The meaning of the military convoy in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. military convoy

War Socialism and War Communism

Chapter 17 Baltic Red Banner (since 1974) Military District, Special Military District, North-Western Group of Forces in 1945-1994

Chapter 17 Baltic Red Banner (since 1974) Military District, Special Military District, North-Western Group of Forces in 1945-1994

Military vector Military vector From the report of the Izborsk club "Military reform as an integral part of the security concept of the Russian Federation" 06.02.2013

- oboznichey, later Military Convoy or Wagenmeister - official furstadt(that is convoy), who was entrusted with the supervision of horses, harness, wagons and other accessories convoy, and the Wagenmeister General was in charge, including all convoys army (armed forces).

• marching convoy with artillery and engineering supplies was called a park.
• Fireman convoy- a disciplined detachment (fire brigade), equipped with all devices for extinguishing fires and saving people.
• Cesspool convoy- a set of transportation devices (hermetically sealed barrels, etc.) for the removal of sewage.

In the literature there is a word for the designation of military personnel of these formations - Oboznik.

Story

The Russian military theorist and practitioner D. Milyutin predicted the use and appearance in the armed forces of Russia and the world of military equipment for combat and its support, such as a car, an armored car, tanks and self-propelled gun mounts.

Is there anything impossible, for example, that automobiles will not only completely replace wagons in convoys, but they will even get into the field artillery; instead of field guns with horse harness, mobile armored batteries will enter into competition on the battlefield, and the battle on land will become like a battle on the sea.

• in order of formation:
  • state-owned, that is, belonging to the treasury (state) in peacetime, his wagons, with harness and accessories, were completely kept in the RIA, but there were only a small number of horses (during mobilization, a set of horses was replenished on the basis of military horse service);
  • philistine, that is, belonging to the citizens of the state, formed in wartime for hire, requisition or on the basis of underwater conscription.
• by service affiliation
  • quartermaster
  • special
    • artillery
    • engineering
    • sanitary
• by appointment:
  • the food and clothing, food and clothing convoy was the First Department of the divisional convoy, and consisted of wagons raising the MS of the infantry division (PD): food supply (crackers, cereals, salt, tea, sugar - for 4 days, canned meat and vegetables - for one day), a trench tool, a supply of clothes and shoes. With him, there was an equestrian supply of pd. The 1st department consisted of 5 platoons, of which the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th platoons each had a one-day supply of food. The commander of the 1st division was also the commander of the divisional convoy.
  • sanitary, the sanitary convoy was the Second Department of the divisional convoy, and consisted of wagons raising the divisional infirmary and two field hospitals, and if necessary, military ambulance transport joins the divisional convoy.
• by formations:
• by distribution between formations:
  • company (squadron, battery), that is, each company, squadron, battery had its own wagons, horses and team
  • battalion (divisional)
  • regimental, for infantry and rifle regiments, was part of the unit, they raised the MS, which the personnel needed for battle and campaign. Therefore, the regimental convoy followed on the march as part of his regiment and had to constantly be with him or not far from him.
  • brigadier, for rifle brigades
  • divisional, for infantry divisions and consisted of two departments: the 1st - food and clothing and the 2nd - sanitary. RIA cavalry divisions did not have a divisional convoy.

Compound

convoy pd consisted of wagons, horses and convoy team which included:

• Management (as part of the 1st department before)
• 1st department - food and clothing
  • 1st Platoon
  • 2nd Platoon
  • 3rd Platoon
  • 4th Platoon
  • 5th Platoon
• 2nd department - sanitary

convoy pd was 287 wagons with 748 horses.

The wagons for transporting essentials following along with the troops amounted to convoy 1st category, it included:

• charging boxes, single-horse projectile and double cartridge carts (ammunition)
• tool carts (travel forge, tools and horseshoes)
• pharmacy gig
• officer's double.

Gallery

see also

Write a review on the article "Convoy"

Notes

Literature

• V. I. Dal, Explanatory Dictionary, 1863-1866.
• (1812) - fable by I. A. Krylov
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Regulations on regimental and divisional carts, approved on July 10, 1885.
• M. A. Gazenkampf, “Troop convoy new organization and transition device, St. Petersburg,: Military Printing House, 1885.
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Reference book for officers. Compiled general staff Colonels Malinko V. and Golosov V., 3rd edition, revised and supplemented, part I. - Moscow, 1902, Printing house-Lithography of the "Russian Partnership of Printing and Publishing", Chistye Prudy, Mylnikov per., own. house. - 262 p.
• F. A. Maksheev, Supply and military economy in wartime;
• F. A. Maksheev, Military economy and rear organization. Convoy and rear establishments of foreign armies;
• P. Rezhepo, Meaning and work of the convoy;
• Regulations on the regimental and divisional convoy - Order of the military department No. 229 of 1907.
• Sytin's military encyclopedia, 1916, volumes No. 1 - No. 18.

Links

An excerpt characterizing the convoy

In the month of April, the troops revived with the news of the arrival of the sovereign to the army. Rostov did not manage to get to the review that the sovereign did in Bartenstein: the people of Pavlograd stood at outposts, far ahead of Bartenstein.
They bivouacked. Denisov and Rostov lived in a dugout dug for them by soldiers, covered with branches and turf. The dugout was arranged in the following way, which then became fashionable: a ditch broke through one and a half arshins wide, two arshins deep and three and a half lengths. Steps were made from one end of the ditch, and this was a descent, a porch; the ditch itself was a room in which the lucky ones, like a squadron commander, on the far side opposite the steps, lay on stakes, a board - it was a table. On both sides, along the ditch, a yard of earth was removed, and these were two beds and sofas. The roof was arranged in such a way that one could stand in the middle, and one could even sit on the bed if one moved closer to the table. Denisov, who lived luxuriously because the soldiers of his squadron loved him, also had a board in the gable of the roof, and in this board there was broken but glued glass. When it was very cold, heat was brought to the steps (to the reception room, as Denisov called this part of the booth), on an iron bent sheet, from soldiers' fires, and it became so warm that the officers, of whom Denisov and Rostov always had many, sat in the same shirts.
In April, Rostov was on duty. At 8 o'clock in the morning, after returning home, after a sleepless night, he ordered to bring heat, changed his rain-soaked linen, prayed to God, drank tea, got warm, put things in order in his corner and on the table, and with a weathered, burning face, in one shirt, lay on his back, his hands under his head. He pleasantly thought about the fact that the next rank for the last reconnaissance should come to him the other day, and he was waiting for Denisov to come out somewhere. Rostov wanted to talk to him.
Behind the hut, Denisov's rolling cry was heard, obviously getting excited. Rostov moved to the window to see who he was dealing with, and saw Sergeant Topcheenko.
“I told you not to let them burn this claw, some kind of Mashkin!” shouted Denisov.
“I ordered, your honor, they don’t listen,” the sergeant-major answered.
Rostov again lay down on his bed and thought with pleasure: “Let him now fuss, bustle, I finished my job and I’m lying - excellent!” From behind the wall he heard that, besides the sergeant-major, Lavrushka, Denisov's perky, roguish lackey, was also speaking. Lavrushka was talking about some kind of carts, crackers and bulls, which he saw when he went for provisions.
Behind the booth, Denisov's retreating cry was heard again and the words: “Saddle! Second squad!
"Where are they going?" thought Rostov.
Five minutes later Denisov entered the booth, climbed onto the bed with dirty feet, angrily smoked his pipe, scattered all his belongings, put on his whip and saber, and began to leave the dugout. To the question of Rostov, where? he answered angrily and vaguely that there was a case.
- Judge me there, God and the great sovereign! - said Denisov, leaving; and Rostov heard the feet of several horses splashing through the mud behind the booth. Rostov did not even bother to find out where Denisov had gone. Having warmed himself in his corner, he fell asleep, and before evening he had just left the booth. Denisov has not yet returned. Evening cleared up; near a neighboring dugout, two officers with a cadet were playing pile, laughingly planting radishes in the loose, dirty earth. Rostov joined them. In the middle of the game, the officers saw wagons approaching them: 15 hussars on thin horses followed them. The wagons escorted by the hussars drove up to the hitching posts, and a crowd of hussars surrounded them.
“Well, Denisov was grieve all the time,” said Rostov, “so the provisions have arrived.”
- And that! the officers said. - That's a happy soldier! - Denisov rode a little behind the hussars, accompanied by two infantry officers, with whom he was talking about something. Rostov went to meet him.
“I’m warning you, captain,” said one of the officers, thin, short and apparently angry.
“After all, he said that I wouldn’t give it back,” Denisov answered.
- You will answer, captain, this is a riot - to beat off transports from your own! We didn't eat for two days.
“But they didn’t eat mine for two weeks,” Denisov answered.
- This is robbery, answer, sir! – raising his voice, repeated the infantry officer.
- What are you doing to me? BUT? - shouted Denisov, suddenly heated up, - I will answer, not you, but you don’t buzz around here while you are safe. March! he shouted at the officers.
- It's good! - not shy and not driving away, the little officer shouted, - to rob, so I will ...
- To chog "that march with a quick step, while intact." And Denisov turned his horse to the officer.
“Good, good,” said the officer threateningly, and turning his horse, rode away at a trot, shaking in the saddle.
“A dog for godliness, a living dog for godliness,” Denisov said after him - the highest mockery of a cavalryman over a mounted infantryman, and, approaching Rostov, burst out laughing.
- Recaptured from the infantry, recaptured the transport by force! - he said. “Well, why don’t people die of hunger?”
The wagons that drove up to the hussars were assigned to an infantry regiment, but, having been informed through Lavrushka that this transport was coming alone, Denisov with the hussars recaptured it by force. The soldiers were handed out crackers at will, even shared with other squadrons.
The next day, the regimental commander called Denisov to him and told him, closing his eyes with open fingers: “I look at it like this, I don’t know anything and I won’t start business; but I advise you to go to the headquarters and there, in the food department, settle this matter, and, if possible, sign that you received so much food; otherwise, the demand is written to the infantry regiment: things will rise and may end badly.
Denisov went directly from the regimental commander to the headquarters, with a sincere desire to fulfill his advice. In the evening he returned to his dugout in a position in which Rostov had never seen his friend before. Denisov could not speak and was suffocating. When Rostov asked him what was the matter with him, he only uttered incomprehensible curses and threats in a hoarse and weak voice ...
Frightened by the position of Denisov, Rostov offered him to undress, drink water and sent for a doctor.
- To judge me for g "azboy - oh! Give me more water - let them judge, but I will, I will always beat the scoundrels, and I will tell the sovereign." Give me some ice, he said.
The regimental doctor who came said that it was necessary to bleed. A deep plate of black blood came out of Denisov's hairy hand, and then only he was able to tell everything that had happened to him.
“I’m coming,” Denisov said. “Well, where is your boss here?” Showed. Wouldn't you like to wait. “I have a service, I arrived 30 miles away, I have no time to wait, report back.” Well, this chief thief comes out: he also took it into his head to teach me: This is robbery! “Robbery, I say, is not done by the one who takes food to feed his soldiers, but by the one who takes it to put it in his pocket!” So you don't want to be silent. "Good". Sign, he says, with the commission agent, and your case will be handed over on command. I go to the commissioner. I enter - at the table ... Who is it ?! No, you think! ... Who is starving us, - Denisov shouted, hitting the table with his fist of his sore hand so hard that the table almost fell and the glasses jumped on it, - Telyanin !! “How are you starving us?!” Once, once in the face, deftly it had to be ... “Ah ... rasprotakoy and ... began to roll. On the other hand, I am amused, I can say, - Denisov shouted, joyfully and angrily baring his white teeth from under his black mustache. “I would have killed him if they hadn’t taken him away.”
“But why are you screaming, calm down,” said Rostov: “here again the blood has gone. Wait, you need to bandage it. Denisov was bandaged and put to bed. The next day he woke up cheerful and calm. But at noon the adjutant of the regiment, with a serious and sad face, came to the common dugout of Denisov and Rostov and regretfully showed the uniform paper to Major Denisov from the regimental commander, in which inquiries were made about yesterday's incident. The adjutant said that things were about to take a very bad turn, that a military court commission had been appointed, and that with real severity regarding looting and self-will of the troops, in a happy case, the case could end in a dismissal.
The case was presented by the offended in such a way that, after repulsing the transport, Major Denisov, without any call, appeared in a drunken state to the chief provisions master, called him a thief, threatened to beat him, and when he was taken out, he rushed to the office, beat two officials and dislocated one arm.
Denisov, to Rostov's new questions, laughingly said that it seemed that some other one had turned up here, but that all this was nonsense, trifles, that he did not even think to be afraid of any courts, and that if these scoundrels dare to bully him, he will answer them so that they will remember.
Denisov spoke dismissively about the whole affair; but Rostov knew him too well not to notice that in his heart (hiding this from others) he was afraid of the court and was tormented by this affair, which, obviously, was supposed to have bad consequences. Every day, paper requests began to arrive, demands for the court, and on the first of May Denisov was ordered to hand over the squadron to the senior officer and report to the headquarters of the division for explanations on the case of the riot in the provisions commission. On the eve of this day, Platov made reconnaissance of the enemy with two Cossack regiments and two squadrons of hussars. Denisov, as always, rode ahead of the chain, flaunting his courage. One of the bullets fired by the French riflemen hit him in the flesh of the upper leg. Maybe at another time Denisov would not have left the regiment with such a light wound, but now he took advantage of this opportunity, refused to appear in the division and went to the hospital.

In June, the Battle of Friedland took place, in which the Pavlogradites did not participate, and after it a truce was announced. Rostov, who felt hard the absence of his friend, having had no news of him since his departure and worrying about the course of his case and wounds, took advantage of the truce and asked to go to the hospital to visit Denisov.
The hospital was located in a small Prussian town, twice ruined by Russian and French troops. Precisely because it was summer, when the field was so good, this place, with its broken roofs and fences and its filthy streets, ragged inhabitants and drunken and sick soldiers wandering around it, presented a particularly gloomy spectacle.
In a stone house, in the courtyard with the remains of a dismantled fence, frames and glass broken in part, a hospital was located. Several bandaged, pale and swollen soldiers walked and sat in the yard in the sun.
As soon as Rostov entered the door of the house, he was overwhelmed by the smell of a rotting body and a hospital. On the stairs he met a Russian military doctor with a cigar in his mouth. A Russian paramedic followed the doctor.
“I can’t burst,” said the doctor; - come to Makar Alekseevich in the evening, I'll be there. The paramedic asked him something else.
- E! do as you know! Isn't it all the same? The doctor saw Rostov going up the stairs.
“Why are you, your honor?” the doctor said. - Why are you? Or the bullet did not take you, so you want to get typhus? Here, father, is the house of the lepers.
- From what? Rostov asked.
- Typhoid, father. Whoever ascends - death. Only the two of us with Makeev (he pointed to the paramedic) are chatting here. At this point, five of our brother doctors died. As soon as the new one arrives, he’ll be ready in a week,” the doctor said with visible pleasure. - Prussian doctors were called, so our allies do not like it.
Rostov explained to him that he wished to see the hussar major Denisov lying here.
“I don’t know, I don’t know, father. After all, you think, I have three hospitals for one, 400 patients too! It’s also good, the Prussian ladies of the benefactor send us coffee and lint at two pounds a month, otherwise they would be lost. He laughed. - 400, father; and they keep sending me new ones. After all, there are 400? BUT? He turned to the paramedic.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the organization of military units remained the same as it was during the period Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The changes were minor, mainly related to the introduction of small units, such as machine gun teams, which appeared after

Huge harm to the troops in the period between these two wars was brought by the so-called "housekeeping". Meager loans for the Military Department led to the fact that the Russian Empire did not have the funds to maintain its army. The troops were forced to support themselves. Rearmament of troops shop shotguns in the 90s of the 19th century, the two-fold re-equipment with artillery in the 90s of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century required large expenditures. It was necessary to build premises, ammunition, dress and content the troops in an economic way, "without expenses from the treasury."

Regimental bakeries, regimental shoe shops, horseshoes, saddlers, carpentry and carpentry artels began to take all the forces of the troops and all the attention of the commanders. The officers turned into artels and captains - there was no one to attend tactical classes. The whole service - in particular company commanders - began to consist in all kinds of economic purchases, receptions, sorting, checking various reports, unsubscribing countless papers and papers ... The system "without expenses from the treasury" was brought to an exorbitant level.

In the Russian army at the end of the 19th century, "thriftiness" permeated the entire army from top to bottom. In these times, the authorities were touched by the good quality of shoe goods, prepared without expenses from the treasury. The Captain Who Invented new way cabbage leaven, gained honorary fame in the division, regiment commander, whose porridge was cooked with fifteen different ways, certified "outstanding". All thoughts and aspirations were directed to the non-combatant unit.

From all this, one should by no means throw a reproach of "fraud" against the combatant Russian officers of that time. All these were men of honor, devoted to their duty. In those abnormal conditions, it was simply impossible to serve otherwise. It was impossible to demand “self-sufficiency” from the military unit, to force it to work for itself, to divert people to work that had nothing to do with military affairs, and at the same time demand perfection in this latter.

Under normal conditions, the young soldier was only the first four months of his service, when he studied military affairs proper. After this time, established by law, the all-seeing sergeant-major's eye outlined future shoemakers, tailors, locksmiths in the ranks of young soldiers.

convoy military- these are lifting equipment used to transport troops different kind stocks. Part of the wagon train belongs to individual military units and was called regimental convoy. Items were carried in it, in which the units of the regiment always need in battle, on a campaign and for overnight stays. That's why regimental convoy had to be constantly with his unit or not far from it.

Regimental convoy, for the purpose of separating vehicles and stocks, in relation to control and for a hike near the enemy, it is divided into two parts: convoy of the 1st category and convoy of the 2nd category.

Carts for transporting essentials follow along with the troops (directly behind the units), making up convoy of the 1st category. Carts designed to deliver provisions, fodder, spares, written files, treasury, etc. to the place of lodging for the night, are convoy of the 2nd category, which is usually held in 7-8 versts from the front edge.

In 1907, each infantry either rifle regiment received machine gun team of 8 Maxim machine guns on a wheeled carriage, which introduced some changes in the composition of the regimental convoy.

As part of infantry regiment convoy according to the states of wartime it was provided:
- single-horse cartridge carts - 16 units. (8 units each in carts of the 1st and 2nd categories);
- paired cartridge carts - 8 units. (all in the convoy of the 2nd category);
- single-horse pharmaceutical carts - 4 units. (all in the convoy of the 1st category);
- a steam ambulance wagon - 1 unit. (in the convoy of the 1st category);
- quadruple infirmary ruler - 4 units. (all in the convoy of the 1st category);
- single-horse officer gigs - 4 units. (all in the convoy of the 1st category);
- one-horse gig of the commander of the unit - 1 unit. (in the convoy of the 2nd category);
- company single-horse household gigs - 16 units. (all in the convoy of the 2nd category);
- company paired economic wagons - 16 units. (all in the convoy of the 2nd category);
- paired carts of regimental property - 5 units. (all in the convoy of the 2nd category);
- a pair of staff wagon - 1 unit. (in the convoy of the 1st category);
- paired camp kitchens - 17 units. (all in the convoy of the 1st category);
- gig of a machine-gun team - 5 units. (all in the convoy of the 2nd category) *;
- gig with telegraph property - 1 unit. (in the convoy of the 1st category).

Total:
- carts - 99 units. (in the convoy of the 1st category - 40 units, in the convoy of the 2nd category - 59 units);
- spare horses - 15 goals. (in the wagon train of the 1st category - 7 heads, in the wagon train of the 2nd category - 8 heads.)
- convoy horses in harness - 159 head. (in the wagon train of the 1st category - 71 heads, in the wagon train of the 2nd category - 88 heads).
Total horses - 174 goals. (in the wagon train of the 1st category - 78 heads, in the wagon train of the 2nd category - 96 heads).