental policy and are taking more and more decisive measures to protect the environment. Strict environmental laws have been issued, grassroots organizations and green parties have sprung up, bicycles are being promoted, and the network of national parks and other protected areas has been expanded.
All this led to the first positive results. Nevertheless, in many countries the environmental situation is still difficult. First of all, this applies to the UK, Germany, Belgium, Poland, and the Czech Republic.
In the 80s. In Poland, 27 areas of increased environmental danger were identified, in which 35% of the country's population lives. The ancient city of Krakow, which houses Poland's largest metallurgical plant, has been declared the site of an environmental disaster.
In general, the ecological situation in the eastern part of foreign Europe is much worse than in the western.
The video lesson is dedicated to the topic “Foreign Europe. Composition, political map. This topic is the first not only in the section of lessons devoted to Foreign Europe, but also the first in the regional geography of the 10th grade. You will get to know the old Europe, which continues to play a leading role in the modern economy due to its financial, geopolitical influences and features of the economic and geographical position. The teacher will tell in detail about the composition, borders, history, countries of Foreign Europe.
Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe
Lesson:Foreign Europe. Composition, political map
Europe is a part of the world with an area of about 10 million km² (of which 5.1 million km² fall on Foreign Europe, in relation to the CIS countries) and a population of 740 million people (about 10-11% of the world's population). The average height is about 300 m, the maximum is 4808 m, Mount Blanc.
Rice. 1. Mont Blanc
Features of the geographical location:
1. The length from north to south (from the island of Svalbard to the island of Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
2. Relief "mosaic" of its territory: lowlands and elevated territories. Among the mountains of Europe, most of the average height. The borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create obstacles for transport links.
3. High degree indented coastline.
4. Coastal position of most countries. The average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the eastern part - 600 km.
5. The "depth" of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km.
6. Neighborhood favorable for integration processes.
7. Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, because located at the junction with Asia and Africa, far advanced into the ocean - "a large peninsula of Eurasia."
8. Diversity of natural resources, but non-complex distribution across countries, many deposits are largely depleted.
Europe is usually divided into Northern and Southern, Western and Eastern, this is rather conditional, especially since not only purely geographical, but also political factors come into play here.
A single economic, political and financial space is being formed in foreign Europe.
The vast majority of countries are members of the UN. Switzerland joined the UN in September 2002, NATO members - 14 countries, EU members - 15 countries. Most of the countries belong to the industrialized group. Four countries: Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are part of the "big seven countries of the West." A special place on the economic map of the region is occupied by post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition.
Council of Europe- an international organization that promotes cooperation between all European countries in the field of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, legality and cultural interaction. Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is Europe's oldest international organization. The best-known organs of the Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, acting in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Commission of the European Pharmacopoeia.
Rice. 2. Emblem of the Council of Europe
After the collapse of the socialist regimes, the situation changed markedly. Most of the countries of the former "socialist camp" reoriented towards Western structures. Currently, more than half of the states of Europe are members of the European Union and NATO, and almost all the rest declare their desire to join these organizations.
The following events had the greatest influence on the formation of the political map of Europe: World War, World War II, the collapse of the USSR and the entire world socialist system. Until the mid-1980s, there were 32 sovereign states, including microstates. Since the beginning of the 90s - about 40 states.
At present, there are more than 40 states in Europe. Most of the states in the form of government are republics, 12 monarchies. According to the administrative - territorial structure, all countries (except Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland) are unitary. Largest countries by area: France, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Finland. Largest countries by population: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. Four states of foreign Europe are members of the Big Seven: France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain. Germany is considered the main economy of Europe.
Rice. 3. Political map of Europe
Homework
Topic 6, Item 1
1. What are the features of the geographical and economic-geographical position of the countries of foreign Europe?
2. What regions (sub-regions) are distinguished in Foreign Europe?
Bibliography
Main
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Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
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Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.
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14. USE 2011. Geography: Standard examination options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute pedagogical measurements ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
6. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ().
The population of Western Europe is over 300 million people.
The majority of the population belongs to the Indo-European language family, and the north of the region is inhabited by representatives of the Germanic language group (Germans, Dutch, Swedes, English, etc.), and the south - by the Romance group (Italians, French, Spaniards, etc.).
In all countries of Western Europe, Christianity remains the dominant religion, while in the northern countries Protestantism prevails, in the southern -.
The demographic situation is characterized by low and low (in some countries it is zero or negative), the general trend of "aging" of the population. In recent years, the decline in natural growth has been especially pronounced in Germany, Italy, Greece, and Spain.
Currently, Western Europe is a labor region from the countries of North, Central America, and. Main countries of emigration: France, Great Britain, .
Western Europe is the most urbanized region in the world. The share of the urban population in the UK, the Netherlands exceeds 80%. A characteristic feature of Western Europe can be called the concentration of the population in large cities. There are about 40 cities - millionaires. The largest urban agglomerations are London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr.
Western Europe is the center. It occupies a leading position in terms of industrial and production volumes. About 1/3 of all industrial products are produced here. In world trade, it accounts for about half of the total trade turnover.
The economic power of the region is determined by four countries: Germany, France, Great Britain and Germany has a leading position among them. Among other countries of Western Europe, they have significant weight. , Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden.
Western Europe is the largest financial center in the world, and the role of "financial capitals" is played by London and.
The 90s of the XX century were marked by the emergence in Western Europe of a single economic space consisting of twenty countries and seven countries of the European Free Trade Association, which is currently contributing to even more intensive development of the economy.
The "face" of Western Europe in the international world is industry, and first of all its leading industry -. This branch accounts for about 1/3 of the value of all industrial products. Mechanical engineering of Western Europe represented by many sub-sectors. Almost all types of machine-building products are produced here, the production of machine tools, optics, electrical engineering and radio electronics, and automobiles stands out in particular.
The focus on the scientific base and infrastructure has led to the fact that this industry is located mainly in large cities and agglomerations. At the same time, mechanical engineering is represented in almost all large cities, so there were no pronounced territorial nodes.
Western Europe remains the leader in The main producer of chemical products is Germany. Many countries have a clear specialization in this industry: Germany - the production of dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - mineral fertilizers, Switzerland - pharmaceuticals.
Recently there have been changes in the placement related to its reorientation to hydrocarbon raw materials (and gas) imported from developing countries by sea. Therefore, large petrochemical plants arose at the mouths of the Thames, Seine, Rhine,. The largest plants have been built in Rotterdam and Marseilles. Old chemical enterprises are located in the areas of extraction of potassium salts, stone and. (Germany, France).
The fuel and energy industry in Western Europe is based on oil and gas, both domestic and imported, and coal. The share of coal in the fuel and energy balance is very large, but tends to decrease. On oil, gas and coal thermal power plants, the share of which is especially significant in Germany, in the UK, the Netherlands. The role of hydroelectric power plants especially in the century in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland; Nuclear power plants - in France, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany.
Metallurgy is one of the oldest industries in the West. The oldest metallurgical base was formed in countries with coking coal reserves or. Germany, France, Great Britain, Spain, Belgium are the main producers of ferrous metals. In the second half of the 20th century, metallurgical plants began to focus on the import of iron ore and scrap metal, which led to the placement of enterprises near seaports (combines in Taronto in Italy). It is represented primarily by aluminum smelting, which is produced in bauxite mining areas (France, Italy,), as well as the generation of cheap electricity (, Switzerland, Germany,). most developed in Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy.
industry is a branch of specialization in Sweden and Finland.
The traditional branch of Western Europe -. An important role is played by the old textile regions in Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Italy. The clothing industry is developed in most Western European countries (especially in Portugal and France), the shoe industry is in Italy and Spain.
Characteristics The industry of Western Europe is the specialization of some countries in the production of certain types of products: - Switzerland, perfumery - France, etc.
The rural economy of the countries of Western Europe is highly marketable and fully meets the needs of the population in food products, and also allows you to export your products.
In accordance with the natural and historical conditions in Western Europe, three types of agriculture have developed.
Northern European type - Scandinavia, Great Britain - Predominance of intensive dairy cattle breeding. Crop production for growing fodder crops and gray bread.
Central European type - Central Europe - The predominance of dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming. Crop production is focused on the main food and fodder crops.
South European type - Mediterranean - Predominance: grain farming, viticulture, horticulture (citrus fruits, fruits), as well as the cultivation of olives, almonds, tobacco, essential oil crops.
The system in Western Europe is well developed. In terms of providing a transport network, Western Europe ranks first in the world. Characteristic features of the Western European regional transport system:
- density and complex configuration of the transport network;
- small transportation distance;
- high share of international and transit traffic;
- an increase in the share of automobiles and a decrease in the share of railways;
- the existence of large transport hubs, incl. maritime, port-industrial complexes (London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Le Havre);
- great importance of river routes (Rhine, Danube);
- development of ferry service (, Northern and).
The following main elements stand out in the territorial structure of the economy and settlement of Western Europe.
Highly developed areas included in the "Central Axis of Development", where the latest industries are concentrated: Greater London, Greater Paris, the Southern Region of Germany (with centers and), the "industrial triangle" of Italy (Milan - Turin-Genoa).
Old industrial areas with a predominance of old basic industries that arose mainly on the basis of the basins: the Ruhr in Germany; Lancashire, Yorkshire, South Wales in the UK; Alsace and Lorraine in France.
Backward agricultural regions: southern Italy, western France, central and southwestern Spain, Greece.
The European territory, which is located outside the countries of the former CIS, is usually called "foreign Europe". It consists of four dozen countries connected with each other by a whole bunch of historical and political relations. The territory of foreign Europe is about 5.4 million square kilometers, and the population is more than 500 million people. This area, of course, is one of the centers of world civilization and occupies an important place in world politics. Today we will talk about such a topic as the general characteristics of foreign Europe. Grade 11 of the school curriculum involves consideration of this topic. Let's remember what we were taught at school and learn something new for ourselves!
States
The territory we are considering today extends 5,000 km from north to south and 3,000 km from west to east. Among them there are large and medium, but for the most part they are still small. For example, there is a joke that when you enter Belgium, you need to have time to put on the brakes, otherwise you can call in another state. A fast train passes through this country in just 140 minutes. There are many such countries in Europe. That is why in many of them there is no such thing as a sleeping car.
As the general characteristics of the countries of foreign Europe show, they, from the point of view, have two main features. The first of them is the neighboring position of the countries. With small (comparatively, of course) the size of the territory and its small "depth", the states have a well-established system of transport links. The second feature is the coastal position of the main number of European countries. Many of them are close to the busiest waterways. The life of such states as England, the Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, Norway, Italy and Greece has been closely connected with the sea since ancient times.
During the 20th century, the political map of Europe underwent significant changes three times: after the First and Second World Wars, and also at the end of the 90s. Today in foreign Europe one can meet republics, monarchies, as well as unitary and federal states.
Nature and resources
It was created under the influence of natural prerequisites, namely the composition of minerals. It differs in the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region. The northern part is rich in ore and fuel minerals. The main coal basins are the Ruhr (Germany) and Upper Silesian (Poland). Among the oil and gas basins, it is worth highlighting the Severomorsky. And among the iron ore - the basin of Kiruna (Sweden) and Lorraine (France).
The southern part of the region is rich in ore deposits of igneous and sedimentary origin. As for the reserves of fuel resources, here they are not as large as in the north of Europe.
A general characteristic of foreign Europe in terms of energy shows that its resources are very voluminous here, but they fall mainly on mountainous regions, namely: Alpine, Scandinavian and Dinaric. In a large number of countries, resources are already nearly exhausted. The nature of the region allows for active agriculture. The only problem is the lack of land. Small coastal states are fighting it, expanding towards the seas. For example, a third of the territory of the Netherlands was "recaptured" from the sea with the help of dams and dams. locals in this connection they say: "God created the Earth, and the Netherlands - the Netherlands." This is unlikely to be written in the section of the book "Geography" (Grade 11). The general characteristics of foreign Europe, however, cannot ignore this fact.
The region is located in the temperate and subtropical (in the south) zones. In the Mediterranean region, stable agriculture is impossible without artificial irrigation. Italy and Spain mostly suffer from this. The best conditions for forestry can boast Finland and Sweden. No wonder there is a saying: "Finland without a forest is like a bear without wool." are also widely represented here.
Now it's time to consider the next point of the conversation on the topic "General characteristics of foreign Europe."
Population of foreign Europe
The national composition is quite homogeneous. Most peoples belong to the Indo-European family. The dominant religion in the region is Christianity. However, the southern part is also inclined towards Catholicism, while the northern part is towards Protestantism. Foreign Europe is considered one of the most densely populated regions of the Earth. The population density here is more than 100 people per square kilometer. Location is determined mainly by the geography of peoples. In terms of urbanization, Europe also occupies a high position. On average, about 78% of the population lives in cities. There are countries where this figure reaches 90%.
For recent years Europe's population began to grow too slowly. Population decline is observed in 15 states. In addition, its composition is changing - the number of older people is growing. This affected the share of the region in the global mechanism of external migrations. Gradually, foreign Europe turns into a hotbed of labor emigration. There are about 20 million workers from abroad here. 7 million of them live in Germany.
Grade 11 of the school curriculum analyzes such issues superficially, but we will touch on them in more detail. As an integral region, foreign Europe has a world championship in terms of the scale of exports of goods, the size of industrial production and the development of tourism. First of all, the economic power of the region rests on such countries as: France, Great Britain, Italy and Germany. Over the past decade, the leader of this four has become Germany, whose economy is developing very dynamically. "Workshop of the world" - Great Britain, began to lose ground. Among the other states, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain and Sweden have the greatest weight. They, unlike the "main four", focus on individual industries.
Industry
Leading foreign Europe - mechanical engineering. It accounts for one third of the region's production and two thirds of exports. It's no secret that Europe is famous for its cars. First of all, mechanical engineering gravitates towards big cities, including capitals. In this case, as a rule, each sub-sector is oriented in a certain region of the state.
In second place is the chemical industry. Germany is particularly successful in this direction. The chemical industry of the region before the Second World War focused mainly on coal (stone and brown), salts (cooking and potash) and pyrites. Then there was a reorientation of the industry to hydrocarbon raw materials. The largest centers of petrochemistry are located in the estuaries of the Seine, Thames, Elbe, Rhine and Rhone. Here, this industry is intertwined with oil production.
Natural gas and oil produced in the fields of the North Sea are sent to different countries through a huge system of main pipelines. Gas from Algeria is transported in methane tankers. Russian gas, which is bought by 20 European countries, also plays an important role.
The next largest industry is metallurgy. It was formed here even before the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution. Ferrous metallurgy is most widely developed in Germany, England, Spain, France, the Czech Republic and Poland. A large share is also occupied by aluminum and non-ferrous metallurgy. Aluminum is smelted not only in countries with vast bauxite reserves, but also in countries with developed electricity production.
The timber industry is concentrated mainly in Finland and Sweden, while the light industry is concentrated in southern Europe. Italy is the second largest footwear manufacturing country in the world after China. And Portugal is considered the main "seamstress" of the region. In most countries, national traditions for the production of musical instruments, furniture, and glassware are preserved to this day.
Agriculture
The general characteristics of the economy of foreign Europe were touched upon above, now let's talk in more detail. Most countries in the region are fully self-sufficient in agricultural products and actively sell them abroad. After the Second World War, the region moved from a small peasant economy to a specialized high-commodity one. The main industries - crop production and animal husbandry, spread throughout Europe and are closely intertwined with each other. Natural and historical conditions caused the formation of such types of agriculture: North European, Central European and South European.
The North European economy is common in Finland, Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is characterized by intensive dairy farming, which is served by crop production of brown bread and fodder crops. In the Central European type, the main role is played by meat and dairy farming, as well as poultry farming.
The South European type is characterized by the predominance of crop production. Crops are directed mainly to grain crops, however, the production of grapes, olives, citrus fruits, tobacco, nuts and ethereal plants is considered an international specialty in the southern part of Europe. The main "garden" of Europe is the Mediterranean coast. Usually each state has its own specialization of agriculture. For example, Holland is famous for growing flowers, France and Switzerland for cheese production, and so on.
Tourism
The general characteristics of foreign Europe cannot do without tourism. Europe was, is and will be the main region of international tourism. Here it is manifested in all directions. The most popular are France, Italy, Spain, Great Britain and other large countries. And in small states such as Andorra, Monaco and others, tourism is a currency-forming industry. The main ones in foreign Europe are mountain and sea.
Transport connection
Today we give a general description of foreign Europe, and without a transport system it is impossible. Europe is inferior in terms of transportation distance to America and Russia, but in terms of the provision of a transport network, it is the leader in the whole world. The density of traffic is very high. The main role in the transportation of passengers and goods is played by road transport. The railway network in most states is being actively reduced.
The land transport network has a complex configuration. It is formed by meridional and latitudinal highways, most of which are of international importance. River routes are also oriented to these directions. The Rhine River plays a special role. More than two hundred million tons of cargo are transported through it annually. In places where land and waterways intersect, transport hubs arose, which eventually turned into real port industrial complexes. For example, it annually ships about 350 million tons.
Western Europe is an example of how huge natural barriers are no longer an obstacle to the transport system. Railway and road routes, as well as pipelines, cross the Alps in all necessary directions. The shores of the Baltic, Mediterranean and North Seas are connected by ferries.
General characteristics of foreign Europe: science and money
In Europe today there are many technopolises that make it one of the world's centers of science. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Munich and Cambridge. And in the southern part of France, the “High Technology Road” was formed.
Europe hosts the lion's share of the world's largest banks. Switzerland has become the benchmark for banking. About 50% of securities from all over the world are stored in the safes of its banks.
Environmental Protection
The general characteristics of foreign Europe shows that the issue of nature protection is resonant in its territories. Due to the high population density and the active development of industry, Europe has long been faced with a number of environmental problems. Some of them are associated with the extraction and processing of coal. Others - with an abundance of petrochemical and metallurgical plants in large cities. Still others - with an increasing number of cars on the streets. Fourth - with the development of tourism, which leads to the degradation of nature. Well, and so on.
All countries located in the region pursue an active environmental policy. As a result, more and more drastic measures are being taken: the promotion of bicycles and electric vehicles, the active restoration of vegetation, and so on.
Conclusion
Today, the topic of our conversation was a general description of foreign Europe. Grade 11 is a time when a huge burden falls on the shoulders of schoolchildren, so they lose sight of many fundamental things. We reminded ourselves of everything that could have been forgotten, and learned something new on the topic "General characteristics of foreign Europe." Presentation (Grade 11) with the help of this article will be an easy task for any student.
