The main causes and factors contributing to the occurrence of stress. Influence of the causes of stress in society External factors that lead to stress

- The main causes of stress……………………...1

- Frustration………………………………………………..………...6

- Physiological mechanisms of stress…………………..………..6

Causes and signs of stress. ..…………….eight

- Factors causing stress……………………...…………….8

- Stress stress………………………………………….…..11

2.1 Ways to deal with stress………………………………...….12

- Relaxation………………………………………….……………......16

- Concentration…………………………………….……………..…..17

- Regulation of breathing……………………………….…………..……..18

3. Stress prevention methods…………….…………………..20

4. Stress in life (styles)…………………….…………………….22

5. Conclusion…………………………………….……………………24

6. Literature.

Introduction

Stress is essentially another type of emotional state, this state is characterized by increased physical and mental activity. At the same time, one of the main characteristics of stress is its extreme instability. Under favorable conditions, this state can be transformed into an optimal state, under unfavorable conditions, into a state of neuro-emotional tension, which is characterized by a decrease in the efficiency and effectiveness of the functioning of systems and organs, and depletion of energy resources.

With the transition to complex automation of production, the role of a person as a subject of labor and management increases. A person is responsible for the efficient operation of the entire technical system, and a mistake made by him can lead in some cases to very serious consequences.

The study and design of such systems created the necessary prerequisites for the unification of technical disciplines and the sciences of man and his labor activity, led to the emergence of new research tasks. These are tasks related to the description of the characteristics of a person as a component of an automated system. We are talking about the processes of perception of information, memory, decision-making, studies of movements and other effector processes, problems of motivation, readiness for activity, stress.

The main causes of stress.

One of the most common types of affect today is stress. Stress plays a significant role in modern life. They affect a person's behavior, his performance, health, relationships with others and in the family. Stress is a state of excessively strong and prolonged psychological stress that occurs in a person when his nervous system receives an emotional overload. The most widely used definition is: "Stress is a tense state of the human body, both physical and mental." Stress is present in the life of every person, since the presence of stress impulses in all spheres of human life and activity is undeniable.

Any event, fact or message can cause stress, i.e. become stressor. Stressors can be a variety of factors: microbes and viruses, various poisons, high or low ambient temperatures, trauma, etc. But it turns out that any emotiogenic factors can be the same stressors, i.e. factors affecting the emotional sphere of a person. This is all that can excite us, misfortune, a rude word, an undeserved insult, a sudden obstacle to our actions or aspirations. At the same time, whether this or that situation will cause stress or not depends not only on the situation itself, but also on the person, her experience, expectations, self-confidence, etc. Particularly important, of course, is the assessment of the threat, the expectation of dangerous consequences, which the situation contains.

This means that the very occurrence and experience of stress depends not so much on objective as on subjective factors, on the characteristics of the person himself: his assessment of the situation, the comparison of his strengths and abilities with what is required of him, etc.

Stressful situations arise both at home and at work. From a management perspective, the most interesting are the organizational factors that cause stress in the workplace. Knowing these factors and paying special attention to them will help prevent many stressful situations and increase the efficiency of managerial work, as well as achieve the goals of the organization with minimal psychological and physiological losses of personnel. After all, stress is the cause of many diseases, which means it causes significant harm to human health, while health is one of the conditions for success in any activity. Therefore, the work also considers personal factors that cause stress. In addition to the causes of stress, the stress state of the body is analyzed - stress tension, its main signs and causes.

Translated from English, stress is pressure, pressure, tension, and distress is grief, unhappiness, malaise, need. According to G. Selye, stress is a non-specific (i.e., the same to various influences) response of the body to any requirement presented to it, which helps it adapt to the difficulty that has arisen, to cope with it. Any surprise that disrupts the usual course of life can be a cause of stress. At the same time, as G. Selye notes, it does not matter whether the situation we are faced with is pleasant or unpleasant. What matters is the intensity of the need for adjustment or adaptation. As an example, the scientist cites an exciting situation: a mother who was informed of the death of her only son in battle experiences a terrible mental shock. If many years later it turns out that the message was false and the son suddenly enters the room unharmed, she will feel the greatest joy.

The multidimensionality of the phenomenon of stress in humans is so great that it was necessary to develop a whole typology of its manifestations. Currently, it is customary to divide stress into two main types: systemic(physiological) and mental. Since a person is a social being and the psychic sphere plays a leading role in the activity of his integral systems, then most often it is psychic stress that turns out to be the most significant for the regulation process.

The specific results of the two events - grief and joy - are quite different, even opposite, but their stressful effect - the non-specific requirement of adaptation to a new situation - may be the same.

Stress is a common and common occurrence. We all experience it at times—perhaps as an empty feeling in the back of our stomach when we stand up to introduce ourselves in class, or as increased irritability or insomnia during an exam session. Minor stresses are inevitable and harmless. Excessive stress is what creates problems for individuals and organizations. Stress is an integral part of human existence, you just need to learn to distinguish between an acceptable degree of stress and too much stress. Zero stress is impossible.

The type of stress that we will consider in this paper is defined as excessive psychological or physiological stress.

Frustration…

The concept of frustration is close to the concept and state of stress. The term itself, translated from Latin, means deceit, expectation, the collapse of plans. Frustration is experienced as tension, anxiety, despair, anger, which cover a person when, on the way to achieving a goal, he encounters unexpected obstacles that interfere with the satisfaction of a need.

Frustration thus creates, along with the original motivation, a new, protective motivation aimed at overcoming the obstacle that has arisen. The old and new motivation are realized in emotional reactions.

The most common reaction to frustration is the emergence of aggressiveness, most often directed at obstacles. The proper response to an obstacle is to overcome or bypass it if possible; aggressiveness, quickly turning into anger, manifests itself in violent and inadequate reactions: insult, physical attacks on a person or object.

Retreat and departure . In some cases, the subject responds to the frustration by leaving (for example, leaving the room), accompanied by aggressiveness that is not overtly shown.

Frustration entails emotional disturbances only when there is an obstacle to strong motivation. If a child who has begun to drink is taken away from the nipple, he reacts with anger, but at the end of suckling there are no emotional manifestations.

Physiological mechanisms of stress.

Research shows that physiological signs of stress include ulcers, migraines, hypertension, back pain, arthritis, asthma, and heart pain. Psychological manifestations include irritability, loss of appetite, depression and decreased interest in interpersonal and sexual relationships, etc.

At present, no one doubts that under stress (whether it be illness, pain, physical suffering or emotional shock - strong, weak, long-term, short-term), the most complex nervous mechanisms are activated.

Suppose there was a quarrel or some unpleasant event: a person is excited, cannot find a place for himself, he is gnawed by unfair resentment, annoyance due to the fact that he could not behave correctly, he could not find words. He would be glad to be distracted from these thoughts, but again and again scenes of what happened appear before his eyes; and again a wave of resentment and indignation rolls over.

Three can be distinguished physiological mechanism similar stress.

Firstly, an intense persistent focus of excitation, the so-called dominant, has formed in the cerebral cortex, which subjugates all the activity of the body, all the actions and thoughts of a person. This means that in order to calm down, it is necessary to eliminate, defuse this dominant, or create a new, competing one. All distractions (reading an exciting novel, watching a movie, switching to doing what you love) are actually aimed at creating a competing dominant. The more exciting the business that an upset person is trying to switch to, the easier it is for him to create a competing dominant. That is why it does not hurt each of us to have some kind of hobby that opens the way to positive emotions.

Secondly, after the appearance of the dominant, a special chain reaction develops - one of the deep structures of the brain, the hypothalamus, is excited, which causes the nearby special gland - the pituitary gland - to secrete a large portion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood. Under the influence of ACTH, the adrenal glands release adrenaline and other physiologically active substances (stress hormones), which cause a multilateral effect: the heart begins to contract more often and stronger, blood pressure rises. In this phase, conditions are prepared for intense muscle load. But a modern person, unlike a primitive one, usually does not use the accumulated muscle energy after stress, so biologically active substances circulate in his blood for a long time, which do not allow either the nervous system or internal organs to calm down. It is necessary to neutralize stress hormones, and the best assistant here is physical education, intense muscle load.

Thirdly, due to the fact that the stressful situation remains relevant (after all, the conflict was not resolved safely and some need remained unsatisfied, otherwise there would be no negative emotions), impulses supporting activity of the dominant, and stress hormones continue to be released into the blood. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the significance of this unfulfilled desire for oneself, or else to find a way for its realization.

The development of stress reactions is possible even in the most progressive and well-managed organizations, as it can be determined not only by structural and organizational features, but also by the nature of the work itself, the personal characteristics of employees, as well as the nature of their interpersonal interactions. Negatively affecting both specific people - their somatic and mental state - and the internal organizational environment, professional stress affects the productivity and health of employees, financial efficiency, stability and competitiveness of the entire organization as a whole (Sandomirsky, 2001).

In the psychology and physiology of labor, a large number of "professional" stress factors have been identified and studied. Among them are

physical factors (vibration, noise, polluted atmosphere, elevated temperature, crowding, etc.),

physiological (shift schedule, lack of diet),

socio-psychological (role conflict and role ambiguity, overload or underload of employees, unsettled information flows, interpersonal conflicts, high responsibility, lack of time),

structural and organizational factors (“organizational stress”).

Working in a stressful environment, according to Selye's concept, always leads to the mobilization of internal resources and can cause both acute disturbances and manifest itself in the form of delayed consequences. Based on the generalization of the available statistical data on morbidity and mortality as a result of exposure to psycho-social factors, Brenerr (1981) concluded that during the first three years of exposure to a stress factor, the number of acute conditions and reactions (psychosis, heart attacks) increases, and then they begin chronic diseases predominate: coronary heart disease, depression, kidney disease, immunological diseases, etc. The number of stress reactions increases due to the action of the “acceleration principle”, when an already developed stress reaction leads to changes in life and new stresses, and the “contagiousness principle ”, especially expressed in production teams.

The most accurately established psychosocial stressors associated with the work environment are:

Uncertainty about the future. The fear of losing one's job - whether due to layoffs, inadequate performance, age or otherwise - is a constant stressor for many workers.

Inability to influence your work. The extent to which a person influences his work is associated with a stressful state. Repetitive mechanical work and responsibility for things that people cannot influence are especially stressful factors for some workers (Jewell, 2001). Role ambiguity and role conflict. A clear understanding of your role in the organization and the feeling that "you are playing a role" is very important for keeping stress levels to a minimum. Workers who lack these feelings can have many role problems.

Uncertainty in relation to the person performing this or that production role leads to role ambiguity, while various incompatible expectations regarding other significant people at work lead to role conflict.

When employees lack the knack, education, skills, or experience for the job, they experience stress. The discrepancy between the capabilities and abilities of the employee and the expectations of the organization creates disharmony and dissatisfaction.

Work schedule pressure. Shift work, especially staggered work, creates a need for a range of psychological and life-related changes that are potential stressors. At the other end of the spectrum is a busy work schedule that makes it difficult or impossible to simultaneously satisfy work and personal needs, thus turning into a strong stressor for people in a variety of work situations.

Insufficient participation. Employees' perceptions of the extent to which they participate in the decision-making process, the level of advice they receive on organizational issues, and their involvement in the formation of norms and rules of conduct are associated with job satisfaction, a sense of threat at work, and self-esteem.

Job dissatisfaction. Factors associated with job dissatisfaction are earnings and working conditions (eg noise, poor lighting, poor ventilation, too many employees in one room, etc.). However, high wages and good working conditions do not guarantee job satisfaction. This indicator is also influenced by a group of motivational factors. These factors include the degree of difficulty of assignments, the amount of work well-received in performance, relationships among employees, and the degree of motivation to take on more responsibility.

Some workplaces are characterized by constant hustle and bustle, which is a source of stress. Hazardous tasks or work schedules, toxic substances, high noise levels, hypothermia, bad odors, and other stressors can lead to disease.

The conditions described are potential stressors, not factors that automatically cause stress. Sensitivity (sensitivity) or stress resistance (tolerance) is influenced by a number of situational and personality variables.

Situational factors include:

the nature of the stressor that determines people's reactions. But this factor is not the exclusive threat causing the occurrence of stress; A variety of factors can also lead to stress. Small daily annoyances stack up on top of each other, and the result can be just as stressful as in the case of any one major event;

the duration of exposure to the stressor, which determines individual sensitivity. The daily lack of opportunity to influence the demands of work is more likely to lead to stress than temporary overload at work, caused, for example, by the illness of a colleague;

Stressor Predictability: Unpredictable stressors are more likely to trigger negative reactions. Under stressful conditions, with prearranged knowledge of what to expect, there is less anxiety and more confidence (Jwell, 2001). Among the personality traits that researchers have found to have a beneficial effect on stress responses are good physical health, high self-esteem, a history of successfully coping with stress, and a positive, focused, and independent approach to life. A large number of studies in this area have also been devoted to the study of different susceptibility of people to stress and what differences in stress can be in different people (possible relationship between reactions to stressors and personality factors), i.e. the problem of individual differences.

Persons who, according to Rotter's classification, have an internal "locus" of control over their activities - "internals" (self-confident, relying only on themselves, not in need of external support), are less prone to stress in extreme conditions under external pressure than "externals" with an external “locus” of control (unsure of themselves, in need of encouragement, painfully responsive to censure, relying on chance, on fate). But this relationship is ambiguous. The inability to control a stressful situation has a more stressful effect on "internals" than on "externals".

People with anxiety as a personality trait are more prone to emotional stress than those who develop anxiety only in dangerous situations. But such a division is not absolute and depends on the conditions and experience of life.

Type A personalities often find themselves in stressful and difficult situations and more often see the world around them, requiring constant personal efforts from them than type B people who are prone to a calm, measured life.

Type A personalities are distinguished by:

persistent desire to achieve the intended, but usually vaguely defined goals;

strong desire and willingness to compete;

a constant desire to be recognized and move forward in something;

constant performance of multiple and varied functions in a limited time;

a tendency to increase the rate of execution of many physical and mental functions;

unusually high rate of mental and physical reactions.

Type A behavior, from an organizational point of view, may have some positive aspects, but these people are more likely than Type B people to become "workaholics" and more prone to heart disease. Three specific behavioral tendencies make Type A people more prone to heart disease. Their first characteristic tendency (lack of time) is to turn every situation into a race against the clock hand; the second is to stay “wound up” most of the time every day (chronic activation); the third tendency is to perform, as a rule, several things at once (multiphasia). As a result, a type A person himself generates stressors, adding them to those that are already present in his life.

Stress scenarios and various variants of stress manifestation in labor are also distinguished (Samoukina, 1999). In this case, much depends on the individual characteristics of the employee.

Variants of stress scenarios identified for various reasons:

depending on the frequency and strength of manifestation: someone "stresses" every day, but in small doses; others - several times a year, but extremely strongly;

depending on the direction of stress aggression: on oneself (the employee blames himself); on colleagues and bosses (the employee blames other employees);

depending on the mechanisms of triggering stress reactions: basically, the stress scenario is triggered almost automatically (on an outwardly insignificant occasion); but a long "maturing" of stress is also possible, followed by its rather rapid "untwisting".

Stress is a state of mental tension that occurs in a person in the most difficult, difficult conditions, both in everyday life and work, and under special circumstances. The state of emotional stress that occurs in a person in the process of activity is associated with extreme, special working conditions (table 5.1). In relation to professional activity, this is a situation where the goal is, accepted, but there are no means to achieve it, to solve the task. And the result (the result of the work) practically does not depend on the person. There is a feeling of helplessness of the worker in the current conditions.

The concept of stress (from the English stress - pressure, tension) was introduced by the Canadian physiologist Hans Selye in 1936. Stress is a complex process, including both physiological and psychological components. With the help of the stress reaction, the body, as it were, mobilizes itself for protection, for adaptation to a new situation. Non-specific defense mechanisms are put into action that provide resistance to the effects of situations that are unfavorable to a person and adaptation to them.

When analyzing the external causes of stress, the concept of stressors and extreme conditions is used.

stressors- these are unfavorable external and internal influences, significant in strength and duration, leading to the emergence of stressful conditions. There are physiological and psychological stressors. Physiological stressors include strong physical, blood loss, great physical exertion, infections, ionizing radiation, sudden changes in temperature, etc. Psychological stressors are associated with mental trauma; they act with their signal meanings: threat, danger, resentment. In labor activity, according to the data given by M.A. According to Kotik, the following psychological factors are the strongest stimulants of stress: job dissatisfaction, low work motivation, depression, and lack of self-affirmation [Kotik, 1981]. Psychological stressors also include factors such as disrespect for the personality of the performer, the inability to act in his own style, unwillingness to bear the responsibility assigned to him.

Information stress arises in a situation of information overload, when a person does not cope with the task, does not have time to make the right decisions at the required pace, with a high degree of responsibility for the consequences of the decisions made.

Figure 5.2 - Types of stress

emotional stress manifests itself in situations of threat, danger, resentment, etc. The forms of its manifestation, as well as the forms of manifestation of mental stress, are different. It can be an active form (the so-called "lion stress" - characterizes the most effective, constructive line of behavior), or a passive reaction (the so-called "rabbit stress").

There is a well-known point of view [Bodrov, 1998], according to which any kind of stress (personal, interpersonal, family, professional, etc.) is basically informational. Its source is a message, information about the current (real) and expected (probable) impact of adverse events, their threat, or “internal” information in the form of past ideas, information about traumatic events, situations or their consequences, retrieved from memory. These reactions are usually associated with the production negative emotions. In these types of psychological stress information about an unfavorable, dangerous event is starting torque, which determines the threat of its occurrence and forms a sense of anxiety, mental tension, etc.

Depending on the degree of development (in dynamics), the following are distinguished phases of stress:

1) Anxiety reaction - characterizes the process of mobilization of the protective properties of the body, increasing the protective properties in relation to the traumatic effect. The body is under heavy load. By the end of the first phase, most people have improved performance.

2) The resistance phase (or resistive phase) is characterized by a balanced consumption of the organism's adaptive resources.

3) The phase of depletion of the body's adaptive resources.

Thus, depending on the phase of stress and the “polarity” of its manifestation, one can speak of “good” and “bad” stresses.

As numerous studies have shown, stress in work, depending on its level, gives rise to very different, and sometimes even opposite, results. Stress manifests itself in the general adaptation syndrome as a necessary and useful vegetative and somatic reaction of the body to a sharp increase in its total external load. This reaction is manifested in an increase in the bioelectrical activity of the brain, in an increase in heart rate, an increase in systolic blood pressure, dilation of blood vessels, an increase in the content of leukocytes in the blood, i.e. in a number of physiological changes in the body, contributing to an increase in its energy capabilities and the success of complex activities. Therefore, as emphasized by M.A. Kotik, “stress itself is not only an expedient protective reaction of the human body, but also a mechanism that contributes to the success of labor activity in conditions of interference, difficulties and danger” [Kotik, 1981].

However, the relationship between stress level and arising from it activation of the nervous system (NS), on the one hand, and the effectiveness of labor activity, on the other, is non-linear. This was noticed at the beginning of the 20th century by the English psychologists R. Yerkes and J. Dodson. They experimentally showed that with an increase in the activation of the nervous system to a certain level, the productivity of behavior increases, while with a further increase in activation, it begins to fall.

Stress has a positive effect on the results of labor (mobilizes the body's energy reserves and helps to overcome obstacles arising in labor) only as long as it does not exceed a certain critical level. Such stress, which increases the body's resistance to adverse external influences, is called eustress. When this level is exceeded, the so-called process of hypermobilization develops in the body, which entails a violation of the mechanisms of self-regulation and a deterioration in the results of activity, up to its breakdown. Stress exceeding a critical level, which in its extreme expression can lead to illness and death of a person, is called distress.

The state of psychological stress (as well as the state of mental stress) develops in adverse conditions of activity and extreme situations. For modern production, extreme situations of two extreme types are typical.

The first type of extreme situation occurs when the requirements of the intensity of work and severe time constraints force a person to exert his strength to the limit and mobilize internal reserves. At the same time, the extreme nature of such labor can often increase due to the negative effect of strong external factors - stressors (noise, vibration, etc.).

The second type of extreme situation arises, on the contrary, due to the lack or heterogeneity of incoming information, lack of interpersonal contacts, and low physical activity. In such conditions, a person develops a state of monotony. The necessary level of wakefulness, attention in such conditions, a person has to maintain through volitional efforts.

Thus, for stressful situations of both types, one common feature is characteristic - the appearance in a person of an acute internal conflict between the requirements that work places on him and his capabilities. In the first case, this conflict arises mainly as a result of the growth of demands placed on a person. In the second - due to a decrease in the ability of a person to fulfill the requirements.

Ways to relieve stress:

shift the responsibility

An excessive burden of responsibility is a constant source of stress, which can eventually lead to severe depression. And until this burden is reduced, it is almost impossible to relieve stress. Try to shift some of the responsibility onto the shoulders of another person. After all, this does not mean at all that you are an irresponsible person or a bad worker. Too much workload ultimately has a negative impact not only on your mental and physical health, but also on the quality of work. If this is not possible, then you need to speak frankly with the boss, who often does not even represent the load of subordinates (because no one has complained yet). The fact that a person does not take on more work than he can perform means that he takes his duties responsibly.

Try not to overwork at work, do not take on too much responsibility and workload. In addition, every person needs regular and proper rest.

take it easy

Many satirical works depict a typical official who drinks one after another sedative pills, and he constantly has fits of anger. If a person has really become like this, then he is in a constant state of stress and is no longer able to cope with his professional duties. In order to do your job well, you first need to calm down and focus. In addition, it is advisable to include foods high in magnesium (eg vegetables, nuts, seeds) in your diet. A piece of chocolate or a portion of pasta can improve your mood. Regularly allow yourself to relax and recuperate, for this, change the situation. You can go to the sea or relax in nature by the lake. It is very useful to relax in a sanatorium or rest home.

Seek help to relieve stress

A person who constantly suffers from severe stress can very rarely solve all his problems on his own. Therefore, it is recommended to seek help from an experienced and qualified psychologist or psychotherapist and talk with him about your problems. The specialist, together with the patient, will try to find a way to break out of the vicious circle of problems and constant stress.

vitamin therapy. Stress causes the human body to include all internal reserves, in order to maintain its performance, eat healthy foods rich in vitamins C (apples, tomatoes, rose hips) and B (dried fruits, cabbage, beets, almonds, chicken liver, fish, etc. ).

Aromatherapy. Since ancient times, the beneficial effects of aromatic essential oils have been known. Essential oils of rose, lavender, jasmine and cypress have a calming effect.

heartfelt conversation as a way to relieve stress is very effective. Sometimes a person in a state of emotional stress simply needs to speak out, often in order to see the problem from a different angle, it is enough just to voice it. In our conditions, they will help to cope with stress by replacing expensive medications, loved ones, best friend or friend.

Extreme in the fight against bad mood. Another effective way to relieve stress is to expose the body to a new type of stress. Take a cold shower, get an acupuncture treatment, sign up for extreme sports like dumping or skydiving.

Go in for sports. Sports help to fight stressful situations, and they also make the body more resistant to emotional influences. This is a great way out for many - to do physical exercises. And, it doesn't matter which ones. Perhaps it will be running, push-ups, cycling, strength training. Try it and you will see that it really works! The greatest effect will be from exercises where regular repetitions are needed (for example, running) makes the body relax. And this, in turn, makes your body and brain respond to stress adequately. Simply put, heart rate decreases, blood pressure decreases, and muscle tension decreases. Thirty minutes of training on the simulator is enough to reduce the emotional tension caused by stress by 25%.

The ancient system yoga. With the help of yoga, you can relax, understand yourself, and also strengthen your muscles. Try to meditate. Close your eyes and breathe deeply and slowly. On each inhalation and exhalation, repeat some pleasant phrase or word. This simple exercise can bring the body into balance, help to relax and relieve stress.

be careful. Avoid situations that can lead to emotional distress.

smile more often. If you smile more often, you can cause a good mood on a subconscious level. Praise yourself. It seems to be simple, but many of us only exacerbate the stressful state by drowning out the inner voice. But studies show that positive feedback stimulates the production of the hormone cortisol, which is responsible for neutralizing stress. The next time you catch yourself in self-deprecation, speak out loud, or better yet, write something nice about yourself.

State of monotony

The state of monotony occurs when a person is presented only with the means of activity in the form of source material, equipment, technology, work algorithm. However, excessive simplification of operations (or, conversely, excessive complexity of the process or products) often leads to the fact that the employee is separated from the real goal and does not see and does not know the results of his labor costs, the degree of their contribution to the achievement of the overall (also unknown to him) goals. As a result - the lack of satisfaction from the embodied efforts.

The mental state of experiencing monotony is caused by the actual or apparent monotony of movements and actions performed at work. Under the influence of the monotony of actions (and as a result of the emergence of monotony as a psychological state), a person becomes lethargic, indifferent to work. The state of monotony also has a negative effect on the human body, leading to premature fatigue. At the physiological level, this is manifested in a decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate, and reaction speed.

If inevitable monotonous movements or actions occur in work, a person with a higher level of intelligence experiences a feeling of monotony (a state of monotony) to a lesser extent. This is due to the fact that he, having a broader outlook and the ability to analyze, better understands the need for these actions to achieve a common goal. And this means that he can better activate his performance, seeing diversity in the monotonous. The ability to see diversity in the monotonous is inherent in highly qualified specialists. A low-skilled worker cannot catch the changes in what seems to him “monotony” and becomes a victim of unstimulated indifference, which sometimes manifests itself in the most cruel forms of monotony both at the psychological and physiological levels.

state of anxiety

Anxiety is an ambiguous psychological term that describes both a certain state of an individual in a limited period of time, and a stable property of a person.

The state of anxiety is associated with the peculiarities of production and has a significant impact on the success of professional activity. Not a single type of activity manages to regulate official duties, relationships, the technological process as a whole, to such an extent as to completely eliminate uncertainty. An employee is often haunted by a premonition of failure in work due to an unclearly formulated goal of behavior in the current situation and insufficient orientation in the means of resolving it.

Anxiety is understood as an individual psychological feature, consisting in an increased tendency to experience anxiety in a variety of situations, including those whose objective characteristics do not favor it. Anxiety- this is a property of a person, which manifests itself in the frequency, regularity and threshold of feelings of anxiety and uncertainty in one's actions, experiencing real and alleged "omissions" in the actions or deeds performed, worries about past or possible events, etc.

There are personal anxiety (PT) and situational or reactive (LT) anxiety.

Personal anxiety characterizes a person's readiness to experience fear and excitement about a wide range of subjectively significant phenomena. Personal anxiety can be considered, on the one hand, as a fairly stable property of the personality, and on the other hand, as one of the results of the “accumulated” state of “chronic” mental stress that occurs in the process of interaction between the personality and its environment.

Situational (or reactive) anxiety- this is a temporary, transient state, which is a form of an individual's emotional reaction to a situation that contains a real or imagined danger for him. The state of reactive anxiety is characterized by tension, anxiety, preoccupation, nervousness.

Experienced anxiety to varying degrees determines the effectiveness of various types of professional activities, the success of social and professional adaptation. It should be understood that anxiety per se is not a negative condition or personality trait. A certain level of anxiety is a natural and obligatory feature of an active, active personality. At the same time, for each person there is an optimal level of “useful anxiety”. A normal level of anxiety is necessary for effective and coordinated behavior. A person who has a significant deviation in the value of RT and LT from the average or moderate level of anxiety requires special attention.

High anxiety, in particular, implies a tendency for a person to develop a state of anxiety in situations of assessing his professional competence. In this case, the manager needs to somewhat shift the focus from external exactingness to the employee, categoricalness in setting professional tasks - to a meaningful understanding of the upcoming activity by the performer and specific planning of it for subtasks, and also help to form the performer's sense of confidence in success. Excessively overestimated, hypertrophied development of anxiety (as a chronic, "accumulated" state of mental stress and as a personality trait) can turn into a clinical form of neurosis.

Low anxiety, on the contrary, requires the manager to make efforts to encourage the activity of the individual, to pay more attention to the motivation of activity, to arouse the interest of the performer, to emphasize social and personal significance to the employee and the need to solve certain problems.

Stress can be obtained from exposure to very strong or

Unusual stimuli (light, sound, etc.), causing pain (electric shock) at various intervals and for a long time; the presence of difficult conditions for the activity of the brain, under which there is an overstrain of the processes of inhibition in the nerve centers. The cause of emotional stress can also be a “conflict situation” in which a person, under the influence of various limiting factors, cannot satisfy his leading biological and social needs.

The pathways through which the stress response is mediated are extremely complex. When an agent (stressor) acts on an organism, the effect will depend on three factors:

properties of the agent itself (stress factor);

external factors that determine its action (external conditioning);

endogenous conditioning factors (endogenous conditioning).

Thus, the fact that the same stress factor can cause different damage in different individuals is explained by the influence of "conditioning factors" that can selectively increase or decrease one or another effect of stress.

Causing endogenous factors are genetic predisposition, age or gender, and exogenous factors are treatment with certain hormones, drugs, diet, etc. Under their influence, a normally well tolerated stress reaction can become pathological and cause adaptation diseases. The stressor selectively damages those parts of the body that are weakened both by these conditioning factors and by the specific influences of the primary agent. This is how a uniformly tense chain breaks in the link that is weakened as a result of internal and external factors.

There are a number of classifications of stress factors. At present, the most common classification is offered by the domestic psychotherapist V.I. Levy. According to this classification, stress factors are divided into short-term and long-term .

To short-term stress factors include:

failures (when people are reminded of their previous failures or given another attempt to solve an unsolvable problem);

accompaniment of the performed activity with meaningful or meaningless noises, light hitting the eyes, etc.;

fear (as a result of criticism, threats, dismissal, expectation of physical danger, making critical decisions);

physical discomfort (heat, cold, etc.);

pace, speed (requirement to finish work as soon as possible, information overload).

long-term stressful conditions fall into four categories:

front-line stresses (repulse of attacks, stubborn defense);

dangers associated with the performance of duty;

imprisonment and any form of total or limited isolation;

prolonged activity leading to mental or muscular fatigue, or both.

Stress factors stressors

unfavorable external and internal influences, significant in strength and duration, leading to the emergence of stressful conditions. There are physiological stressors - excessive physical activity, high and low temperatures, painful stimuli, difficulty breathing, etc. - and psychological stressors - factors that act by their signal value: threat, danger, resentment, information overload, etc.

Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010

See what "stress factors" are in other dictionaries:

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