What do workers in the transport industry do around the world. labor law

Transport as a branch of the economy includes all types of activities for the transport of passengers and goods. The provision of transportation services and the performance of other activities directly related to the implementation of the transport process are carried out not only by specialized transport enterprises of various forms of ownership, but also by enterprises of other sectors of the economy that carry out transportation by their own or rented vehicles, as well as individuals- Truck owners.

Carrying out activities for the spatial movement of goods from the producer to the consumer, their loading, unloading and storage, freight transport does not create new use values. The increase in the cost of previously created goods in the course of this activity is considered as an assessment of the production of freight transport.

A natural indicator of the production of freight transport is the turnover, and passenger transport - the passenger turnover. These indicators characterize the volume of work of transport for the transportation of goods and passengers. Freight turnover is expressed in ton-kilometers and is calculated by summing the products of the mass of goods transported in tons by the distance of transportation, expressed in kilometers. Similarly, passenger turnover is the sum of the products of the number of passengers carried by the distance of transportation, expressed in kilometers. The total volume of transport work for the transportation of goods and passengers is expressed in reduced ton-kilometers and is calculated by summing up the freight turnover and the passenger turnover recalculated taking into account the conversion factors. Freight turnover is used to calculate the indicator of labor productivity of workers employed in transportation.

The output of transport characterizes the results of the activity of not only freight, but also passenger transport. It is defined as the amount of income actually received from freight and passenger transportation, mail transportation, passenger luggage transportation, loading and unloading operations, operation of storage facilities and the provision of other services related to the transportation of goods and passengers.

The main components of intermediate consumption of transport are material costs, rent, payment for intangible services.

Communications as an industry includes postal, courier, electronic and radio communications. Its function is to organize the passage of information flows through communication channels. Communication enterprises not only provide services to the population and other industries for the transmission of messages, forwarding of postal items (letters, telegrams, etc.), but also provide them with technical communication devices (devices, telephone and other communication channels) for use.

Communication products in physical terms can be measured:

the number of shipments of a certain type (letters, parcels, money orders, etc.);

the number of provided telephone conversations;

the number of units of communication devices provided to consumers.

The output of the "communications" industry is defined as the sum of the income of communication enterprises from the delivery of mail, periodicals, parcels and other items, the sale of postage stamps and postcards; fees for the use of communication channels, installation and maintenance of communication devices; receipts from radio and television, etc.

More on the topic Transport and communication:

VIOLATION OF THE RULES ENSURING THE SAFE OPERATION OF TRANSPORT (Article 268 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

TRANSPORT (from lat. transporto - I move), a branch of material production that transports people and goods. Distinguish land, water and air transport. Ground types: railway, automobile and pipeline; water - sea and river; air - aviation. Transport is divided into transport common use, serving the sphere of circulation and the population, transport for non-public use (intra-production movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, etc.), as well as transport for personal use. It is also divided into passenger and cargo.

Transport is one of the main branches of material production. In transport, both in the mining and manufacturing industries and in agriculture, value is created. However, transport has a number of peculiar features. Its products are change of location, movement of goods and people. These products are created and consumed simultaneously, in the very process of transport operation.

A number of other features of transport are also associated with the special nature of the products. The scheme of the circulation of capital in transport differs from the circulation of capital in industry and agriculture: there is no link in it - the incremental capital in commodity form, since the capital incremented as a result of production immediately appears in monetary form.

Transport, unlike industry, does not use raw materials, although it is the largest consumer of fuel (about a quarter of all produced fuel is spent on transport power plants), electricity, lubricating oils, metal (about a third of world production), rubber (70% of all its products) and other materials.

Transport differs sharply from any branch of industry and agriculture in the universality of its technological links with other branches of production. A product created by industrial or agricultural enterprises is only ready for sale and consumption when it is delivered to the market or to the place of consumption. Therefore, the transport process is a mandatory continuation of any production process in industry and agriculture (mainly already in the sphere of circulation).

In addition, transport is a material expression of the social territorial and geographical division of labor, international and domestic.

Transport products - cargo turnover and passenger turnover - form the material basis of the entire system of international and domestic (inter-regional and intra-regional) territorial and economic relations, geographical in nature. Transport system any country (or region) is closely related to the territorial structure of the economy.

There are features in the prevailing type of transport placement. Industry is characterized by discrete, or point, placement. In agriculture, the areal type of distribution is typical, characterized by the continuous filling of the area of entire sections of the territory. Linear placement prevails in transport. Cartographic methods of depicting transport with lines and lanes also correspond to this.

Price transport products takes a special form - tariffs and freight. Pricing in transport, as in other industries, is based on the law of value, however, transport tariffs, as the price of transport products, have significant features. The main one is that from the very beginning of the development of capitalist transport tariffs were of a monopoly nature, while monopoly prices for industrial products appeared only in the era of imperialism.

The most striking example of the monopoly nature of the price of transport products are railway tariffs. The amount of labor expended on transportation depends mainly on the weight of the cargo and the distance (the cost of the cargo has no effect). Consequently, a tariff based on the cost of the transport process should not depend on the value of the transported goods. But in fact, soon after the construction of the first railways, the railway companies began to set tariffs for valuable goods significantly higher than the cost of transportation, and the tariffs for the transportation of low-value goods were reduced almost to the level of additional (depending on the volume of traffic) costs, i.e. below the full cost. Such a construction of tariffs - according to the solvency of goods - was beneficial for railway companies, as it attracted a large number of additional cheap cargo.

On the contrary, the transportability and distance of transportation of expensive goods is little limited by tariffs, because even the carriage charge at greatly inflated tariffs is still an insignificant fraction of their price.
At the same time, the construction of tariffs on the principle of solvency allowed the capitalists of industry to create industrial enterprises at points remote from resources of fuel and raw materials, paying in the form of freight charges only a part of the actual total cost of transporting the bulk cargoes they need. Tariffs built on the principle of ability to pay, thus, had a significant impact on the process of industrialization and the location of industry. They contributed to the acceleration of the growth of large-scale capitalist industry by ruining the small producers, strengthening the inter-regional division of labor and specialization of the regions.

· Depending on the environment in which this transport performs its functions, it can be: atmospheric or by air(Airplanes, helicopters, balloons, airships, etc.), ground including underground (metro, etc.): rail (railway, tram, etc.) and trackless (cars, motorcycles, buses, trolleybuses, etc.), water(ships, boats, boats, yachts, etc.), including underwater (submarines) and space(rockets, satellites).

It is possible to combine environments - amphibians, flying boats, ekranoplanes, hovercraft, etc.

· By service area transport is divided into three categories: "public transport serving the sphere of circulation and the population, non-public (special) use transport (internal movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, etc.), as well as personal use transport." Public transport should not be confused with public transport (public transport is a subcategory of public transport). Public transport serves trade (transports goods) and the population (passenger traffic). Transport for special use - intra-production and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport is cars, bicycles, yachts, private jets.

Similar information.

what do transport workers do what do transport workers do

Answers:

Taxi driver - delivers people to where they need Trucker - delivers goods over long distances Pizza delivery driver - delivers pizza ordered by car Driver - manages the train delivering people to other cities / countries. Minibus driver - delivers parcels and people at a short distance. The driver of the city bus travels along certain routes, taking people to the right places. Subway driver - leads an underground train carrying people to the right stations

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Transport is one of the leading industries. In the conditions of large-scale economic and social upheavals, to which the current situation in Russia can be attributed, the dependence of the integral structure of the economy on the most stable elements is obvious - the reproduction of the necessary vital goods: food, clothing, housing, energy. Moreover, the critical, threshold level is their simple reproduction. Transport and energy, having accumulated a potential sufficient for expanded reproduction, enable the economy to temporarily function satisfactorily even in the conditions of a forced transition to conditions of simple reproduction, which once again emphasizes the critical role of transport in the national economy.

One of the most important components of the country's infrastructure is the transport system. Transport is not just one of the sectors of the economy of the country and our region, but also one of the most essential conditions for the successful functioning of the entire economy, which has an active impact on the formation of territorial proportions for the development of production in the country and regions.

In terms of species, the socio-spatial role of its automotive component is most noticeable; it is road transport that is closest to the daily needs and actions of people. The fact is that the means of transport, oriented mainly to long-distance trunk communications and transportation, provide mainly the resource-production sphere of the functioning of society. Road transport, kick and its other types, as it were, involve in this process a clear productive force - a person. Under the influence of motor transport, the forms of settlement, daily movements of the population are changing. Motor transport is increasingly becoming a socio-technical means of self-organization of the population and economy. Trends in the size and structure of traffic. In the context of the transition to market relations and the ongoing decline in production, it is important to understand what processes of a structure-forming nature take place in general in transport, what is the relationship between the motor transport component and the national economy. The dynamics of summary indicators characterizing the work of transport is characterized by a noticeable decline, which is growing over the years. If in 1990-1991. the decline in traffic caused by the reduction in production, approximately corresponded to its level, then in 1992-1994. the pace of this decline has accelerated. Changes in the proportions of cargo transportation by public and non-public transport in favor of the latter, as well as the crisis of payments and the rupture of traditional economic ties, affected.

Scheme. Transport in the system of the national economy

Transport is a complex infrastructure sector, it includes such modes of transport as (railway, river, sea, road, air, pipeline

Transport as a branch of material production has a number of features. He does not create products, but contributes to an increase in its value when moving by the amount of transportation costs. The ratio of total transport costs to the total cost of the product at the consumer is called the coefficient of the transport component. The lower this coefficient, the more rationally the production is located, the more transportable the products. This is especially important when solving problems of optimizing the territorial organization of productive forces. The state of transport depends on the general level of development of the productive forces, on technical progress in social production. Timely, high-quality and complete satisfaction of the needs of the economy and the population in transportation, increasing the economic efficiency of transport depends on the coordinated work of the country's unified transport system, its interaction with other industries, the emergence of new types of transport, and the widespread use of progressive methods of transportation. By purpose, transport is divided into public transport (serving the sphere of circulation and the population), non-public transport (internal movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products), as well as personal transport (cars, bicycles, yachts, etc.). According to the nature of the work performed, transport is divided into passenger and freight. Modes of transport differ from each other in the use of different natural or artificial means of communication. The main types of transport are grouped according to geospheres: ground (road, rail, etc.), water (sea, river, lake), air. A special group is formed by continuous modes of transport (pipeline, electrically conductive).

Railway transport is the main mode of transport in Russia, although it is inferior to pipeline transport in terms of total freight turnover, but it is universal: it can be used to transport any goods and passengers. Railway transport is distinguished by regular movement in all seasons, high speed, and the ability to master mass flows of goods and passengers, relatively low cost of transportation. However, taking into account the large capital investments spent on the construction of railways, its use is most effective with a significant concentration of freight and passenger flows.

Road transport is of great importance in the transportation of urgent goods and passengers over short and medium distances, due to its speed, maneuverability and ability to carry out door-to-door transportation without intermediate loading and unloading operations. At the same time, motor transport is characterized by significant capital and capital intensity, high consumption of energy resources and a rather high cost of transportation. The scope of vehicles is wide. It performs most of the short intra-regional transportation, delivers goods to railway stations and river piers and delivers them to consumers. For transportation over long distances, motor vehicles are used in regions where there are no other modes of transport (for example, in the northern and eastern regions) and for the delivery of especially valuable and perishable goods.

Internal river transport. Russia has an extensive river network, but the importance of river transport has begun to decrease in recent years. This is due to strong competition from outside, primarily railway transport. But river transport retains its position where the directions of shipping routes coincide with the direction of the main transport and economic ties (the European part of Russia) and in those areas where there are no other modes of transport (the North of the European and Asian parts of Russia). The total length of river navigable routes is 102 thousand km. The main disadvantages of river transport are its seasonal nature due to the freezing of rivers in winter, the limited use of it due to the configuration of the river network, low speed, and the meridional direction of river flow, while the main cargo flows are latitudinal. But river transport has the lowest cost of transporting goods, in addition, the arrangement of natural transport routes requires much less capital investments than to create communication routes for other modes of transport.

Maritime transport ranks fifth in terms of cargo turnover after pipeline, rail, road and inland water transport. Foreign transportation of goods predominates. Maritime transport is also engaged in domestic or coastal transportation. But they don't matter much. Coastal transportation is divided into large and small cabotage. Large cabotage - transportation of goods and passengers between ports of different seas. Small cabotage - transportation between ports of the same sea. Small cabotage prevails in Russia.

Pipeline transport is a highly specialized type of transport designed to transport liquid and gaseous products. According to their purpose, main pipelines are divided into oil, product and gas pipelines. The development of pipeline transport is closely linked with the development of the oil and gas industry.

transport in the national economytransport transportation cargo

First of all, road transport receives priority development, because. it is he who is the connecting element between all other modes of transport and consumers of transport services. In addition, the construction of transport arteries of other modes of transport is impossible without the participation of automobiles. It is he who carries out the import of building materials to create the material and technical base of railway, water, pipeline or air transport. But road transport consists of at least two technical elements: road and car, the development of which is in constant dialectical unity and interdependence. In this case, the primary is the road. It is she who “dictates” the conditions for choosing the type of rolling stock in terms of cross-country ability and carrying capacity, and largely determines the technical and economic parameters of the operation of the rolling stock, and, consequently, the economic performance of auto enterprises.

Highways are the most important link in the transport infrastructure, without which no sector of the economy can function effectively in market conditions.

Highways create the conditions for meeting the ever-growing needs of the entire economy in transportation by road. The intensity of traffic on the roads is constantly and uncontrollably increasing, which makes it necessary to build roads based on a very distant future.

The road sector is also included in the transport complex. The main goal of the functioning of the road sector is to meet the needs of the national economy and the population in road transport based on the creation and maintenance of a high quality of operation of a well-maintained network. highways.

There are two main features of economic relations in the road industry. The first feature lies in the special nature of the industry's products and its duality: on the one hand, the road sector is roads, and on the other hand, it is the production activity of labor collectives associated with the need to preserve and develop the road network. At the same time, motor roads are formally the property of the respective production road organizations, i.e. are on the balance sheet of road organizations that service them. This circumstance makes it possible to consider the creation of a certain potential of road provision in the region as the end result of the activities of road organizations, a kind of service potential that can be realized through the operation of road transport. This potential- a set of material and technical conditions that ensure the effective functioning of road transport and the entire unified transport system, the satisfaction of the social needs of society.

Second feature is that roads are used by transport, industrial, construction, agricultural and other organizations, as well as by the population free of charge. Their depreciation is not included in the cost of transportation, but is reimbursed by direct financing of the costs of repair work on roads at established tax rates through road funds.

Therefore, in the road sector there is no direct relationship between the amount of funds allocated for the maintenance, repair and construction of roads, and the measure of road consumption by road transport, as is the case in reproduction processes in other sectors of the national economy. Although, in general, the current expenses of the road sector were covered by deductions from the income of car fleets, these deductions were not a form of economic evaluation of roads, since they were not related to the actual process of using vehicles, their role is reduced to the functions of taxation of vehicle owners as a form of accumulation of funds necessary for road transport. organizations.

The transport complex consists of a large number of interrelated industries and is a special transport industry with a common development laws, uniformity of production processes and the purpose of the products being created. The emergence of transport as an independent branch of the national economy, its sectoral specificity is a constant process due to the division of social labor. The division of social labor manifests itself in three forms: general, particular, individual.

The general division of labor is expressed in the division of social production into large spheres of material production: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, etc.

The private division of labor is manifested in the isolation of individual branches and industries within industry, agriculture, transport and other branches of material production.

The individual division of labor finds its expression in the division and organization of labor directly at the enterprises.

The transport industry is a set of business entities, regardless of their departmental affiliation and forms of ownership, developing and (or) producing products (performing work and providing services) of certain types that have a homogeneous consumer or functional purpose.

The structure of transport is understood as the composition, quantitative ratios and forms of interconnection between individual industries and industries. The indicators of the sectoral structure are: the number of independent sectors; the ratio of all types of transport in the total volume of cargo transportation of the entire transport complex; share of transport sectors; share of passenger and freight transport.

In the practice of planning and accounting, the sectoral structure of transport is determined by finding specific gravity industries in the total volume of transport production.

The structure of the country's transport complex is formed under the influence of many factors, the most important of which are:

scientific and technical progress;

the planned pace of development of all transport and its individual sectors;

concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production;

the growth of the material well-being and cultural level of the working people;

socio-historical conditions in which is developing transport;

international division of labor;

strengthening Russia's position in the world market.

A scientifically substantiated classification of transport sectors is essential for proper planning of production and ensuring a certain proportionality in its development.

The classification of transport sectors is based on the following principles:

economic purpose of the service provided;

the nature of the functioning of transport products in the production process;

the nature of the impact on the object of labor, etc.

The most important principle of classifying industries is the economic purpose of the service provided. In accordance with this, all transport is divided into external and internal.

Since transport is used not only for external transportation, but also for internal transportation, i.e. transportation within production, then in addition to public transport there is transport in the national economy internal production or departmental.

Intra-production transport, as well as other means of labor, is an integral part of the technological process of this enterprise. He participates directly in the production process of the impact of the means of labor on the objects of labor, the change in the properties of the objects of labor and the creation of new material products of labor. The costs of intra-production transport are part of the production costs of an enterprise or organization, and at the same time they are an integral part of the cost of their products. Intra-industrial transport does not characterize an independent branch of transport production, but is an integral part of the industry in which it operates.

However, public and intra-industrial transport in the aggregate represents one of the main bases of our entire economy, without the successful development and functioning of which it is not possible to ensure the intensification of production and high rates of its growth.

Transport - creates conditions for the planned development of all social production, concentration, cooperation and combination of enterprises, deepening the territorial division of labor, and also links the sectors of the national economy into a single system.

The study of the problems of formation and improvement of transport and economic relations of the main sectors of the national economy revealed the need for a correct account of the transport factor in the territorial distribution of productive forces. From the possible variety of options for locating enterprises and the corresponding transport and economic links, the optimal option is selected that ensures the minimum cost of production and transportation of products.

Underestimation of the role of the transport factor in the location of production leads to errors in planning the development of transport capacities in the most important areas of the network, causing unproductive expenditure of material, financial and labor resources.

In the total production costs of all industries, the share transport costs reaches 10%. At the same time, in the extraction of iron ore, oil and gas, logging, production of building materials, this figure is 2-3 times higher than the industry average. A significant share of transport costs in the mining, chemical and coal industries. At the same time, in mechanical engineering and instrument making, textile and a number of other industries, the share of transport costs does not exceed 1-3% of total costs. Satisfying the needs of the national economy for transportation in a number of cases can cause some increase in transportation costs, which is offset by a reduction in production costs.

The improvement of national economic proportions, the further development and deepening of specialization, cooperation and combination in industry and agriculture, in combination with the technical re-equipment of various means of communication, the improvement of interaction between them, and the increase in the transportability of goods presented for transportation, will contribute to a change and growth in freight turnover, a change in the territorial distribution of industrial and agricultural production.

AT modern world transport plays a crucial role, allowing people and things to move not only within one country, but also in cross-border directions. Therefore, professions related to transport will always be popular. After all, it is thanks to them that fast delivery of goods and passengers is carried out to different, even the most remote and hard-to-reach places on our planet.

What professions in transport exist today, many want to know who are considering who to become in this life. Transport professions, the list of which is quite wide, traditionally differ depending on the type of transport.

Railway transport professions

In the vast majority of developed countries, it is railway transport that bears the main burden of transporting goods and passengers, and therefore the profession of an employee railway transport not only always in demand, but also very popular among applicants. The list of railway transport professions that are unique to this industry is not very extensive, and all of them can be classified depending on the three main areas of activity of workers:

Travel Specialties.
station specialties.
Station specialties.

The travel specialties are as follows:

Driver. Controls the locomotive. It is believed that in the near future this profession will disappear, and train management will be entrusted to automatic systems. But so far, nowhere in the world can they do without this, the most respected and prestigious profession in railway transport. At the same time, in Russia it is purely male profession completely inaccessible to women.
Assistant driver. It performs a lot of functions, being, in fact, the eyes, ears and hands of the driver.
Train leader. Responsible for the functionality of the train, its normal operation, its condition, including each car, compartment and individual seats.
Conductor. The profession of "Railway Conductor" involves the implementation of direct work in the car, including passenger service, maintaining order, etc.

Among the main station professions, the main ones are the following:

Travel specialists. This profession includes two specializations: craftsmen and linemen. At the same time, they have one goal - to ensure the integrity railway track. Crawlers discover its damage, and the masters repair it.
Electricians. Their duty is to ensure the functionality of switches, hitchhiking, traffic lights, high-voltage lines used by rail, etc.
Electromechanics. Carry out maintenance of the alarm system, centralization and blocking, eliminate its malfunctions, malfunctions and breakdowns.
Carriages. Carry out inspection of trains, internal and external control of the state of cars.
Repairmen. Their task is to troubleshoot rolling stock.

Station professions include:

Station duty officer. His functions include scheduling trains, controlling their arrival and departure, managing the station entrusted to him.
Dispatcher. Carries out direct coordination of movement, constantly being in touch with the drivers.
Maintenance and service personnel, including several specialties related to ticketing, cooking, medical care, security, cleaning, etc.

Profession road transport

Road transport is younger than rail transport, but its role in transportation is also very important. Road transport workers , professions which are distinguished by their specificity, carry out their activities in the field of road transportation. Among their specialties are the following:

Drivers of various categories. These people directly manage vehicles, both passenger and freight.
Dispatcher. The profession of "road transport dispatcher" is in many ways similar to that of the railway. It also needs to be coordinated. Vehicle to keep in touch with them, to solve problems promptly.

Speciality " Maintenance and repair of motor transport” is associated with the maintenance vehicles in proper functional condition and their repair if necessary.

Maintenance and service personnel.

Air transport professions

Air transport is indispensable over long distances and especially when the destination is inaccessible to other modes of transport. The profession of this type of transport is covered with romance and is very prestigious. Specific among these professions are the following:

Aircraft commander. Carries out crew management, while combining the functions of the main pilot.
Pilot. Operates an aircraft.
Navigator. Its main functions are to plot the course, control the following on it using navigational instruments.
Flight engineer. Controls the operation of engines, landing gear and other aircraft systems.
Flight attendant. Representatives of this profession are also called stewardesses and stewards. Their task is to directly serve passengers and ensure their safety.
Flight leader. it main man at the airport, which controls everything that happens there, including the state of all technical support, the runway, the situation in the air (including weather conditions). Only he can authorize landing or takeoff.
Air traffic controller. Regulates the movement of aircraft using data from air navigation and aeronautical meteorology. Constantly in touch with aircraft.

Professions of river transport

Today, river transport is no longer as popular as in Soviet times, but in many regions of our vast and not very well-developed country in terms of infrastructure, it is almost the only means of transporting goods and passengers. Therefore, the professions of water transport are also necessary and respected, and the main ones are presented below:

Riverboat captain. He manages the crew, bears full responsibility for the vessel entrusted to him.
Technician-navigator. Ensures the operation of ships, including the safety of their navigation.
Marine mechanic. Responsible for the operation of the ship's power equipment.
minder. Carries out operation of the engine, its start-up, stop and change of operating modes.
Helmsman (feeder). A person who controls a ship while it is in motion.
Boatswain. Manages the crew of the vessel in the field of all economic activities.
Ship's cook. He is also a cook. Responsible for the preparation of meals and proper meals for the crew and passengers.
Radiotelegrapher. Provides communication between ships and shore and between different ships.
Sailor. The main working unit of river transport, carrying out all necessary work under the direction of the boatswain.
port manager. Carries out control and management of the movement of ships.
port workers. These can be crane operators, loaders, laborers, and a host of other professions directly related to work in the port.

Maritime professions

Professions in the field of maritime transport are practically no different from those in river transport. Therefore, only the following can be added to the list above:

Skipper. Responsible for deck property.
Major assistant. Right hand captain, performing a huge number of functions, sharing them with the boatswain.
Lighthouse keeper. Carries out the operation of the lighthouse in order to ensure the safety of maritime navigation.

Profession organization of transportation and transport management

Whatever the mode of transport, it needs qualified management to organize uninterrupted transportation. This requires a variety of skills, including « Technique and technology of land transport”, a profession related to ensuring the operation of both road and rail transport. The profession "Automation and telemechanics in transport" is directly related to railways, where specialists of this profile operate interval motion systems.

Service in transport, what kind of profession

The profession "Service in transport by type of transport" involves specialization in passenger service, registration required documents, financial settlements, security, etc.

In conclusion, it can be noted that the professions of transport workers are not limited to the considered specialties. There are many more different professions that are used, including in transport, but are not specific to this industry.