Hero of Mongolia Sukhe Bator. Sukhbaatar: Hero of the Mongolian steppes

Sukhe-Bator Damdins (February 2, 1893, Tsetsen-Khan aimag - February 22, 1923, Urga), Mongolian political and statesman, founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution of 1921. Born into the family of a poor arat. In his youth he worked as a driver. In 1912 he was drafted into the army Mongolia commanded a squadron. Repeatedly participated in the battles against the Chinese militarists and bandit detachments of the Japanese agent Babujab. For the courage shown, he was nicknamed "Bator" which means a hero, a hero. This honorary title has become integral part his name. From 1919 he worked as a typesetter in the Urga printing house. Here he met Russian revolutionaries. In 1919 he created an illegal revolutionary circle. In 1920 he headed a revolutionary organization formed as a result of the merger of his circle with a similar circle. Choibalsana. The creation of this organization laid the foundation for the Mongolian People's Party, which took organizational shape in March 1921 (from 1925 it became known as the MPRP). Together with Choibalsan and others, he launched agitation among the arats for the creation of detachments to fight the Chinese militarists and Russian White Guards, who occupied Mongolia in October 1920. Under the leadership of Sukhe Bator, in March 1921, the 1st Congress of the Mongolian People's Party was held, calling Mongolian people to an uprising and defined the tasks of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution. Sukhe Bator was elected to the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party. From March 13, 1921, he was a member of the Provisional People's Government, Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Army. Under the leadership of Sukhe Bator, the young regiments of the People's Army defeated the Chinese militarists on March 18, 1921, near Maimachen (now Altan-Bulak). The Mongolian People's Army under the command of Sukhe Bator and the units of the Soviet Red Army that came to the aid of the Mongolian people in May - August 1921 defeated the White Guard troops Ungern. On July 6, 1921, Urga (now Ulaanbaatar) was liberated. On July 10, the Provisional People's Government was reorganized into the Permanent People's Government; Sukhe-Bator joined it, taking the post of Minister of War. For outstanding services in the fight against the White Guard gangs - the common enemy of the Soviet and Mongolian peoples - Sukhe-Bator was awarded the Soviet Order of the Red Banner. November 5, 1921 participated in the signing in Moscow of the Friendship Agreement between the RSFSR and Mongolia and was accepted Lenin .

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Sukhe-Bator Damdins (2.2.1893, Tsetsen-Khan aimag, now Sukhe-Bator aimag, - 22.2.1923, Urga, now Ulaanbaatar), Mongolian political, state. and military figure, founder of the Mongolian people-revolutionary. Party (MPRP), leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution of 1921. In 1912 drafted into the army by the feudal-theocratic. Mongolia, graduated from the military. school in Khuzhir-Bulak (1913), then commanded a squadron and zero, a company. Repeatedly participated in the battles against the whale. militarists and bandit detachments of Japan. agent Babujab. For the manifestation courage received the honorary nickname "Bator" - a hero, which became an integral part of his name. From 1919 he worked as a typesetter in the Urga printing house, got acquainted with the Russian. revolutionaries, and through them - with Leninism. Created an illegal revolution. a circle, which in June 1920 merged with a similar circle led by Choibalsan; as a result, a revolution was formed. organization headed by S.-B. This laid the foundation of the Mongolian Nar. party, organizationally formed in 1921 (since 1925 it became known as the MPRP). S.-B. was one of the organizers of the detachments to fight the whale. militarists and Russians. White Guards who occupied Mongolia in October 1920. Under his leadership, in March 1921, the 1st Mong Congress was held. nar. Party, called Mong. people to an uprising and determined the tasks of the anti-imperialist. and anti-feudal revolution. S.-B. was elected to the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party. Since March 1921 member. Time nar. pr-va, military. minister and commander in chief. Nar. army, which in March 1921 near Maimachen (Altan-Bulak) defeated the whale. invaders, and in May-August in cooperation with parts of the Sov. The armies that came at the request of the Mong. pr-va to help mong. people, defeated the White Guard. gangs of Ungern; Urga was liberated in July. Nov. 1921 participated in the signing in Moscow of the Friendship Agreement between the RSFSR and Mongolia and was received as part of the delegation by V. I. Lenin. For outstanding service in the fight against the White Guard. gangs - a common enemy of owls. and the Mongolian peoples - was awarded owls. Order of the Red Banner. The Order of Sukhe-Bator was established in the Mongolian People's Republic.

Materials of the Soviet military encyclopedia in 8 volumes.

Sukhe Bator (1894-1923) - Mongolian politician and statesman, leader of the Mongolian revolution.

S. came from a poor Arat family and began his working life early. From 1912 he served in the Russian army; having studied Russian, he then worked as a typographic typesetter in Urga.

In 1918, a revolutionary movement began in Mongolia under the influence of the Great October Socialist Revolution. In 1919 S. created the first revolutionary circle in Urga. Its merger with the circle of Choibalsan (q.v.) in 1920 laid the foundation for the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The movement for the independence of Mongolia especially intensified in 1919, when the Chinese occupation and the capitulatory policy of the government of the Bogd Gegen (see) led to the liquidation of Mongolian autonomy. Of great importance was the appeal of the Soviet government dated June 26, 1919 to the Mongolian people, recognizing the rights of Outer Mongolia to an independent existence. In 1920 S. made a trip to Soviet Russia. In a letter he brought to Moscow on behalf of the Mongolian people, he expressed a desire for independence and a request to Soviet Russia to help the Mongols in their liberation struggle. Upon his return to Mongolia, S., together with Choibalsan, created partisan detachments, and then led the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army.

In March 1921, S. was elected a member of the provisional Mongolian people's revolutionary government, retaining the post of commander-in-chief of the People's Revolutionary Army, which fought against the Chinese militarists and the Ungern White Guard gangs. With the active assistance of the Red Army, this struggle ended with the complete liberation of Mongolia.

In October 1921, S. arrived in Moscow at the head of a Mongolian delegation and was received by V. I. Lenin. 5. XI 1921 S. signed on behalf of the Mongolian government the Soviet-Mongolian treaty (see), which marked the beginning of strong friendship and close cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic.

Diplomatic Dictionary. Ch. ed. A. Ya. Vyshinsky and S. A. Lozovsky. M., 1948.

Sukhbaatar (Sukhbaatar) (2.II.1893 - 22.II.1923) - Mongolian politician and statesman, founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution of 1921. Sukhe-Bator was born in the family of a poor arat. In his youth he worked as a driver. In 1912 he was drafted into the army of autonomous Mongolia, where he graduated from the school of machine gunners and commanded a squadron. Repeatedly participated in the battles against the Chinese militarists and bandit detachments of the Japanese agent Babujab. For his courage, he was nicknamed "Bator", which means a hero, a hero. This honorary nickname became an integral part of his name. In connection with the liquidation of the autonomy of Mongolia and the Mongolian army by the Chinese militarists, Sukhe Bator was demobilized and from 1919 worked as a typesetter in the Urga printing house. Here he met Russian revolutionaries (mechanic Kucherenko and others) and through them - with the liberation ideas of V. I. Lenin. Sukhe-Bator created an illegal revolutionary circle in 1919. In 1920, he headed a revolutionary organization formed as a result of the merger of his circle with a similar circle of Choibalsan. The creation of this organization laid the foundation for the Mongolian People's Party, which organizationally took shape in March 1921 (since 1925 it became known as the MPRP). In the middle of 1920, Sukhbaatar and other Mongolian revolutionaries were sent to Soviet Russia to ask for help in the struggle for the independence of their country. Upon his return, Sukhe Bator, together with Choibalsan and others, launched agitation among the arats for the creation of detachments to fight the Chinese militarists and Russian White Guards who occupied Mongolia, and for the convening of a party congress. Under the leadership of Sukhe Bator, in March 1921, the First Congress of the Mongolian People's Party was held, calling on the Mongolian people to revolt and defining the tasks of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution. Sukhe Bator was elected to the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party and on March 13, 1921 became a member of the Provisional People's Government as Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Army. Under the leadership of Sukhbaatar, the young regiments of the People's Army defeated the Chinese militarists on March 18, 1921 near Mainachek (now Altan-Bulav). The Mongolian people's army under the command of Sukhe Bator and the units of the Soviet Red Army that came to the aid of the Mongolian people in May - August 1921 defeated the White Guard troops of Ungern. On July 6, 1921, Urga (now Ulaanbaatar) was liberated. On July 10, the Provisional People's Government was reorganized into the Permanent People's Government; Sukhe-Bator joined it, taking the post of Minister of War.

For outstanding services in the fight against the White Guard gangs - the common enemy of the Soviet and Mongolian peoples - Sukhe Bator was awarded the Soviet Order of the Red Banner. On November 5, 1921, Sukhe Bator participated in the signing of the Friendship Agreement between the RSFSR and Mongolia in Moscow and was received by V. I. Lenin. In 1921-1923, Sukhe-Bator did a great job of organizing the working people to fight for the consolidation of people's power and democratic reforms in Mongolia.

A. T. Yakimov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 13. SLAVIC STUDIES - XIA CHEN. 1971.

Literature: History of the Mongolian People's Republic, 2nd ed., M., 1967; Choibalsan X., Brief essay on the history of the Mong. nar. revolutions, M., 1952; Sorokovikov I.A., Commander-in-Chief Sukha Bator, "Modern Mongolia", 1958, No 3; Tudev L., Beyond the North Star. The Tale of Sukhe Bator, (translated from Mongolian), M., 1968; Bat-Ochir L., Dashzhamts D., D. Sukhbaataryn namtar, Ulaanbaatar, 1967.

Literature:

Bat-Ochir L., Dashzhamts D. Dam-dins of Sukhe-Bator. Biogr. [Trans. from Mong.]. M., 1971;

Bat-Ochir L., Dashzhamts D., D. Sukhbaataryn namtar, Ulaanbaatar, 1967.

Damdin Sukhbaatar. Biobibliogr. decree. M., 1978.

History of the Mongolian People's Republic, 2nd ed., M., 1967;

Choibalsan X., Brief essay on the history of the Mong. nar. revolutions, M., 1952;

Sorokovikov I.A., Commander-in-Chief Sukha Bator, "Modern Mongolia", 1958, No 3;

Tudev L., Beyond the North Star. The Tale of Sukhe Bator, (translated from Mongolian), M., 1968;

On one of the hottest days, I stayed in the city of Sukhbaatar. Mongolia. Of course, a day is not enough, but it is interesting.

1. The aimag got its name from the Selenga River, which flows through its territory from the southwest to the northeast, to the border with Russia. Also, only from south to north, Selenge is crossed by another large Mongolian river - Orkhon, which flows into the Selenga almost at the very border. The administrative center of the aimag, the city of Sukhbaatar, is located on the right bank of the Orkhon, in close proximity to the confluence of the rivers. In general, the landscape of the aimag is a plateau with mountains of 2000 m or more in its eastern part.

2. Sukhe-Bator city, the administrative center of the Selenginsky aimag of Mongolia. It is located on the right bank of the Orkhon River near its confluence with the Selenga, 9 km south of the Russian border, 311 km north of Ulaanbaatar. The inhabitants are about 20,000 people.

3. All buildings are very Soviet.

4. The city is named after Sukhe Bator, a key figure in the history of Mongolia in the first half of the twentieth century. His name is still remembered. In the culture of Mongolia, he is still one of the favorite characters, largely due to the propaganda and presentation of his image in various spheres of life, including the "most important of the arts" - cinema.

5. In 1942, the first film about Sukhe Bator was released in Mongolia. At the same time, the Russian actor Lev Sverdlin played the revolutionary, he also acted as the director of the film. Later, the film "The Brave Commander Sukhe Bator" was filmed with People's Artist Tsegmid in the title role. The film "Morning", filmed in the 1960s, acquired a classic meaning. Sukhe Bator was played by the Honored Artist of Mongolia Dashnamzhil. By all accounts in Mongolia, the artist successfully entered the role, and the best portrayal of Sukhe Baatar in cinema has emerged.

6. Propaganda and memory of the image of Sukhe Bator on state level serves and the Order of Sukhe Bator - one of the highest state awards in Mongolia. Previously, the Order of Sukhbaatar was the highest government award of the Mongolian People's Republic. It was established on May 16, 1941. The Order of Sukhe-Bator was awarded to citizens, military units and subdivisions, military schools, administrative and industrial organizations who showed special merit in the defense, economic and cultural construction of the MPR, as well as performed heroic deeds in the struggle against external and internal enemies. The Order of Sukhbaatar was also awarded to persons awarded the highest titles - Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic and Hero of Labor of the Mongolian People's Republic. This order was awarded to thousands of citizens of Mongolia and the socialist countries. It was received by the heroes of the revolution of 1921, party, government and military leaders of the MPR, industry leaders, Agriculture, transport, healthcare, culture, education, art.

7. He doesn't cry, it's just that the day was hot at 40 degrees. Imagine how hot he is.

8. The town is very calm.

9.

10.

11. Post office building.

12. Square on the main square.

13. Sculptural composition. Fragment of a fountain.

13.

14. Schoolgirls are returning from school.

15. Extensions to houses.

16. Yards are like this and we can meet.

17. BOOOZY!!

18. This building is a hospital.

19. School No. 1 in Sukhbaatar. The school complex was donated by the Soviet people.

20. At school, children are engaged in such beauty. Paper carving. Painting by A. Altanselam.

21. Every child sings, plays a musical instrument, dances.

22. Flour mill. "Altan taria"

23.

24.

25. And these are the rangers) Just kidding, these are the police. Well, tell me beauties, right?

26. Some people ride motorcycles.

27. Spirit of a nomad.

28.

29.

30. Monument to the mother of Chigis Khan Oeulun.

31. Stands in a beautiful place.

32. The Mongols are very beautiful in national clothes. In Buryatia, they don’t walk like that or walk, but very rarely.

33.

34.

35. The Museum of Selenge aimag is located in the town of Sukhe Bator, Mongolia. It is dedicated to the Mongolian tribal formation called the Selenge. The museum building is made in a cylindrical shape in white tones with blue and brown accents.

The roof of the building is crowned with glazed turrets. The peculiar design of the building is typical for the architecture of Mongolia. The museum of Selenge aimag presents the history of tribal education and many other expositions dedicated to the history, architecture and art of the city. This place attracts many tourists from different corners peace.

36. Security in the museum is serious.

37.

38. Everything is very Soviet, but with a national flavor.

39. After the independence of Mongolia, Sukhe joined the army. In 1912, with the assistance of Russian military advisers, the Khudzhir-Bulun military school was founded, and Sukhe became the first soldier transferred to it. Initially, he worked as a stoker, however, being capable of military affairs, after completing his studies, he received the position of sergeant-major in a machine-gun squadron. In 1913, having somewhat improved his financial situation, he married Yanzhima. They already had children, but the bride's parents refused to marry him because he was poor.

40.

41. At the end of June 1914, Sukhe took part in army unrest over unsettled life and corruption in the troops, and was transferred from the capital to the western border under the command of Khatan-Bator Maksarzhav. In 1918, the unit where Sukhe served as commander of a machine-gun company defeated the army of the rebellious Barguts Bavuzhava in the Khalkhin-Gol region, and for this operation Sukhe received the title of "bator", that is, "hero", becoming since then called Sukhe-Bator.

42. In October 1921, S. at the head of the Mongolian delegation arrived in Moscow and was received by V. I. Lenin. 5. XI 1921С. signed on behalf of the Mongolian government the Soviet-Mongolian treaty, which marked the beginning of relations of lasting friendship and close cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic. Here is a monument you can see in the museum.
43. In Russia there is a Mongolian postage stamp dedicated to Sukhbaatar, 1932.

In the Urga underground

People's Revolution

Immediately after the congress, the Provisional Government and the Central Committee of the MNP decided to defeat the Chinese garrison of Maimachen-Kyakhtinsky. As early as February 15, an ultimatum to surrender was sent to the Chinese; March 18 people's militia ( ardyn zhuramt tsereg) under the command of Sukhbaatar took the city, where the government moved, starting the formation of ministries; however, due to the fact that the city was badly damaged during the assault and from fires, the government soon moved to neighboring Altan-Bulak.

In Kyrgyzstan

• • in Bishkek - Sukhe-Bator street
  • in Novaya Kurba - Sukhe-Bator Street

In Kazakhstan

• Streets named after Sukhbaatar:
  • in Almaty - Sukhe-Bator street
  • in Taraz - Sukhe-Bator street
  • in Shymkent - Sukhe-Bator street

see also

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing Damdin Sukhbaatar

Kutuzov, through his spy, received on November 1 the news that put the army under his command in an almost hopeless situation. The scout reported that the French in huge forces, having crossed the Vienna bridge, headed for the route of communication between Kutuzov and the troops marching from Russia. If Kutuzov decided to remain in Krems, Napoleon's 1500-strong army would cut him off from all communications, surround his exhausted 40,000-strong army, and he would be in the position of Mack near Ulm. If Kutuzov had decided to leave the road leading to communications with troops from Russia, then he had to enter without a road into the unknown regions of the Bohemian
mountains, defending themselves against superior enemy forces, and abandon all hope of communication with Buxhowden. If Kutuzov decided to retreat along the road from Krems to Olmutz to join forces from Russia, then he risked being warned on this road by the French who crossed the bridge in Vienna, and thus being forced to accept the battle on the march, with all the burdens and wagons, and dealing with an enemy who was three times his size and surrounded him on two sides.
Kutuzov chose this last exit.
The French, as the scout reported, having crossed the bridge in Vienna, marched in a reinforced march to Znaim, which lay on the path of Kutuzov's retreat, more than a hundred miles ahead of him. To reach Znaim before the French meant to get a great hope of saving the army; to let the French warn oneself at Znaim meant probably to expose the whole army to a disgrace similar to that of Ulm, or to total destruction. But it was impossible to warn the French with the whole army. The French road from Vienna to Znaim was shorter and better than the Russian road from Krems to Znaim.
On the night of receiving the news, Kutuzov sent the four thousandth vanguard of Bagration to the right by the mountains from the Kremsko-Znaim road to the Vienna-Znaim road. Bagration had to go through this crossing without rest, stop facing Vienna and back to Znaim, and if he managed to warn the French, he had to delay them as long as he could. Kutuzov himself, with all the burdens, set off towards Znaim.
Having passed with hungry, barefoot soldiers, without a road, through the mountains, on a stormy night forty-five miles, having lost a third of the backward, Bagration went to Gollabrun on the Vienna Znaim road a few hours before the French approached Gollabrun from Vienna. Kutuzov had to go for another whole day with his carts in order to reach Znaim, and therefore, in order to save the army, Bagration, with four thousand hungry, exhausted soldiers, had to hold the entire enemy army that met him in Gollabrun for a day, which was obviously , impossible. But a strange fate made the impossible possible. The success of that deception, which without a fight gave the Vienna bridge into the hands of the French, prompted Murat to try to deceive Kutuzov in the same way. Murat, having met the weak detachment of Bagration on the Tsnaim road, thought that it was the whole army of Kutuzov. In order to undoubtedly crush this army, he waited for the troops that had lagged behind on the road from Vienna and for this purpose proposed a truce for three days, on the condition that both troops did not change their positions and did not move. Murat assured that peace negotiations were already underway and that therefore, avoiding the useless shedding of blood, he proposed a truce. The Austrian general Count Nostitz, who was standing at the outposts, believed the words of Murat's truce and retreated, opening Bagration's detachment. Another truce went to the Russian chain to announce the same news of peace negotiations and offer a truce to the Russian troops for three days. Bagration replied that he could not accept or not accept a truce, and with a report on the proposal made to him, he sent his adjutant to Kutuzov.
A truce for Kutuzov was the only way to buy time, to give Bagration's exhausted detachment a rest and to let the carts and loads (the movement of which was hidden from the French), although one extra transition to Znaim. The offer of an armistice provided the only and unexpected opportunity to save the army. Having received this news, Kutuzov immediately sent Adjutant General Wintsengerode, who was with him, to the enemy camp. Winzengerode was not only to accept the truce, but also to offer terms of surrender, and meanwhile Kutuzov sent his adjutants back to hasten as much as possible the movement of the carts of the entire army along the Kremsko-Znaim road. The exhausted, hungry detachment of Bagration alone had to, covering this movement of carts and the entire army, remain motionless in front of the enemy eight times stronger.
Kutuzov's expectations came true both that the non-binding offer of surrender could give time for some of the convoys to pass, and that Murat's mistake should have been discovered very soon. As soon as Bonaparte, who was in Schönbrunn, 25 versts from Gollabrun, received Murat's report and the draft of a truce and surrender, he saw the deceit and wrote the following letter to Murat:
Au Prince Murat. Schoenbrunn, 25 brumaire en 1805 a huit heures du matin.
"II m" est impossible de trouver des termes pour vous exprimer mon mecontentement. Vous ne commandez que mon avant garde et vous n "avez pas le droit de faire d" armistice sans mon ordre. Vous me faites perdre le fruit d "une campagne . Rompez l "armistice sur le champ et Mariechez a l" ennemi. Vous lui ferez declarer, que le general qui a signe cette capitulation, n "avait pas le droit de le faire, qu" il n "y a que l" Empereur de Russie qui ait ce droit.
“Toutes les fois cependant que l" Empereur de Russie ratifierait la dite convention, je la ratifierai; mais ce n "est qu" une ruse. Mariechez, detruisez l "armee russe ... vous etes en position de prendre son bagage et son artiller.
“L "aide de camp de l" Empereur de Russie est un ... Les officiers ne sont rien quand ils n "ont pas de pouvoirs: celui ci n" en avait point ... Les Autriciens se sont laisse jouer pour le passage du pont de Vienne , vous vous laissez jouer par un aide de camp de l "Empereur. Napoleon".
[Prince Murat. Schönbrunn, 25 Brumaire 1805 8 o'clock in the morning.
I cannot find words to express my displeasure to you. You command only my vanguard and have no right to make a truce without my order. You make me lose the fruits of an entire campaign. Break the truce immediately and go against the enemy. You will announce to him that the general who signed this surrender had no right to do so, and no one has, except for the Russian emperor.
However, if the Russian emperor agrees to the mentioned condition, I will also agree; but this is nothing but a trick. Go, destroy the Russian army... You can take its carts and its artillery.
The adjutant general of the Russian emperor is a deceiver ... Officers mean nothing when they do not have authority; he also does not have it ... The Austrians allowed themselves to be deceived when crossing the Vienna bridge, and you allow yourself to be deceived by the emperor's adjutants.
Napoleon.]
Adjutant Bonaparte galloped at full speed with this formidable letter to Murat. Bonaparte himself, not trusting his generals, with all the guards moved to the battlefield, fearing to miss the ready victim, and the 4,000th detachment of Bagration, cheerfully laying out fires, dried, heated, cooked porridge for the first time after three days, and none of the people of the detachment knew and did not think about what lay ahead of him.

At four o'clock in the evening, Prince Andrei, insisting on his request from Kutuzov, arrived in Grunt and appeared to Bagration.
Bonaparte's adjutant had not yet arrived at Murat's detachment, and the battle had not yet begun. The Bagration detachment knew nothing about the general course of affairs, they talked about peace, but did not believe in its possibility. They talked about the battle and also did not believe in the proximity of the battle. Bagration, knowing Bolkonsky as a beloved and trusted adjutant, received him with special superior distinction and indulgence, explained to him that there would probably be a battle today or tomorrow, and provided him complete freedom to be with him during the battle or in the rearguard to observe the order of retreat, "which was also very important."
“However, today, probably, there will be no business,” said Bagration, as if reassuring Prince Andrei.
“If this is one of the ordinary staff dandies sent to receive a cross, then he will receive an award in the rearguard, and if he wants to be with me, let him ... come in handy if he is a brave officer,” Bagration thought. Prince Andrei, without answering anything, asked the prince's permission to go around the position and find out the location of the troops so that, in case of instructions, he would know where to go. The duty officer of the detachment, a handsome man, smartly dressed and with a diamond ring on his index finger, who spoke French badly but willingly, volunteered to see Prince Andrei off.
From all sides one could see wet officers with sad faces, as if looking for something, and soldiers dragging doors, benches and fences from the village.
“We can’t get rid of these people, prince,” said the staff officer, pointing to these people. - The commanders are disbanding. And here, - he pointed to the spread out tent of the shopper, - they will huddle and sit. This morning he kicked everyone out: look, it's full again. We must drive up, prince, to frighten them. One minute.
“Let’s go and I’ll take cheese and a roll from him,” said Prince Andrei, who had not yet had time to eat.
Why didn't you say, prince? I would offer my bread of salt.
They got off their horses and went under the marketer's tent. Several officers, with flushed and exhausted faces, were sitting at tables, drinking and eating.
“Well, what is it, gentlemen,” said the staff officer in a tone of reproach, like a man who has already repeated the same thing several times. “Because you can’t go away like that. The prince ordered that there be no one. Well, here you are, Mr. Staff Captain, - he turned to a small, dirty, thin artillery officer, who, without boots (he gave them to the sutler to dry), in stockings, stood in front of the newcomers, smiling not quite naturally.
- Well, how are you, Captain Tushin, are you not ashamed? - continued the staff officer, - it seems to you, as an artilleryman, you need to show an example, and you are without boots. They will sound the alarm, and you will be very good without boots. (The staff officer smiled.) If you please, go to your places, gentlemen, everything, everything, ”he added bossily.
Prince Andrei smiled involuntarily, glancing at Captain Tushin's staff. Silently and smiling, Tushin, stepping from bare foot to foot, looked inquiringly with large, intelligent and kind eyes first at Prince Andrei, then at the officer's headquarters.

DEATH OF SUKHEBATOR

All White Guard gangs were defeated. For revolutionary military merits, Sukhe Bator was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The people's government, by a special decree, awarded him the high title of People's Hero - "Zorikto-Bator" ("Brave Hero").

Now you are not just a hero, but a Brave hero, - Yanzhima said with a smile.

Sukhe-Bator stroked his son's head and, squinting slyly, answered:

Wise Geser had it easier: he knew his enemies without a hitch. He could destroy any of them in hand-to-hand combat. The people's power has thousands of enemies. They roam among us, but we do not even know them by sight. Maybe the same Danzan is hiding a knife in his sleeve and wants to secretly stab me in the back. Something often he began to visit the Bogdo Palace. And everything tends to slip unnoticed.

The successes of the revolution pleased Zorikto-Bator.

“Free the serf arats of the khoshun from their slave position and equate everyone in rights and obligations to free citizens ...” - when was this?! A Department of State Control has been established to combat theft and to exercise control over the observance of financial discipline in state and economic institutions. The people themselves control the economy of the country. The task set before the Mongolian Central People's Cooperative was to "stop the former passive attitude towards the plundering of the people's welfare and open new paths to the economic revival of the Mongolian people." Now it is still necessary to introduce a state monopoly of foreign trade, to make all trade national, to oust the American, British and German predators.

Money needs to be put in order immediately. Chinese yanchans, tsarist rubles, Mexican and American dollars, British pounds sterling, silver bullion and paper money of all foreign countries are still circulating on the market. Frontier Bank has issued so much fiat paper money that the entire monetary system of Mongolia is disorganized.

It's time to create your own commercial and industrial bank, issue a national currency, your own tugriks, mungu, withdraw all foreign currencies.

The first teacher training courses were created. But this is still a grain of sand in the endless desert. Open new schools, more schools! Let there be doctors, scientists, writers, musicians, artists.

A huge evil is contagious diseases, epidemics that claim hundreds of lives every year. Half of a hundred children die. If urgent action is not taken...

It is a big deal to conduct a population census and a livestock count.

The time has come to think about convening the People's Great Khural. And let him be the supreme power in the country!

Worries surround from all sides, and it seems that there will never be an end to them.

How much more needs to be done! Take, for example, international relations... The Chinese militarists do not want to recognize Mongolia as an independent state, they threaten it. But the Chinese people want to live with the Mongols in peace and friendship.

Sukhebaatar smoothes the crumpled sheet of Xiandaozhoubao with the palm of his hand. This is the weekly newspaper of the Central Committee

Communist Party of China. At the risk of her life, she was brought from abroad by caravaners.

“When China is still under the double yoke of international imperialism and internal militarists, can China guarantee its brother Mongolia not to suffer the same fate that China itself experiences if it regains Mongolia? To talk about the subjugation of Mongolia to China means to increase the land for the militarists and the colony for the imperialists. We cannot tolerate this, for China and its people are stubbornly fighting for precisely what the Mongolian people have already conquered. If the militarists and imperialists shout about the conquest of Mongolia, then we working people will support the independence of Mongolia and fight to strengthen the freedom of the Mongolian people...

The oppressed peoples of China, addressing the Mongolian people, declare that, in addition to the oppressors, whom you and I equally hate, there are many of your friends in China. Let us further strengthen fraternal friendship in order to overthrow the enemies common to our peoples…”

Yes, the Chinese people have nothing in common with Wu Pei-fu and Chang Tso-ling!

It is a pity that we have not yet been able to establish contact with the Chinese Communist Party! It is necessary to take the most decisive steps for this.

What about internal affairs? Arats come from all over, demanding Sukhbaatar. He takes them in groups, alone. The waiting room is crowded with people, and everyone has urgent business. Prince Bain-Dzhargal and his son Luto-Ochir levy taxes and duties from the arats, which were abolished by the People's Government. Gun Lubsan-Dzhamba forces the arats to work for himself and beats them up. The abbot of the monastery forces the arats to prepare hay for the horses of the Bogdo Gegen. Why does the Bogdo have so much hay, where does he ride his horses? It is necessary to take away the meadows from the Bogdo: let the Arat horses graze.

Sukhbaatar listens to everyone. He is the highest justice. He is the Arata leader. The blood boils in your veins when you hear about the iniquities of princes and high lamas. He would have jumped on a horse, waved his shining saber and mowed down, mowed down the vicious stubborn enemies. But you must be calm and reasonable. You must give the wisest advice, weigh everything before giving an answer. Justice is expected of you. Where is she, the measure of wisdom in public affairs? Where is your compass, old Sukhbaatar soldier?

And the words are knocking in the brain: “The state is an organ of class domination ...” Everything is so clear and simple. And each, even the smallest, case becomes clear, and you immediately find how to act in this or that case.

On the table is an open book: The State and Revolution. The book is in Russian, which is still so difficult to come by. But there is Leninist wisdom in it, that compass that leads Sukhe-Bator further and further into the revolution.

The words are underlined in red pencil: “The revolution consists in the fact that the proletariat destroys the “management apparatus” and the entire state apparatus, replacing it with a new one, consisting of armed workers.”

And one more thing: "... it is a period of unprecedented fierce class struggle ... and, consequently, the state of this period must inevitably be a state in a new democratic way (for the proletarians and the poor in general) and in a new dictatorial way (against the bourgeoisie)."

And the mind shifts these words in such a way that you see your Mongolia before your eyes, rising to fight for new life arats.

Time… Never before has it seemed so precious! Every minute mattered. And when Urga plunged into a deep sleep, and in the heavy, impenetrable darkness only the steps of sentries and the clatter of hooves were heard, the light was still on in Sukhe-Bator's office. A man in a simple tunic strained his eyes until his temples ached, ran his finger along the pages of the book, involuntarily touched the saber hanging from the side with the other hand, then threw back his head, looked at the large portrait of Lenin on the wall and dreamed ...

He dreamed of what Mongolia would be like then ... He dreamed of tall white houses and snow-white yurts, thick grasses in the steppes and slopes of hills covered with herds and herds of horses, electric light in the windows, healthy, strong young men, happy mothers escorting to school cheerful, ruddy children, the whisper of lovers on the banks of the Tola seemed to be, an unprecedented procession of tanned laughing people in colorful clothes rose before their eyes - some new, unfamiliar tribe, knowing neither need, nor deprivation, nor fear for the next day. Columns of heavily loaded vehicles were leaving somewhere into the blue distance, a sparkling express raced along steel bridges, a piercing whistle woke up the centuries-old silence of the Mongolian steppes ...

I dreamed a lot in these night hours ...

Then he called an old friend of Puntsuk, whom the party, like Migmar, had entrusted to protect the leader of the revolution, and said:

They mounted their horses and raced through the deserted streets. They checked the guards, called in military units. Sukhe-Bator returned to his yurt in the morning.

Take care of yourself ... - sadly scolded Yanzhima. - You do not rest at all, do not eat! So it won't take long to get sick...

Sleep, sleep, - calmly answered Sukhe-Bator.

And he fell asleep instantly. And Yanzhima looked with love at his haggard face, and inexplicable anxiety seized her. Is it well guarded? Today, again, some unknown people tried to break into the yard, peering through the cracks in the fence. What do they need here? What are they looking out for? Why did Sukhbaatar send Choibalsan to the east? When Choibalsan is near, it is not so scary for her husband. Choibalsan always feels where the danger comes from. He calls his enemies by name.

We trusted too much to Danzan,” he says. - I found out something: it turns out that Danzan served in the royal intelligence. There are suspicions that he established contact with the Japanese. He delays the customs reform and thereby helps the Americans and the British to freely import goods and export whatever they please. In Monzenkoop he planted his people - speculators, shopkeepers, princelings.

I'll talk to him…

Sukhbaatar himself saw what Danzan was for recent times completely ceased to reckon with revolutionary laws, ignoring the instructions of the Central Committee and the People's Government. He sharply opposes the establishment of trade relations with the RSFSR, in every possible way hinders the opening of a Soviet trading company in Urga. And he has one answer to all questions:

This matter needs to be studied properly. Where to hurry?

Sukhbaatar decided to personally talk to Danzan.

You started a business hostile to the people, - he said bluntly, without taking his eyes off Danzan's face.

Danzan's eyes darted furtively:

I don't understand what janjin is talking about?

I want to know when the Soviet firm will be opened?

We are negotiating, we have prepared all the documents. This thing endures. Besides, why is janjin interrogating me? I am also a party member and report to the Central Committee and to the People's Government, in which I enjoy the same rights as the djanjin. Are you accusing me of hostile acts? Do you want to scare me?

Blood rushed to the cheeks of Sukhbaatar, his eyes flashed.

Scoundrel and thief! We know all your tricks, and you will answer for them before the people! .. You got in touch with the Tonghe-hao firm, secretly became a shareholder of the Chinese militarists. And this firm, as you know, is Montsenkoop's main competitor. You planted in Montsenkoop the same speculators as yourself, ruined our people's cooperatives. You are not in a hurry to open a Soviet firm, but you have succeeded in something else: your agents speculate in hoodons, tear three skins from arats, undermine the authority of Montsenkoop. You don't want to trade with Soviet Russia and you force the People's Army to buy goods from the Americans at exorbitant prices.

The People's Government has wiped out the old debts to the Chinese usurers, and your little people, acting on your behalf and on behalf of the People's Government, collect these debts from the arats, threatening retribution. We will judge you!

Danzan trembled.

Great janjin… I made mistakes… I didn't give orders like that,” he babbled. - I'll fix it. Stupid Danzan only cares about the people's benefit. Montsenkoop does not have time to deliver goods, there are still few shareholders ... and I wanted to ...

Good. In all this we will understand. The people's government will not tolerate abuse. You will report to the party ...

It seemed to Danzan that his life was hanging by a thread. Now Sukhe-Bator will call Puntsuk, Migmar. Politely calm cyrics from the State Internal Guard will rise, as if from under the ground, twist Danzan's hands, and then ... And then he will suffer the fate of Bodo and the Saji Lama. The Saji Lama never managed to escape. He was shot, and everything he planned went with him. Even the mighty Bodo had his head cut off...

But Sukhe-Bator let Danzan go this time.

Still, I can't escape retribution, thought Danzan. - Sukhe-Bator does not spare the enemies of the revolution. If not execution, then prison ... In best case expelled from the party, deprived of all posts. Not! Not for this Danzan crawled like a snake into the party ... Sukhe-Bator must be killed! .. Kill! .. And the sooner the better. He knows everything. He even knows about Tonghe-hao... Destroy! And then it will be possible to turn around in full force. Use Bogdo-gegen, the Japanese. Drive out the Red Army, disarm the People's Army, disperse the People's Government. It is necessary to establish such a power as in America. And he, Danzan, will be president. Twist the Arat dud, close up her throat with lead. She still doesn't know how to use her freedom."

The idea of ​​killing the leader of the People's Revolution firmly sunk into Danzan's head. His spies tracked Sukhbaatar everywhere, strove to kill him from around the corner. But the life of the leader was vigilantly guarded. Faithful Puntsuk never left his side. Khatan-Bator Maksarzhab was the support of Sukhe-Bator in all matters. Migmar guarded his sleep. The circuses of the internal guard stopped all attempts of the enemies to raise a hand against the leader. Only the trusted friend of Choibalsan was not around. He was appointed Minister for the Eastern Frontier.

The New Year holiday of Tsagan-Sara was approaching.

I have been thinking about meeting with the hero Ayushi for a long time, - Sukhbaatar once said to Puntsuk. - The hero of Ayushi... When I was a boy, I had a chance to see him... Ayushi, chained, was taken to the yamen, to the court of the governor Sando. How long ago it was!.. As if it wasn't me, hungry and ragged, walking these streets in search of a job. A lamb's head worth three coins... Mother Handa, father, brothers... I'm still going to visit my sister Dol-gor. She grew up in a strange family... The hero of Ayushi then raised the whole aimak against the princes. He's probably in his seventies now. He fought with both the Qing and the Ungernists. Now he is strengthening the people's power in his aimag. As soon as I heard about the People's Party, I immediately joined it. Such people are worthy of admiration and the deepest respect. It must be introduced into the People's Government here in Urga... So let's invite Ayushi to the Tsagan-Sara holiday.

The enemies are preparing a conspiracy again, - Puntsuk reported. - As if during the holiday they did not start a rebellion again. The same Tserempil is still active. Gathered clerks and all sorts of rabble.

Puntsuk spoke the truth. Last summer, Tserempil tried with a forged document allegedly from all the princes of Mongolia to turn to Japan for help. The Japanese then raised a fuss in the diplomatic world. In order to expose this attempt by the conspirators, the people's government had to address a note to the diplomatic and military representatives of the RSFSR, America, Britain, France, Japan, China, and even to Chang Tso-lin.

But Tserempil remained at large and was now preparing a new conspiracy.

Enemies do not give a respite! Sukhe-Bator frowned. - But still, sooner or later we will twist them all. Let's convene the Great People's Khural, kick the Bogdo Gegen and proclaim the People's Republic. Mongolian People's Republic!.. It's like the best music...

As a new conspiracy was being prepared, Sukhbaatar ordered the troops to increase their vigilance. In the bitter cold, he traveled around the military units, checked their skills, talked with young commanders. Sukhbaatar was distinguished by exceptionally good health, but the icy wind did its job.

One evening, he felt a slight chill. Head hurt.

"I think I've caught a cold," he thought. But, laying down on the bed, he asked Yanzhima:

Here's your watch. Wake me up at four in the morning. I'll go and check the guards myself. The city is restless...

He fell into a heavy sleep. At four o'clock Yanzhima woke him up. Sukhe-Bator jumped up, dressed quickly and left. Two hours later he returned, wearily sat down on the mat.

Everything floats before your eyes. Head is cracking...

He fell on the bed and immediately lost consciousness.

The unbelievable happened: on the same day, Yanzhima fell ill, and her son Galsan fell ill.

Danzan was not slow to come to the Bogdo Gegen.

Great Khan and teacher. I brought sad news ... - he began.

I already know everything,” the Bogdo replied in a whisper. He needs to be separated from his family. I will send my llama healers. The valiant Sukhe-Bator fell ill with an acutely contagious disease, dangerous to those around him.

It seems to me that this disease is incurable,” Danzan put in and smiled.

Our lives are in the hands of the gods, the Bogdo replied. - Spirits punish apostates.

The spirits know what to do in such cases ... The rest I, as a member of the government, will have to take care of.

Sukhe-Bator, in an unconscious state, was transferred to a separate yurt, and no one was allowed to enter here. Bogdo sent a Manchurian doctor and healer lamas.

The poison must act slowly. Give in small doses, - the Manchurian doctor instructed his assistants. - When a person dies suddenly, it arouses suspicion and gives rise to rumors. Yanzhima and the serpent must be left behind. There must be witnesses who would show that Sukhe-Bator caught a cold and fell ill.

The poisoners acted skillfully, they had experience in such cases. Blinded by hereditary syphilis, Bogdo inquired every day about the health of the patient.

Health is deteriorating. There is no hope for recovery, the Manchu reported.

You are a great healer, - responded "sunshine". - But, apparently, Suhe's sins against the gods are so great that even your art is powerless. And yet we will generously reward you.

Friends of Sukhbaatar, members of the People's Government, delegates from khoshuns, having learned about the illness of their beloved leader, despite all the prohibitions of doctors, burst into the yurt.

Sukhe-Bator regained consciousness, recognized Puntsuk, tried to get up, but his arm gave way.

What's going on in the city? he asked hastily. - Answer, Puntsuk! Did you manage to catch Tserempil?..

Puntsuk did not have time to answer: Sukhe-Bater again fell into oblivion.

Call the Soviet doctors immediately! - ordered Khatan-Bator Maksarzhab.

Sukhbaatar opened his eyes and said in a clear voice:

I am losing my golden life... Forgive everyone... But you, honest, noble comrades, continue our common cause... our People's Revolution... Make Mongolia happy and prosperous... as Lenin said...

He closed his eyes. He felt as if the tall grasses were rustling. The endless blue sky sparkled. And then the great Lenin laid his hand lightly on his shoulder. And again, the affectionate paternal smile warmed Sukhe-Bator. Lenin... Lenin...

A hot wave lifted Sukhe-Bator, he opened his eyes wide, saw mountains and steppes, herds of sheep and herds of horses ... And everything that he dreamed about at halts, in military campaigns, he saw everything at that last moment.

He died ... - Maksarzhab said quietly and took off his hat.

His death came as a surprise to everyone. Sukhbaatar did not complain about anything. Just a few days ago he had turned thirty years old. He was in his prime, his energy would have been enough for ten.

The members of the Central Committee and the People's Government immediately guessed that the leader's death was the work of enemies.

He was killed! - said Khatan-Bator Maksarzhab. - They killed our favorite, our leader. Let the enemies be cursed! .. We will still reckon with them! ..

The medical commission established poisoning with poison. The whole body of Sukhe-Bator was burned to blackness with the ointments of lamas-healers. The fact of the murder was evident. But the healers-lamas and the Manchurian doctor disappeared somewhere.

The news of the death of the leader shook the people.

He was poisoned!.. Poisoned!.. People's power is in danger!.. Everyone is in Urga!..

The arats pulled out guns and rifles, left peaceful hearths and galloped to Urga.

The hero of Ayushi, invited by Sukhe-Bator to the capital, was on his way. His horse was exhausted, and Ayushi turned to a lonely yurt. The owner stepped forward. His first words were:

Our Sukhbaatar is seriously ill...

(Here they did not yet know about the death of the leader.)

You got it wrong, sir! Ayushi replied angrily. - Here is a letter from Sukhbaatar. He called me to him.

Enemies used to spread various tales about Sukhbaatar in order to sow confusion in the minds, to break the will of the arats. That's why Ayushi did not believe the words of the owner of the yurt. Sukhbaatar cannot get sick. He is young and strong. Ayushi has never been ill in his sixty-six years.

He turned his horse away from the yurt, not wanting to talk to the owner any more, and headed along the road to Urga.

On February 26, the country saw off its leader on his last journey. Windy, cold day. Tears freeze on eyelashes. Partisans, party members, Red Army soldiers, diplomatic representatives of Soviet Russia are slowly following the coffin.

The coffin, covered with scarlet silk, is mounted on a gun carriage. They carry the Order of the Red Banner on a velvet cushion, they carry a saber - a nominal gift from the Soviet government. A mournful melody sounds detached from everything earthly.

The procession is heading to the "Golden Cradle" - Altan-ulege. Here, on top of the hill, Sukhe-Bator will be buried.

Here the procession stopped. It seemed that on this day the whole of Mongolia came together here. In the ensuing silence, the mournful words of Khatan-Bator Maksarzhab fell and fell:

- ... the entire Mongolian people are deeply saddened ...

We will not spare our strength, our lives for the cause of the people:

And when the coffin was lowered into the grave, the favorite horse of Sukhe-Bator reared up, neighing invitingly. In his intelligent purple eyes, bewilderment froze, sadness shone ...

A cannon shot broke the frosty silence. The last volley, from rifles ... Music hit the nerves.

Behind the black fence, near the grave, over which red flags fluttered, stood a hunched-over old man. Tearful tears fell on his wrinkled cheeks.

Late ... Late! .. - he whispered barely audibly.

It was Ayushi...