National liberation movement led by Kenesary Kasymov (1837-1847). Kenesary Kasymov Facts related to Kenesary Kasymov

The reasons for the uprising are the deterioration of the political and economic situation of the Kazakh people. Growth of mass dissatisfaction with the policy of tsarism aimed at the complete elimination of the independence of the Kazakhs (construction of military lines and fortifications, massive seizure of the best pasture lands, the introduction of high taxes, the implementation of the tsarist administrative reform).

The uprising began in the autumn of 1837 in the organization of insurgent detachments. Already in the spring of 1838, armed clashes with the tsarist detachments began. At the same time, the Akmola fortress was destroyed by the Kenesary detachment. In the summer, the attacks of the hated sultans who rebelled against the villages continued. In autumn, the center of the uprising moves from the Middle to the Younger zhuz.

Kenesary conducts military operations not only in the north-west. In order to liberate the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz from the oppression of Kokand, in 1840 he undertook an invasion of the Kokand Khanate. The murder of Kenesary's father by the Kokands.

In 1841, the center of the uprising moved to the Turgai steppe. In the same year, on September 7, at the kurultai, Kenesary was elected as a khan (against the royal decrees). Kenesary's attempt to carry out socio-economic reforms, to establish parity relations with Russia.

In 1843, the struggle continued on two fronts - attacks on the western border line and on the possessions of Kokand. At the same time, the organization of the royal punitive detachment against Kenesary takes place.

Although in 1844-45 the uprising covered all the main regions of Kazakhstan, and even an attack was organized by the rebels on the Konstantinovsky fortress, but the punitive forces significantly narrowed the territories whose inhabitants supported the rebels. Here the cruelty of Kenesary was manifested. Those auls that had already been subjected to executions by punitive detachments and, out of fear of new ones, did not support Kenesary, were subjected to cruel defeats by his sarbas. Seeing the lack of protection from Kennesary, the support of the people more and more moved away from the uprising, which caused a severe reaction from him. And when in 1845 two new royal military fortifications were built in the nomadic places of Kenesary, he could no longer hide on his territory. Withdrawal of the rebels to the south. New clashes with the Kokandans.

In 1846, the detachments of Kenesary entered the territory of the Kyrgyz clans. In April 1847 he entered the Chui valley. Conflicts between Kenesary and Kyrgyz manaps. The Kirghiz were afraid, and not unreasonably, that after him Russian troops would come to their territory. They did not support Kenesary. As a result, the detachments of Kegesary began to ravage the Kyrgyz villages, kill civilians. All Kirghiz rose against Kenesary. As a result of a many-day battle and the departure of a number of sultans from him, the troops of Kenesary were defeated, and he himself was killed.

The meaning of the uprising. This is the most extensive national liberation movement in terms of coverage of territory, mass character. It demonstrated the strength of the resistance of the peoples in the struggle for independence, in an effort to create a single centralized state.

§ 6-7. NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT LEADED BY KENESARA KASYMOV (1837-1847)

Dissatisfaction with the reforms of the royal power in the Middle Zhuz. preconditions for movement. In the 20s of the XIX century. as a result of the unification of the possessions of the khans of Bukei and Vali and the formation of the Karkaraly district, significant administrative and political innovations were introduced. This allowed the tsarist authorities to accelerate the colonization of the rest of the territory of the Middle Zhuz and move deep into the territory belonging to the Senior Zhuz. The most perspicacious Kazakh figures foresaw that further actions of tsarist Russia would lead to the loss of their statehood by the Kazakh people, that these actions contradicted the fundamental interests of the people.

After the death of Khan Vali, his widow, the educated and energetic khansha Aiganym, carried on a lively correspondence with officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, its Asian Department and the Siberian Committee in order to preserve the khan's power in the Middle Juz. However, this state of affairs was contrary to the plans of the tsarist government.

Of course, Khansha Aiganym could not lead the armed resistance of the people against the royal power. This complex and difficult task fell on the shoulders of Sultan Kasim, the youngest of the thirty sons of Abylai Khan. He and his children - Sarzhan, Yesengeldy, Agatay, Bopay, Kushak, Kenesary and Nauryzbay - remained in history as active participants and organizers of the longest twenty-year struggle of the Kazakh people against the tsarist colonizers.

Kenesary Kasymov

The first who openly opposed the construction of military fortifications on Kazakh soil was Sultan Kasym. In his letter dated June 14, 1825, addressed to the West Siberian Governor-General Kaptsevich, Kasym demanded the destruction of the order and the removal of Russian detachments from the steppe, pointed out that such issues as the construction of fortifications, changes in the administrative nature of Kenesary Kasymov

tera, should be decided with the consent of the sultans and elders of the region. At the end of his letters, he asked the royal authorities to give the Kazakhs the opportunity to live according to their own laws, according to their customs and traditions, dating back to the time of his father, Khan Abylai. The negative responses of the tsarist officials to his letters could not force Kasym to turn off the chosen path - the struggle against the colonial policy of tsarism.

The struggle of the Kazakhs of Central and Northern Kazakhstan for their rights was led by the sultans Gubaidulla and Sarzhan. The tsarist authorities managed to detain Gubaidulla and exile him to the town of Berezov. However, this measure could not prevent the development of the movement, which covered most of the Middle Zhuz. Soon an uprising broke out in the Karpyk volost of the Karkaraly district, led by Sultan Sarzhan. Among the rebels of Sarzhan was the junior sultan of Kenesary, who later became the head of the largest movement for the independence of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia.

Sarzhan united the disparate detachments and proceeded to a decisive struggle against the colonial policy of tsarism. However, under the pressure of the well-armed and trained royal punitive detachments, the Sarzhan rebels were forced to retreat to the borders of the Kokand Khanate. Sarzhan turned to the Kokand beks with a proposal to unite in the fight against the Russian colonialists. But the Kokand beks broke their promise and, in order to please the tsarist government, treacherously killed Sarzhan and his closest associates. In 1840, as a result of the treachery of the Kokand rulers, the same fate befell Sultan Kasim and his relatives.

The murder of Sultan Kasym, his sons Sarzhan and Yesengeldy and their closest associates briefly stopped the further growth of the national liberation movement of the Kazakhs. In 1837, a new, more powerful uprising broke out, covering most of Kazakhstan. Sarzhan's brother Kenesary Kasymov (1802-1847) stood at the head of this truly nationwide movement.

Causes, goals, nature and driving forces of the national liberation movement. The main reasons for the uprising were the colonial policy of tsarism in Kazakhstan, the elimination of the khan's power in the Middle Zhuz and the introduction of the Russian system of administrative control. The main goal of the uprising is to restore the territorial integrity of Kazakhstan, which existed under the rule of Khan Abylai, and stop further colonization of Kazakh lands by Russia.

The main driving forces of the uprising were the Kazakh sharua. Elders, sultans and feudal lords also took part in the uprising. Of course, not all participants in the uprising pursued the same goals. However, in one thing - in hatred for the Russian colonialists - they were unanimous.

Kenesary's comrades-in-arms and the heads of his separate detachments were famous batyrs: Agybai, Iman (Amangeldy's grandfather), Basygara, Angal, Zhanaidar, Zheke, Bukharbai, Zholaman Tlenshiev, Suranshi, Baiseipg. Among the participants in the uprising were Russians, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Bashkirs, Tatars.

Kenesary Kasimov - diplomat, batyr, leader of the people's liberation movement. He went down in history as the successor of the work of Khan Abylai. Kenesary's direct speech in the spring of 1837 was preceded by a series of his attempts to convince the tsarist authorities to abandon the construction of a system of fortresses in Kokshetau and Akmola - in the homeland of Kenesary himself. To this end, Kenesary addressed a number of letters of protest to the tsarist authorities. “Bequeathed by our ancestors,” he wrote in one of his letters, “Esil, Nura, Aktau, Ortau, Karkaraly, Kazylyk, Zharkaiyn, Obagan, Tobol, Kusmurun, Okiyat, Tokzak to the Urals, were taken from us under the current king and fortifications were built there . Every day, capturing new our lands, fortifications are laid on them and this drives the population to despair. This is dangerous not only for our future, but also for today’s existence.” Of course, there were no answers to these letters, the colonization of Kazakh lands intensified.

Kenesary tried to resolve disputed issues peacefully. So, in one of the letters addressed to the Orenburg Governor-General, he wrote: “I could live a quiet life only if my Kazakhs are engaged in arable farming, hunting and other peaceful crafts”; in another he suggests: "How good it would be if we lived in friendship and harmony."

Convinced of the futility of negotiations with the tsarist authorities, Kenesary proceeds to open armed struggle. One of the last letters addressed to the tsarist authorities contains the following lines: “From 1825 to 1840, the tsarist troops made 15 attacks on our villages. Therefore, we, the Kazakhs, unable to withstand such oppression, robberies and murders, were forced to migrate in all directions. However, they still did not leave us alone. For this reason, I, Kenesary Kasimov, having armed myself, decided to lead this great struggle.”

After the death of his father and older brothers, Kenesary led the uprising, in which his brothers and relatives Yerzhan, Kudaimendy, Isa, Koshkarbay and others took part. Among them, brothers Nauryzbay and Abulgazy, sister Bopay distinguished themselves.

Understanding perfectly well the difficulty of armed confrontation with such a powerful state as tsarist Russia, Kenesary made great efforts to unite all three zhuzes, to form a powerful military force. He strictly forbade the sultans and foremen to leave the ranks of the rebels, mercilessly punished those who collaborated with the punishers and the tsarist authorities in their struggle against the rebels. Nevertheless, Kenesary tried to solve problems with the tsarist authorities peacefully, showed a humane attitude towards prisoners of war, and gave a polite welcome to representatives of the tsarist authorities. The strictest discipline was established in the troops of Kenesary. Any carelessness, negligence were punishable. Kenesary was merciless to traitors, in other cases, according to contemporaries, he was a reasonable, fair person.

In various ways, Kenesary tried to unite the bay-feudal groups of all clans and tribes of the three zhuzes. However, his efforts were in vain. Even at the beginning of the uprising, the ruling Kazakh circles were divided into two opposing camps. The group, which supported the policy of the tsarist authorities and was represented mainly by the senior sultan of the Akmola district, Konyrkulzha Kudaimendin, the sultans-rulers Ahmed and Mukhamed Zhanturin, and the sultan Baimagambet Aishuakov, did everything to crush the forces of Kenesary.

Nevertheless, Kenesary managed to gather a significant part of the Kazakh clans of all three zhuzes under their banner. The number of sarbaz under his command sometimes reached 20 thousand people. A significant part of the Kazakh sultans, mainly from the Middle Zhuz, joined the uprising, only in the Kushmurun, Kokchetav, Akmola, Karkaralinsky and Bayanaul districts, the uprising was supported by over 80 sultans, biys and foremen.

Kenesary perfectly understood that the national independence of the Kazakh people was threatened not only by tsarist Russia, but also by its Central Asian neighbors, primarily the Kokand Khanate. He firmly decided to abandon the policy of his father and brothers, who were looking for support in the "universal" Central Asian khanates. He refused to negotiate with the Kokand kushbegi, but established friendly relations with the emir of Bukhara, who supplied him with weapons and gunpowder.

The beginning of the uprising. The main events of the uprising. The uprising of Kenesary was the largest among all the uprisings and protests of the Kazakh people against Russian colonialism, it covered most of the territories of the Middle Zhuz, significant parts of the Older and Younger Zhuzs.

The insurgent detachments, acting separately in different parts of the Middle Zhuz, united under the banner of Kenesary. In battles against the punitive detachments of the tsarist government, Kenesary's bright military talent was manifested.

Hostilities began in 1838 with a sudden attack by Kenesary detachments on the Akmola fortress.

Soon the rebels moved towards Turgay. In letters addressed to Orenburg officials, Kenesary explained his actions by the desire to be closer to Orenburg in order to facilitate negotiations. In fact, this step was dictated by his desire to spread the uprising in the land of the Little Zhuz, where in 1836-1838. there was an uprising led by Isatai Taimanov. Kenesary's calculations were partially justified - detachments of the Tortkara, Shomekey, Tabyn and other clans, led by the batyr Zholaman Tlenshiev, joined the ranks of the rebels. Thus, the uprising also embraced a part of the Younger Zhuz. Kenesary's hopes for a favorable outcome of negotiations with the tsarist authorities did not come true.

Election of Kenesary as Khan. The structure of the Khanate of Kenesary. In 1841, representatives of all three Kazakh zhuzes raised Kenesary to a white felt mat and elected him the khan of the entire Kazakh people. The Khanate of Kenesary was a feudal state, it occupied the vast territory of Kazakhstan, excluding part of the Kazakh lands in the north, where the Russian Empire established itself by force of arms. Kenesary streamlined the collection of taxes: they collected zakat from cattle breeders, and ushur from landowners. This was also explained by the tasks of strengthening the state and increasing the flow of funds to the treasury for material support of the uprising.

Kenesary encouraged farming in his state. The trade policy has been improved. He taxed trading caravans, which gave more income. Those who evaded customs duties were subject to an additional tax.

The state structure was also changed. The Khan's Council, as the supreme governing body of the state, consisted of close relatives of Kenesary, biys, batyrs and sultans, devoted to the goals of the liberation struggle, who showed heroism or diplomatic abilities. However, the main control lever remained in the hands of the khan himself. A special department was created, responsible for the dissemination, clarification and implementation of the appeals of the leader of the uprising, the decisions of the khan's council. Kenesary attracted people to management based on their personal qualities and abilities, not attaching much importance to their origin, and encouraged them in every possible way for their service zeal and success.

Khan was in constant correspondence with high-ranking officials of Russia and the Central Asian states. He paid serious attention to the organization of the diplomatic service. His letters and appeals were distinguished by the accuracy of their content and wording, and the clarity of their demands. When receiving Russian officials who came to him on a diplomatic mission, such as Gern, Dolgov, Baron Uslar, Kenesary, he showed outstanding diplomatic abilities.

Being an ardent supporter of the centralization of power, Kenesary severely suppressed the slightest attempts of inter-clan strife, clashes, violent rustling of livestock - barymta, severely punished those responsible for such actions.

The militia of Kenesary was a well-organized army, divided into combat units - detachments led by batyrs who proved themselves in battles. The strictest military discipline and order reigned in the detachments. Inspired by a lofty idea, the army of Kenesary was an impressive force. She was perfectly prepared for both fleeting clashes with enemy units, and protracted battles with them. In the army of Kenesary, military insignia were also introduced. He himself, according to some reports, wore a blue uniform with epaulettes of a colonel in the Russian army.

The troops of Kenesary had information about the enemy. Having a wide intelligence network, he was well aware of all the plans and actions of the enemies. Thanks to this, he often managed to inflict unexpected lightning strikes on enemy units with a minimum of losses in his camp.

After his election as the khan of the Kazakh people, Kenesary stepped up actions to liberate the Kazakh lands from the invaders. Now he had to fight not only against the Russian colonialists, but also against the Kokand Khanate. In 1841, the detachments of Kenesary began the siege of the Kokand fortresses of Suzak, Yanykurgan, Ak-Mechet, Zhulek. This inspired the local Kazakhs, who declared their support for Kenesary and recognized him as a khan. The Kazakhs of the Tortkar and Shekty clans joined the rebels. Kenesary had old scores with the Kokand rulers. On the one hand, he wanted to free the Kazakh population from Kokand slavery, on the other hand, to take revenge on the Kokand people for the death of his father, brothers and other relatives and countrymen who fell at the hands of the Kokand beks.

Suppression of the national liberation movement. The further expansion of the national liberation movement with the participation of the Kazakhs of all three zhuzes caused great concern of the tsarist government. It decided to take tough measures against the rebels. Tsar Nicholas I personally signed this decision. Against the rebels, a detachment of the military foreman Lebedev was equipped, consisting of 300 Cossacks, soon the number of troops reached 1900 people. A second group of punishers was also created, led by sultans Akhmet Zhantoreov and Baimagambet Aishuakov.

In August 1843, a detachment of 5 thousand people under the general command of Colonel Bizanov and the named sultans set out from the Sakharnaya fortress in order to destroy Kenesary. In September 1843, this detachment, exhausted in battles with separate detachments of Kenesary, returned to Orsk.

Taking advantage of the excellent knowledge of the area, Kenesary on the night of July 20-21, 1844 suddenly attacked the detachment of Sultan A. Zhantoreov and dealt him a significant blow. The military foreman Lebedev was recalled to Orenburg, removed from his post and handed over to the court on charges of robbing the village of Baikadamov, betrayed by the tsarist authorities. Instead of Lebedev, the Cossack colonel Dunikovsky was appointed head of the punitive detachment. Encouraged by the successes, the main forces of Kenesary on August 14, 1844 suddenly laid siege to the Ekaterininsky village. They burned and destroyed the outskirts of the village, took 40 people prisoner, a fair amount of trophies.

To help the detachment of Dunikovsky, a Siberian detachment was equipped under the command of Major General Zhemchuzhnikov. Kenesary managed to elude the punitive detachments. The skilful actions of Kenesary and the inconsistency of the actions of the punitive detachments led the latter to failure. They were unable to fulfill the main task assigned to them - to defeat the detachments of the rebellious khan. The hostilities turned out to be prolonged and required great efforts and funds from the tsarist government.

Disagreements arose between the Orenburg governor-general V. A. Perovsky and the Siberian governor V. D. Gorchakov on the methods of fighting against Kenesary. Perovsky was inclined to resolve controversial issues through negotiations, while Gorchakov was a supporter of a forceful solution. As a result, the tsarist authorities sent envoys headed by Dolgov and Gern to Kenesary for negotiations. In accordance with the instructions received, they presented Kenesary with obviously unacceptable conditions, according to which the rebels could roam within certain territories. Having failed to achieve their goals, the royal envoys were forced to return. But Dolgov detailed the requirements of Kenesary to the Orenburg authorities, who expressed their consent to accept the protectorate of Russia, provided that Russian authorities they will return to the Kazakhs the lands forcibly taken from them, liquidate the fortresses built on these lands, and stop the predatory, violent campaigns against the Kazakh lands.

The authorities made every effort to oust Kenesary from the territory of the Orenburg Territory. To this end, they built a number of military fortifications in the Aral-Syrdarya region. Pressed from both sides by the royal punishers, Kenesary was forced to leave the territory of the Middle Zhuz and withdraw his troops to the boundaries of the Senior Zhuz.

In order to get ahead of the arrival of the Kenesary detachments, under the guise of conducting a census of the population and livestock, a large military detachment was sent to Semirechye under the command of the chairman of the Siberian Border Administration, General Vishnevsky. Avoiding a head-on collision with a well-armed army, Kenesary crossed to the right bank of the Ili and settled in the territories bordering with the Kyrgyz.

Kenesary set himself the goal of uniting the population of the Senior Zhuz and Kyrgyzstan in the struggle against the tsarist troops. The Khan demanded that the North Kirghiz clans accept his patronage. The Kyrgyz manaps Orman, Zhantai and Zhangarash gathered Kyrgyz representatives of the Sarybagysh, Bugy, Sayak, Solty, Sherik, etc. tribes. and decided to refuse the subordination of Kenesary.

In April 1847, Kenesary, at the head of 10,000 Sarbaz, invaded the borders of Kyrgyzstan. The battle between the troops of Kenesary and the Kirghiz took place in a mountain gorge near Issyk-Kul and in the upper reaches of the Chu River. The Kirghiz outnumbered the Sarbazians of Kenesary by several times. In this unequal battle, 32 Kazakh sultans were killed along with Kenesary. The defeat of Kenesary and its death greatly facilitated the conquest of the territories of the Senior Zhuz and the northern part of Kyrgyzstan by the Russian colonialists.

The reasons for the defeat and the historical significance of the movement. The defeat of the most powerful national liberation movement of the Kazakh people under the leadership of Kenesary Kasymov is due to a number of reasons. The main reason is that tsarist Russia was a mighty empire with a strong, well-armed regular army. In addition, the defeat of the rebels was facilitated by the political fragmentation of the Kazakhs, intra-clan disunity and lack of unity among the representatives of the ruling class who took part in the uprising.

The Kazakh feudal lords, supported by the colonialists, were not interested in creating a strong centralized state that would infringe on their narrow class interests. In the internecine struggle with his relatives and other feudal circles who refused to support him, fighting against the Kokand Khanate and the Kirghiz, Kenesary weakened his forces. Many Kazakh clans supported Kenesary while his troops were on their territories, but when Kenesary invaded the territories of Kokand and Kyrgyzstan, the majority of the people stopped supporting him. Many were repelled by harsh measures against auls and clans that did not support him.

However, despite the defeat, the Kenesary uprising was of great historical importance for further fate Kazakh people, had a considerable influence on the neighboring peoples of Central Asia, remained in history as an example for future generations of fighters for the freedom and independence of their people to follow.

The struggle of Kenesary for the happiness of the native people, his outstanding organizational skills and military leadership, as well as diplomatic talent as early as the 19th century. commanded worldwide respect.

Under the royal power, the name of Kenesary was consigned to oblivion, and if it was mentioned, then only with a negative connotation: “rebel”, “robber”, etc.

Under Soviet rule, the movement of Kenesary was assessed as reactionary, monarchist, directed against the “progressive phenomenon” - the annexation of Kazakhstan to Russia.

Only after gaining independence, the Kenesary movement received its objective assessment as an outstanding stage in the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people. Accordingly, the activities of Kenesary himself and his associates were evaluated according to their merits.

1. Show on the map the territories covered by the national liberation movement and the places of the largest battles.

2. Name the causes, nature and driving forces of the national liberation movement of 1825-1847. In Kazakhstan.

3. What are the main stages of the twenty-year liberation movement.

4. What are the features of the state structure of the Khanate of Kenesary?

5. Specify the main reasons for the defeat of the uprising of 1837-1847.

6. What role did the national liberation uprising of 1837-1847 play? for an independent Kazakhstan?

The heroic life and death shrouded in secrets of Kenesary Kasymuly, which occurred at the beginning of the 19th century, arouse interest. The last Kazakh Khan Kenesary Kasymov literally gave his life for the liberation of Kazakhstan from imperial occupation. Let us dwell in more detail on the biography of the commander and politician.

Kenesary Kasymov: biography of the Kazakh Sultan

Born in 1802 on the territory of the Akmola region, Kenesary was the youngest child of six children in the family of Kasym-Tore and his elder wife Aykumis, the daughter of the Dzungar Khan Galdan Tseren. On the maternal side, Kenesary Kasymov came from the Choros dynasty, and on the paternal side, from Chingizids. He is the grandson of Abylai Khan.

His father Kasym, the son of a Kalmyk woman, claimed the title of khan after the death of Abylay Khan, who was recognized by all zhuzes. The Horde from the Middle Zhuz elected as khan his half-brother Uali, who was not popular among the Kazakhs. Therefore, Kasim believed that he had the same legal right to the khanate as his father.

Kenesary Kasimuly received a real steppe education, befitting the son of the Sultan. From a young age, he studied military skills, managerial skills and showed remarkable leadership and organizational skills in this.

After the death of Uali in 1821, Kasym became the main contender for the khan's title, but just at that moment, tsarist Russia abolished the khan's power and began to carry out administrative reforms among the nomads. Sultan Kasim and his sons led a national liberation uprising against the changes.

Sultan Kasim spent his entire life in the struggle to restore power and the state foundation that existed during the life of his father. And almost all the sons of Kenesary shared his views: they participated in the struggle from an early age.

At the age of 22, Kenesary joined the fighting led by his older brother Sarzhan. Participation in the liberation movement aimed at overthrowing the royal power in Kazakhstan, real leadership qualities allowed Kenesary to take a key position in the political struggle.

After the murder in 1836 of his brother Sarzhan and his father in 1840, who fell at the hands of the Kokand people, Kenesary began to build his military-political strategy, looking for allies among the clans of the three zhuzes.

In the summer of 1837, Kenesary and his nephew Yerzhan created a military unit of 300 fighters. With the September attack on the Tamin and Konyratov volosts, the uprising of Kenesary Kasymov began. Gradually, the uprising, raised in response to the attack of the troops led by Karbyshev, turned into a full-fledged war.

The first military actions of the Kenesary uprising began in the spring of 1838 with the siege and capture of the Akmola fortification (the location of modern Astana). By the summer of 1838, his army numbered two thousand people, and by autumn the army had grown to five thousand, two years later to twenty thousand. The Sultan was looking for like-minded people among the numerous tribal dynasties of the Middle, Junior and Senior zhuzes, Kirghiz, Bukharans, Khivans. How did it help him? More on this later.

Kenesary Kasymov: politics

All actions of Kenesary were aimed at restoring Kazakh statehood. He planned to revive the way of life that was in force during the lifetime of his grandfather Abylai Khan. And for this it was necessary to gain independence from the Russian Empire and build a classical khanate state.

In September 1841, at the kurultai, despite the opposition of the tsarist empire, it was decided to revive the Kazakh Khanate. As a result of the vote, Kenesary was elected khan. He went through the traditional ceremony of proclamation - he was raised on a white felt mat and named Khan of three zhuzes.

After that, the Kazakh Khan headed for the establishment of complete independence of Kazakhstan. To implement the plan, two problems had to be solved:

• stop Russian expansion and abandon the administrative changes established by the tsarist empire on the territory of Kazakhstan;
• unite disparate clans and restore the former order.

The Khan ruled through a council of elders with the participation of leading batyrs. In his government, Kenesary introduced special rules of Sharia, restored the judicial power of biys according to Muslim canons.

The reforms also affected the troops - the doctrines of military nomadic democracy were involved. The provision of the troops was carried out by direct taxation. From now on, no one robbed trade caravans: they were taxed. The army was divided into hundreds and thousands. Military training was carried out, military uniforms were introduced and insignia were installed.

Khan pursued a tough policy towards clans and auls loyal to the tsarist authorities. The Kazakh khan dealt with internal enemies by using threats of destruction or persuading them to take his side. How? Fulfill his demand - to migrate from the districts bordering the imperial authorities.

Most of the bais and ancestral rulers shared the khan's arguments and left their nomadic places. But the tsarist administration did not agree with this and tried forcibly, through traitor sultans, to prevent the migration of clans. So, the sultans and biys of the Karacha-Dzhaulubaev volost were thanked by the king for refusing to fulfill the demand of the Kazakh khan.

Along with the construction of a defensive army and the establishment of military rule, Kenesary tried to use political levers to achieve his goals. Kasymov did not know Russian and had few translators at his service, but he understood that he was unable to wage a full-scale war with the Russian throne.

Therefore, he also used diplomatic methods. He entered into official correspondence several times with the tsar and the governors. In 1838, through his intermediaries, he sent a letter to the Siberian governor Gorchakov, in which he pointed out the reason for the discontent of the nomads. So, he complained that the tsarist authorities were building fortifications on the site of seasonal nomad camps divided between clans and taxing the population.

At the beginning of 1839, when the actions of the rebels had already begun to pose a threat to the empire, Kenesary turned in a polite manner to Nicholas I. In a letter, he described the true reasons for his uprising and asked that eight Russian district orders be abolished and that taxes be stopped.

To pacify the Kazakh army, the king sent a military detachment. The Kazakhs used nomadic battle tactics, suddenly attacking a disoriented enemy and disarming him. The nomads used mostly edged weapons and bows with arrows.

The administrations of the West Siberian and Orenburg provinces had to reckon with Kenesary and act not so much openly as through spies from the Kazakh communities who supported tsarism. Many Kazakhs were attracted by promises and all sorts of privileges from the Russian authorities, as well as the novelties of civilization introduced by the colonialists, which contributed to the intensification Agriculture and cattle breeding.

In June 1843, Nicholas I issued a decree on sending additional military units to Kazakhstan. From that moment began a large-scale military campaign against the Kazakh Khan. Attacks on Kazakh villages became more frequent, and a reward of three thousand rubles was placed on the head of the khan.

In August, a 5,000-strong army of Russian soldiers under the command of Bizanov and Kazakhs under the leadership of sultans loyal to the tsar advanced to the steppe. Fierce battles took place from 1st to 7th September. Suffering heavy losses, the nomads retreated to the steppe, but after the departure of the tsarist army they resumed hostilities. In the 1844-1845s. the khan's liberation movement reached its peak.

In the spring of 1844, the tsar sent three more military detachments. But in July of this year, flying Kazakh detachments exterminated most of the soldiers. The tsarist administration tried to negotiate with Kenesary, offering to return to the old well-established scheme, where he was assigned the role of an ordinary sultan, who was subordinate to the Russian governor. Khan rejected this offer. In response, the Orenburg authorities stepped up the construction of fortresses on the lands of nomads.

In addition to oppression by the Russian colonialists, the nomads suffered from the raids of the Khiva and Kokand khans. As a result, the population of the khanate by 1845 was depleted. Many soldiers died, the Kazakhs lost their best lands.

In 1845–1846 Kenesary was forced to retreat and settle in the Senior Juz. At the same time, he began a struggle with the Kokand Khanate that had betrayed his family. In 1847, Kasymov invaded the Kyrgyz steppes. During the battle near Pishpek, the Kyrgyz manaps, together with the Kokand beks, surrounded the Kazakh army.

The sultans were killed, and the khan was taken prisoner. The Kyrgyz rulers rejected the proposal of Kenesary to oppose the Kokand Khan and executed him on the third day of captivity. After the execution, the severed head was taken to Omsk. According to eyewitnesses, the Kyrgyz manap Zhantai Karabekov made such a gift to the Russians. But the Kirghiz Kaligul Alibekov became the owner of the royal award.

After himself, Kenesary left eight sons, born from his two legal wives. The grandson of Kenesary Azikhmkhan was in Alash-Orda, was shot in 1937, and rehabilitated in 1956. The great-grandson of Kenesary Natai became an honored geologist of Kazakhstan.

The leadership qualities and talent of the diplomat of the last Kazakh khan Kenesary played a significant role in the national liberation movement led by him. Kasimov's main goal was to build an independent state. Let's save the memory of our heroes!

The uprising led by K. Kasymov in 1837-1847 occupies a special place in the history of the national liberation movement of the Kazakh people. Unlike all other major uprisings of the Kazakhs of the 18th-19th centuries, the popular masses of all three zhuzes participated in the uprising of Kenesary. The mass nature of the movement, its wide scope, its pronounced political character are the specific features of the Kenesary uprising.
Kenesary Kasymov- Kazakh sultan, leader of the anti-colonial, liberation movement on the territory of Kazakhstan, grandson of Khan Abylai was born in 1802 in the tract of Kokchetau, the current Kokchetav region.
Kenesary requirements.
The restoration of the territorial integrity of Kazakhstan, the preservation of its independence were outlined in his correspondence addressed to Emperor Nicholas I, the Orenburg governors V. Perovsky, V. Obruchev, the Siberian governor P. Gorchakov, the chairman of the Orenburg border commission A. Gens.
Purpose of the uprising.
Restore the khan's power and return the khan's title to the Kasymovs, return the Kazakh lands taken away by the tsarism, destroy the built fortifications, stop taxation and collection of all kinds of duties. As well as the struggle of Kenesary with the Kokand and Khiva khanates for the return of the lands that previously belonged to the Kazakhs.
The social base of the Kenesary movement was made up of Kazakh nomads, as well as those dissatisfied with the expansive policies of neighboring states and the elimination of the khan's power of large feudal lords. The uprising of 1837-1847 was massive, anti-colonial, directed against the establishment of the colonial order.
The course of the uprising.

Kenesary decides to fight on two fronts - against Tsarist Russia and the Central Asian khanates, primarily Kokand, which enslaved part of the Kazakh people
In the spring of 1837, Kenesary with a small detachment appeared within the Akmola district. The Kazakhs began to flock in masses under his banner. Separate detachments were headed by both the closest relatives of Kenesary - Nauryzbay, Abylgazy, and batyrs from the people - Agybay. Zhanaidar Iman Dulatuly.
In the summer of 1837, the punitive detachment of Chirikov was defeated and the territories of Akmola, Kokchetav, Karkaralinsky and Bayanaul districts were under the authority of Kenesary. In May 1838, the rebels besieged and burned the Akmola fortification. After that, during the autumn, the Kazakhs continued the partisan struggle, systematically attacking orders, pickets and patrols, devastating the auls of the sultans and interrupting communications. Kenesary had to lead fighting on two fronts: in the north with punitive detachments, in the south with the rulers of the Kokand Khanate. Then Kenesary Kasymov with his detachments migrated to the territory of the Younger Zhuz in the area of ​​the Turgai River. He counted on the support of the people, since there was an uprising led by Isatai Taimanov. Detachments led by the batyr Zholaman Tlenchiev joined the rebels. In 1839-1840 he had a number of successful skirmishes with punishers. The colonial administration, seeing the futility of punitive expeditions deep into the steppe, changes tactics and concludes a truce with the Kazakhs. In 1840, Kenesary received an amnesty, his relatives were returned from captivity, and the punitive campaigns of Russian troops were stopped. Negotiations began between the Kazakhs and the Russian government.
In August 1841, he besieged the fortresses of Suzak, Yanykurgan, Ak-mosque, Zhulek, which were under the rule of the Kokand people. In September 1841, Kenesary was proclaimed a khan, the Kazakh Khanate was restored.
The internal structure of the Khanate of Kenesary.
The state created by Kenesary was feudal. Under Kenesary, the feudal nature of production relations was strengthened. He considered the territory of Kazakhstan as the property of his khan's family and repeatedly emphasized this in his speeches. He demanded through Gern that the government return to him the Ulu-Tau mountains "which have long belonged to his family."
Organization of the state apparatus.
Kenesary himself was at the head of the state. Under him, there was a council consisting of his closest associates-batyrs, biys and individual relatives of the khan. The khan's council was an advisory body: the decisive vote remained with the khan.
All the most important issues of the internal and external life of the country were discussed at the Khan's Council. The administration of the state of Kenesary was carried out through individuals who dealt with judicial, diplomatic, finance, property requisitions and military affairs.
The financial department was in charge of collecting taxes and collecting duties from trade caravans. This department was headed by Seil-khan, a relative of Kenesary (zaket - one tenth of each khan).
The supreme judicial power was concentrated in the hands of Kenesary himself. Biys were appointed to resolve inter-tribal court cases.
The requisitions of property and livestock of large noble feudal lords were led by the sister of Kenesary Bopay. The property and livestock of those large feudal lords who refused to help the rebels were subject to requisition. Before forcibly taking away property and livestock, their owners were warned about this in advance.
Local executive power was exercised through Yesauls. They monitored the collection of taxes, the implementation of the orders of the supreme power, determined the nomadic areas, studied the mood of the clans that joined Kenesary, etc.
Tyulenguts were also used to carry out important assignments, and they were usually endowed with broad rights.
Thus, under Kenesary, the order of governing the country is brought into a certain system, the state apparatus is divided into separate branches - with the endowment of each performer with a certain state function (judicial, military, diplomatic).
The reform of the state apparatus of Kenesary undoubtedly played a positive role in the centralization of power.
The judicial and legal reform was aimed at improving the analysis of judicial and lawsuit cases, ending barymta and civil strife and reconciliation of warring clans.
In the field of tax policy, the main change was the desire of Kenesary to replace the exactions of individual feudal lords with a single taxation in favor of the khan's treasury.
In general, the tax burden of Kenesary was significantly increased, but the tax policy of Kenesary contributed to the strengthening of the state he created. If earlier every noble feudal lord could collect the tax, and this was one of the reasons for the weakness of state power, now only the supreme power could collect the tax. And this, along with the strengthening of the financial position of power, strengthened the stability of the Kazakh state.
Retreat of Kenesary to the south.
Frightened by the scope of the national liberation movement, not recognizing the legitimacy of the demands of the rebels, as well as the election of Kenesary as khan, the government of Nicholas I undertook large-scale military expeditions in the summer of 1843 in order to suppress the uprising. These are the campaigns of the detachments of the military foreman Lebedev, numbering up to 1900 people, the sultans A. Zhantorin, B. Aishuakov, lieutenant colonel Bizanov. But they did not give results. The rebels knew the area well, had an extensive network of agents. In July 1844, they defeated the detachment of Sultan A. Zhantorin, and on August 14 they attacked the Ekaterininsky village, burned the suburbs, and captured prisoners.

In an effort to oust Khan Kenesary from the boundaries of the Younger and Middle Zhuzes, the colonial authorities erected the fortifications of Irgiz and Turgai. This forced the rebels to migrate in 1846 to Semirechie, within the limits of the Senior Zhuz. Anticipating such a course of events, a detachment with artillery was sent to Semirechye under the command of the chairman of the Siberian border department, General Vishnevsky. Under pressure from superior forces, Kenesary moved to the right bank of the Ili, migrated to the foothills of the Alatau and approached the lands of the Kirghiz. The death of Kenesary. In the autumn of 1846, a truce was concluded with the Kyrgyz, but soon, at the instigation of the Kokand people, the Kyrgyz killed the Kazakh batyr Sauryk, and the war resumed. In the winter of 1846, detachments of the Kenesarians appeared in the camps of the Senior Zhuz on the Ili River and in the vicinity of Alatau. Kenesary appealed to the Kyrgyz manaps, urging them to jointly fight against Russia and Kokand. However, the Kyrgyz, led by manap Ormon, rejected his proposal and began raids on the forces subject to Kenesary. A heavy war began on three fronts - against the Kokand troops, the Kyrgyz and Russian troops. The last battle of Kenesary took place in the Kekla mountains, not far from Bishkek. The Kazakhs were surrounded by Kokand and Kyrgyz detachments, the brother of the khan, batyr nauryzbay, died in battle, Kenesary himself was captured and died with 32 sultans. This uprising was defeated.
Reasons for defeat: 1. Intra-clan disunity of the Kazakhs;
2. Lack of support from a number of feudal groups. Sultans, biys, who received many benefits from the rulers of the Russian Empire, were not interested in creating a centralized feudal state; 3. Fragmented by zhuzs, the Kazakh clans supported the uprising mainly within their own borders;
4. The arbitrariness of Kenesary and the harsh reprisals against the villages that did not support him were not in the traditions of the Kazakhs;
5. Kenesary failed to unite the fight against tsarist Russia, Bukhara and Kokand feudal lords.
However, in the history of the national liberation war of the Kazakh people, it occupies an exceptionally honorable place. This uprising was the largest uprising of the Kazakhs in the 19th century, which raised the majority of the population of all three zhuzes to fight against tsarism. It covered almost all of Kazakhstan, and was one of the longest revolts of the Kazakhs.
The uprising of Kenesary, which was anti-colonial in nature, played a progressive role in the history of the Kazakh people. It was a school of political education for the masses. The uprising showed the huge resistance of the Kazakh people. On the basis of this uprising, the uprisings of the 50-60s of the 19th century later developed.
78. Rebellion led by Zhankozha Nurmukhameduly 50s. 19th century

By the middle of the XIX century. the Kazakhs who roamed in the Syrdarya region found themselves in a very difficult situation. They were subjected to double oppression - on the one hand, the Khiva and Kokand khanates, and on the other, Russian colonial policy.

Back in 1843, the Kazakhs of the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, led by Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov, destroyed the Khiva fortress on the Kuandarya. In 1845, a detachment of 2000 people sent to restore it was destroyed. Zhankozha batyr with his detachments cleared the lower reaches of the Syr Darya from Khiva.

In 1853, Ak Mosche was taken by Russian troops led by V. Perovksim and the Syrdarya military line was created. This led to a withdrawal. Large areas of land belong to the Kazakhs and the settlement of Cossacks and settlers from Russia here. By 1857, about 3 thousand Kazakh families were driven from their places, and their lands were settled by settlers. The territory from Raim, the first fortress of the Syrdarya fortified line, to the Ak Mosque fell under the control of the tsarist troops. The collection of taxes and forcing the Kazakhs to build new fortresses intensified. This led to even greater impoverishment of the working people and the beginning of a new stage of the uprising.

Thus, the reasons for the uprising were:

the desire of the Khiva Khanate to establish its power over the Syrdarya Kazakhs, considering this region a sphere of its influence;

the tightening of colonial oppression and the aggravation of the land question;

the growth of taxes and taxes, the direction for their collection of military forces;

strengthening the arbitrariness of the tsarist administration;

violent mobilization of the Aral Kazakhs for the construction of fortresses.

The uprising began in 1856, it was headed by one of the leaders of the shekty clan, a participant in the uprising of Kenesary Kasymov, batyr Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov, who was over 90 years old. He turned the fortress of Zhana-kala into the center of the uprising. By the end of 1856, the entire region of Kazala was in the grip of an uprising. Zhankozha with an army of up to 1500 soldiers laid siege to the Kazalinsky outpost, destroyed the Soldier's settlement. Detachments of troops under the command of Mikhailov and Major Bulatov were sent against the rebels, but their actions were unsuccessful. Then, to suppress the uprising, a detachment of Major General Fitingof numbering 300 Cossacks and 320 soldiers with artillery was thrown. On January 9, 1857, a decisive battle took place in the Arykbalyk tract, as a result of which the rebels were defeated, although their number reached 5 thousand people. Zhankozha with the remnants of the rebels was forced to cross to the right bank of the Syr Darya and go within the Khiva Khanate. It took him up to 20 auls. Thus ended the uprising of the Syrdarya Kazakhs. The punishers plundered the villages, 21,400 heads of cattle were stolen.

In the first quarter of the XIX century. the imperial government begancarrying out administrative and political innovations in Kazakhstan, aimed at annexing those regions of the region that had not yet entered the Russian Empire. Charter on the Siberian Kazakhs of 1822radically changed the structure of management of the steppe regions, introducing the district system, according to which the Kazakh society was divided into district, volost, aul. Aul, as a grassroots administrative unit, included from 50 to 70 wagons, 10-12 such auls formed a volost, 10-15 volosts formed an okrug that had a certain territory. Elderthe sultans, for whom the government retained administrative power, were mainly called upon to ensure the strengthening of the position of the government. At the head of the volosts were volost sultans, equated to officials of the 12th category, at the head of auls were aul foremen, in their rights equated to village elders. The most significant prerogatives began to be withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the court of biys.

The formation of Karkaralinsky (in the former possession of Bukei Khan) and Kokshetau (in the former possession of Khan Uali) districts laid the foundation for the gradual seizure of Kazakh lands by tsarism at the junction of the Middle and Senior zhuzes. There was a narrowing of the traditional nomad camps of the Kazakhs, the expansion of the migration of the Cossack population to fertile regions. The discontent of the Kazakh population grew, which grouped around the descendants of Abylai Khan. One of the Genghisides, Gabaydulla Sultan, was captured by a punitive detachment and exiled to Berezov, and returned from Siberian imprisonment only in November 1840 thanks to the insistent demands of the Sultan Kenesarg 20 .

Sultan Sarzhan, the son of Kasym-Tore, united disparate detachments and opposed the policy of colonization of Kazakh lands. Pressed by the royal punitive detachments, Sultan Sarzhan and his adherents migrated to the Kokand Khanate, hoping to enlist the support of the Kokand Bek. Here, in 1836, Sarzhan was villainously murdered on the orders of the Kokand ruler, in 1840, Kasym-Tore, the father of Kenesary, and his other relatives were killed. The hope of Kassym Sultan for the support of the Kokand beks in his struggle against the colonial aspirations of tsarism did not come true. However, the struggle of Sultan Kasym and his sons, despite the spontaneous, unorganized nature, was of no small importance in the subsequent consolidation of anti-colonial forces under the leadership of the Sultan, then Khan Kenesary (1802-1847).

Kenesary Kasymov entered the historical arena as a successor to the work of Abylay Khan in conditions when, as a result of massive actions of the tsarist troops, a threat loomed over the independence of three regions of Kazakhstan, which, despite the adoption of charters on the Siberian and Orenburg Kazakhs of 1822-1824, continued to maintain political isolation . Therefore, the main goal of the rebel sultan was to restore the integrity of the territorial boundaries of Kazakhstan during the time of Abylai Khan, the abolition of "divans" 21 (as in his letters the districts established in Kazakhstan in the 20-30s of the 19th century are indicated), the preservation of full independence of those who did not enter into the Russian lands.

The main requirements of the "rebellious sultan" are clearly defined in his numerous letters addressed to Emperor Nicholas I, the Orenburg governors V. A. Perovsky, V. A. Obruchev, the Siberian governor, Prince P. D. Gorchakov, the chairman of the Orenburg border commission A. F. Gensu and others. Neither Gabay-dulla-sultan, nor his brother Sarzhan can stand on a par with Kenesary Kasymov, who, according to M. Krasovsky, “yielding to his grandfather (Abylay) in mind, but surpassing both him and his father (Kasim-Tore) by the energy of character, became known throughout the steppe” 22 .

As a “smart, peculiar politician”, Sultan Kenesary Kasymov was aware that the fight against such a powerful power as Russia required the unification of the forces of the three Kazakh zhuzes, significant sacrifices, the use of not only military, but also diplomatic efforts. He brutally suppressed the self-will of individual sultans, foremen, biys who broke away from the popular movement, severely cracked down on those who supported Russia's policy, but remained a supporter of a peaceful solution to misunderstandings with the tsarist government. He tolerated prisoners of war, including Russians, some of whom served with him, delicately received Russian envoys, and did not show cruelty in character, except perhaps during the confrontation with the Kirghiz, although outbursts of anger against those who betrayed the interests of the uprising , violated military discipline, were not uncommon. This, in particular, is evidenced by the poem "Kenesary-Nauryzbai", the author of which, the poet, warrior Nysanbai, actively participated in this movement.

Kenesary by all means sought to unite the feudal groups, tribal divisions of the three zhuzes, although this goal was not achieved even at the peak of the liberation struggle in 1844-1845. From the very beginning of the uprising, the Kazakh nobility was divided into two opposing camps: the part favored by the government, relying on the support of the colonial administration, sought to crush their political opponents. The implacable opponents of Kenesary were the senior sultan of the Akmola district Konyrkulzha Kudaimendin, the sultans - the rulers of the Younger Zhuz Ahmed and Mukhamed Dzhanturins, the sultans Aichuvakovs. After the transition of Kenesary to Zhetysu, the sons of Abylai Khan Ali, Suyuk, relatives of the leader of the liberation struggle, adhered to an irreconcilable position towards the rebels.

And yet, Kenesary Kasymov managed to unite under his banner a significant part of the Kazakh clans of the three zhuzes. At times, the number of his troops reached 20,000 people. Most of the Kazakh sultans, mainly the Middle Zhuz, joined the uprising. According to the data collected by the judicial and punitive institutions of the Omsk regional administration, in the Kushmurun, Kokchetav, Akmola, Karkaralinsky and Bayanaul districts alone, the rebels were supported by more than 80 sultans, biys, and foremen 23. From the age of 23, actively participating in the liberation movement, convinced of the perniciousness of the line that led to the death of his brothers and father, Kenesary refused to negotiate with the Kokand Kushbegi, who oppressed the Kazakhs in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, although he maintained friendly relations with the Emir of Bukhara, sometimes supplying him with gunpowder , weapon.

The uprising of the Kazakhs from the very beginning acquired a universal scale. This is the only uprising in the history of the liberation movements of the late 18th and 19th centuries, which covered all the main areas of settlement of Kazakh clans: in addition to the tribal associations of the Middle Zhuz, the clans of the Younger Zhuz Shekty, Tama, Tabyn, Alshyn, Shumekey, Zhappas, etc. ., Senior zhuz - uisun, dulat, etc.

The Kazakh sharua were the driving force behind the uprising. Ordinary eginshi, foremen, and sultans participated in the struggle for the restoration of political independence. The general struggle against the military colonization of the Kazakh land, the dominance of the Kokand beks gave the movement a liberation character. True, not all biys, foremen, sultans were consistent in supporting Kenesary: ​​as the main forces were relocated and moved to other areas, individual detachments, recruited according to tribal characteristics, departed from the rebels. Among the leaders of the detachments were well-known folk batyrs: Agybai, Iman (grandfather of Amangeldy Imanov), Basygara, Angal, Zhanaidar, Zheke, Suranshi, Baiseit, Zholaman Tlenshiev, Bukharbay and others. The composition of the participants was international: Russians, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Poles and others

The military operations of Kenesary began in the spring of 1838 with the siege and burning of the Akmola fortification. The commandant of the fortress, military foreman Karbyshev and the senior sultan of the Akmola district, colonel Konyrkulzha Kudaimendin, managed to get out of the burned fortress with difficulty. Soon the rebels moved to the Turgay area. In letters to the Orenburg officials, Kenesary announces this step as his desire, having migrated closer to Orenburg, to facilitate negotiations. In fact, the Sultan set out to spread the uprising to the Younger Zhuz, which was directly adjacent to Russia, where in 1836-1838. There was an uprising led by Isatai Taimanov. Tortkarintsy, Shumekeevtsy, Tabyntsy and other clans under the leadership of the batyr Zholaman Tlenshiev joined the rebels. The movement also embraced the Junior Zhuz. Negotiations, as expected, did not produce results.

In September 1841, representatives of three Kazakh zhuzes elected Kenesary Kasymov as khan. The Kazakh Khanate was restored. In August 1841, the rebels besieged the fortresses of Sozak, Zhanakorgan, Ak-Mechet, Zhulek, where significant Kokand forces were quartered. The capture of several Kokand fortifications inspired the rebels. Even the Tortkarins and Chiklins, who roamed far from the main centers of the uprising, announced that he was recognized as the all-Kazakh khan.

Speaking about the active participation of Tortkarians and Chiklinians on the side of Kenesary Kasymov, one should pay attention to the motivating factors that intensified their actions in the late 30s and early 40s of the 19th century. We mean the desire of the Kazakh clans of the region to contribute to the common cause of preserving the isolation of the Kazakh lands not only from the impending threat of colonial conquest by the Russian Empire, but also to free themselves from the dominance of the Kokand beks. The aggravation of relations between Kenesary and the Kokand Khanate was also caused by the personal motives of the Kazakh Sultan. The perfidious murder by the Kokand rulers of his brother, Sultan Sarzhan, one of the leaders of the uprising of the Kazakhs of the party of colonial policy of tsarism, Sultan Sarzhan in 1836, the treacherous execution in 1840 of Kasym-Tore, his brothers, the sultans Yesengeldy, Alzhan and other Abylai blood, also hardened the anti-Kokand position of the leader of the movement 24 . In particular, Kenesary wrote about this in one of his letters to the Orenburg Governor 25 . From the very beginning of the liberation struggle until the very death of Khan Kenesary, in relation to the Kokand Khanate, he adhered to a clear line - liberation from the oppression of the Kokand rulers. The policy of the Kazakh Khan was somewhat different in his relations with the Emir of Bukhara and the Khan of Khiva, with whom Kenesary maintained completely trusting relations. The ruler of Khiva sometimes supplied the Kazakh troops with guns and gunpowder. According to military historian V. Potto, these states were ready to sign a mutually acceptable alliance with Kenesary 26 .

All these circumstances, to a certain extent, predetermined the nature of Kenesary's policy regarding neighboring countries, influenced the structure of the administration of his khanate.

The state created by Khan Kenesary was feudal, extending its power to the entire territory of Kazakhstan, with the exception of areas along the Irtysh, Ishim, Urals, where the colonial power of the empire was established. The collection of taxes was streamlined: zyaket - for pastoralists, ushur - for farmers. The continuation of the war with the tsarist detachments required material and other means, which naturally led to an increase in the tax burden.

The state of Kenesary encouraged the transition of the Kazakhs to agriculture. In addition to other circumstances, this was dictated by the need to provide the rebel villages with bread in the face of tightening control by the tsarist administration over trade caravans. Bread destined for the rebels was confiscated, merchants who delivered bread to the rebels at risk were held accountable.

The trade policy of Kenesary has undergone significant changes. Seeing that duties from merchant caravans bring significant income, the khan stopped plundering caravans, sometimes personally received caravan bashi, imposing an additional tax on those who evaded the payment of duties for transporting goods.

The state structure was transformed. The Khan's Council, as the highest deliberative body, consisted of devoted batyrs, biys, sultans, and relatives. The main thread of the reins of government remained in the hands of Kenesary himself. The khan's council consisted mainly of people loyal to the interests of the liberation struggle, who showed personal courage and diplomatic abilities.

A special management service monitored the dissemination, clarification and implementation in the villages of decisions and appeals of the khan's council. Being at the head of the state, Kenesary encouraged the involvement of persons who showed outstanding personal qualities, regardless of their origin, to management.

Khan constantly wrote letters to the officials of Russia and Central Asia. He attached exceptional importance to the organization of the diplomatic service. His letters and appeals are distinguished by their clear, concrete content and well-reasoned demands. When receiving Russian diplomats Gern, Dolgov, Baron Ur, famous merchants, he showed diplomatic tact.

Being a supporter of the centralization of power in the khanate, Kenesary tried to eliminate discord between influential feudal lords, condemned barymta, severely punished the perpetrators of inter-clan clashes. Kenesary managed to organize a combat-ready militia, individual detachments of which were led by members of the military council, the famous batyrs. Divided into hundreds and thousands, the troops of Kenesary were adapted to the conditions of a protracted steppe war. The strict discipline introduced by Kenesary allowed him to ensure the collection of soldiers in a relatively short time. Kenesary introduced insignia in his troops. Numerous sources confirm that the leader of the uprising himself wore gilded officer epaulettes of the Russian army.

Kenesary skillfully used the services of his agents, who delivered the necessary information to him. Thanks to such information, the khan knew in advance the plans for the military movements of the punitive forces, which made it possible for him to avoid human losses. The tactics of conducting military operations of Kenesary are described in detail in the reports, reports, reports of Colonel Dunikovsky, military foreman Lebedev, in the works of historians of the last century N. Sereda, V. Potto, L. Meyer, etc. 27 .

Having become the head of the khanate, Kenesary more resolutely than before, continued the struggle for the liberation of the Kazakh lands. By taking the Kokand fortress of Suzak, Kenesary intended not only to expand the area of ​​military operations, but also to avenge the death of his loved ones.

The active participation of the Kazakhs of the three zhuzes in the anti-colonial struggle greatly alarmed tsarism. It was decided to wage a large-scale struggle against the rebels. Signing the resolution that there can be no other state in one state, Nicholas I on June 27, 1843 authorized a large-scale military campaign against Kenesary. The detachment of the military foreman Lebedev, consisting of 300 people, was supposed to become an advanced force, later the number of his detachment reached 1900 people; in August 1843, the second group was equipped, headed by Sultan A; Zhantorin and B. Aichuvakov. The battle of the opposing sides on August 7, 1843 did not give the government the desired results. The armed group led by Colonel Bizanov, having not met the main forces of the rebels, returned to the Orsk fortress. Kenesary, who knew the region well, went on the offensive and on the night of July 20-21, 1844, he completely defeated the detachment of Sultan Zhantorin. Troop foreman Lebedev was removed from command of the military detachment for slowness and failure to provide immediate assistance. Inspired by the victory, the main forces of Kenesary on August 14, 1844, attacked the Yekaterininskaya village, burned the suburb, suburb, 40 people were taken prisoner 2 8 .

To suppress the uprising from Orenburg, a detachment of Colonel Dunikovsky moved, and the Siberian group of troops was headed by General Zhemchuzhnikov. Kenesary managed to elude the persecution of the royal detachments. Government circles were seized with confusion, besides, the long war with Kenesary diverted the forces and means of the government. The war did not promise a quick victory. In addition to this, friction arose between the Orenburg governor P. A. Perovsky and the Siberian P. D. Gorchakov regarding ways to fight Kenesary. Perovsky was in favor of resolving conflicts through negotiations, Gorchakov was in favor of a military solution to the issue.

The Orenburg authorities considered it necessary to send an embassy of Dolgov and Gern, who, in accordance with the instructions received, set unacceptable conditions for Kenesary: ​​the rebels were allowed to roam within a limited region determined by the government. The royal envoys, having not achieved their goal, were forced to return. At the same time, Dolgov brought to the attention of the Orenburg administration the demand of Kenesary that he would agree to accept the protectorate of Russia only if all Russian fortifications were destroyed, the occupied lands were returned to the Kazakhs, robberies and violence in the steppe would stop.

The government sought to oust Khan Kenesary from the Orenburg Territory by building several fortifications in the Aral-Syrdarya basin. Kenesary, squeezed from two sides, was forced to leave Sary-Arka (Golden Steppe) and move the center of the uprising to the Senior Zhuz.

The Siberian authorities, in order to prevent the arrival of Kenesary detachments in the region under the guise of conducting a census of the population and livestock, sent significant forces with artillery to Zhetysu under the command of General Vishnevsky, Chairman of the Siberian Border Guard. Under pressure from superior forces, Kenesary moved to the right bank of the river. Or from there he migrated to the foothills of Alatau, creating a threat to the Alatau Kirghiz. Batyrs of the Senior Zhuz Suranshi, Baiseit, Tayshibek supported Kenesary. The rebels approached the lands of the Kirghiz. The original anti-colonial character of the uprising was changed. Khan demanded the subjugation of the north-Kyrgyz manaps. The Kirghiz manaps Ormon, Zhantai and Zhangarach convened a kurultai of representatives of the Sarybagash, Bugu, Sayak, Solto, Cherik and other tribes and refused to comply with the demands of the Kazakh Khan. In April 1847 Kenesary invaded Kyrgyzstan with 10,000 troops. Clashes with the Kyrgyz took place in the mountain basin of Lake Issyk-Kul and the upper reaches of the river. Chu. Near Tokmak, in the last unequal battle, Kenesary, along with 32 Kazakh sultans, died. The defeat and death of the khan created a favorable environment for the further advance of the Russian troops towards the Trans-Ili region and Northern Kyrgyzstan, facilitating the annexation of these territories to the Russian Empire.

There are many contradictions in the uprising of Kenesary Kasymov: the war with the Kokand Khanate (which had the goal of liberating the Kazakhs), on the one hand, and the fratricidal war with the Kirghiz, on the other, cruelty towards the Kazakh clans, who refused to support him.

The largest national liberation uprising of the Kazakh people in the 19th century, which had the goal of restoring the feudal statehood of the khan, this time also ended in defeat, leaving an indelible mark on the memory of the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The struggle of Kenesary, his boundless devotion to the interests of the people, military leadership, the outstanding qualities of a subtle politician back in the 19th century. gained recognition among the people.

20. TsGA RK. f. 4. op. I. D. 2002, l. fifteen.

21. TsGA RK. f. 374. op. I. d. 25. l. 14-14 about.

22.Krasovsky M. The region of the Siberian Kirghiz // Materials for geography and statistics of Russia. Part I. SPb., 1868. S. 105.

23. TsGA RK. f. 374, by. I, d. 1990. l. 18-21 (our count).

24. TsGA RK, f. 4. op. I. D. 1993. l. 3-4.25.

25.See: Serebrennikov L. G. Collection of materials for the conquest of the Turkestan region. T.2. Tashkent. 1912. S. 229.

26.Potto W. On the steppe campaigns // Military collection. 1873. No. 4. S. 258.

27.Potto W. On the steppe campaigns // Military collection. 1876. No. 8. S. 408.

28. TsGA RK. f. 4. op. I, d. 435. l. 205.

29. TsGA RK. f. 4. op. I, d. 27. l. 126.

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