Practical and graphic work on drawing. Graphic works on drawing Botvinnikov graphic work 12

22.1. Section arrangement. According to the location in the drawing, the sections are divided into extended and superimposed. The rendered ones are placed outside the contour of the image of the part (see Fig. 170) at any place in the drawing field, the superimposed ones are placed directly on the views (see Fig. 171).

Rice. 170. Detailed Sections

Exploded sections are preferable because they do not clutter up the view with unnecessary lines.

Rice. 171. Superimposed symmetrical section

The contour of the taken-out section is outlined with a solid thick main line of the same thickness (s) as the line adopted for the visible contour of the image; the contour of the superimposed section - a solid thin line (from 1/3 to 1/2); moreover, the contour of the view at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted.

22.2. Section designation. To show where the cutting plane passes, it is designated.

If the section is taken out, then, as a rule, an open line is drawn, two thickened strokes (Fig. 170). The arrows indicate the direction of view. They are located at the outer ends of the open line. From the outside of the arrows, the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet are applied.

Above the section, the same letters are written through a dash with a thin line below.

If the section is a symmetrical figure and is located on the continuation of the section line (dashed line), then arrows and letters are not applied (see Fig. 170).

The superimposed section is usually not indicated (Fig. 171). Only in the case when it is an asymmetric figure, strokes of an open line and an arrow are drawn, but letters are not applied (Fig. 172).

Rice. 172. Designation of superimposed asymmetrical section

22.3. Features of the execution of sections. For the most part, the section is made to the same scale as the image to which it refers, and they indicate the scale if it is changed.

By construction and location, the section must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows.

Figure 173 shows how, depending on the direction of view, the contour of the detail element is located on the section. The groove on the section is located on the right, which means that on the part it is in front.

Rice. 173. Combination of the section with the plane of the drawing

If the cutting plane passes through the axis of the surface of revolution (cylindrical, conical or spherical) that bounds the hole or recess, then their contour on the section is shown in full (Fig. 174).

Rice. 174. An example of a section on which the contour of a conical recess is shown in full

Some dimensions of part elements are more convenient to apply on sections.

Figure 175 shows the dimensioning of the keyway on the section.

Rice. 175. An example of drawing dimensions on a section

1. What section is called rendered? superimposed?
2. What line thickness is used to encircle the rendered section? imposed?
3. How are sections defined?
4. As shown in the cross section of the holes and recesses, limited by the surface rotation if the cutting plane passes through their axis?

Graphic work No. 12. Sketch of a part with sections

On a sheet of paper in an A4 cell, on the instructions of the teacher from life or according to a visual image (Fig. 177), sketch the part. Reveal the cross-sectional shape of the part. Label it if necessary. Apply dimensions.

Rice. 177. Tasks for graphic work No. 12

Explanations for work. When constructing sections, be guided by the examples given in figures 170, 171, 172, 174 and 175.

Sketches of assembly unit parts

Purpose of the lesson: study the rules for the implementation of assembly drawings; assembly

drawings and specifications.

The student must:

The production of an assembly drawing is preceded by work on sketching each part included in the assembly unit; sketches for standard products are not made.

When making sketches for assembly drawings, special attention should be paid to the contact surfaces so that their dimensions do not diverge.

For quick, error-free compilation of assembly drawings, you need to know the conventions and simplifications:

• All images on assembly drawings are located in a projection relationship;

• Adjacent sections of parts on the assembly drawing are hatched in the opposite direction at an angle of 45 0;

• Details such as bolts, screws, spindles, nuts, ball bearings, washers are depicted as crossed in longitudinal sections;

• Pipeline taps are depicted as open, and valves are shown as closed.

• If flywheels, handles on any projection cover themselves design features products, they are drawn separately on the free space of the sheet with an explanatory inscription according to type “A”, and the inscription “Flywheel is removed” is made to the corresponding projection.

• The positions of the parts are put down on the shelves of lines - callouts drawn from the images of the component parts;

• The assembly drawings indicate the overall dimensions, installation and connecting, as well as the necessary reference dimensions;

• According to GOST 2.108 - 68, the specification is drawn up on separate sheets in a certain form on an A4 sheet.

Control questions:

1. What is a specification?
2. What dimensions are shown on assembly drawings?
   Graphic work No. 13, 14

Assembly drawing detailing

Purpose of the task: gain skills in reading assembly drawings and drafting working

drawings of parts according to the assembly drawing.

The student must:

Work Instructions:

Drawings of parts are performed on separate sheets of drawing paper in a standard format. Standard parts are not subject to detailing. On one of the drawings of parts, in addition to orthogonal projections, an axonometric projection of the part is drawn.

Detailing is the development and execution of drawings of parts according to the assembly drawing. Using the description of the assembly unit and the specification, read the assembly drawing, that is, find out the device and principle of operation of the assembly unit, what parts and how many the assembly consists of, how the parts are connected to each other. To get a complete picture of the geometric shape of each detail, you need to remember about the projection relationship, remember that every detail in all images has the same independent hatching. It is necessary to establish which images will be given in the drawing and determine the position of the planes for cuts and sections. It is recommended, first of all, to start drawing a working drawing of the part, having previously completed a sketch of this part.

After reading the assembly drawing, you should:

1. Determine and select the number of views, cuts, sections for each part:

2. Position the part on the drawing according to its workpiece during processing, casting parts - according to the position in the product.

3. Based on the assembly drawing, determine the dimensions, the dimensions necessary to complete the drawing of the parts.

4. redraw the details from the sketch to the drawing, choosing the sheet format in advance and considering the compositional arrangement of the image.

Fill in the main inscription

5. draw an assembly drawing on sheet A2, arrange in accordance with GOST.

6. Fill in the specification

task options

Control questions:

1. what is detailing?

What is an assembly unit?

Lesson topic: graphic work No. 10 “Drawing of a part with cross-sections”
Goals: teach the correct construction of the section ; education of cognitive interest in the subject, the formation of independence, accuracy; development of creative, abstract thinking.

Lesson type: combined
Teaching methods: visual, deductive, practical .

Equipment: drawing tools; notebook, textbook, differentiated task cards

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.
II. Checking homework.

What image is called a section?

What is a section used for?

How is a section distinguished?

III. Updating students' knowledge. To introduce students to the algorithm for constructing sections.

Write the algorithm for constructing a section in a notebook:

Analysis of the geometric shape of the part

Choice of the place of introduction of secant planes.

Mental representation of cross-sectional figures and analysis of their graphic composition

Construction of section figures:

drawing the center lines of the sectional figure;

construction of a general outline of a section figure;

refinement of the section figure, that is, the construction of an image structural element, which fell into the cutting plane;

cross section hatching

Designation of cutting planes and figures of sections, stroke.

IV. Execution of a graphic task. Distribution of individual differentiated cards - tasks. (application)

Checking the correctness of the task.

V. Summary of the lesson.

VII. Homework: Finish tracing the drawing

APPLICATION

1 difficulty level

Redraw the main view and execute the section figures, which are indicated by letters.

1 option

Option 2

2 difficulty level

necessary sections (Fig. 1).

2. Guided by the drawing (Fig. 2), find the correct section.

1 option

Option 2

3 difficulty level

1. Based on axonometric images, sketch the details using
necessary sections (Fig. 1).

2. Guided by the drawing (Fig. 2), find the correctly executed

1 option

Workbook

Introduction to the subject of drawing

The history of the emergence of graphic methods of images and drawing

Drawings in Rus' were made by "drawers", a mention of which can be found in the "Pushkar order" of Ivan IV.

Other images - drawings, were a view of the structure "from a bird's eye view"

At the end of the 12th century in Russia, large-scale images are introduced and dimensions are affixed. In the 18th century, Russian draftsmen and Tsar Peter I himself made drawings using the method of rectangular projections (the founder of the method is the French mathematician and engineer Gaspard Monge). By order of Peter I, the teaching of drawing was introduced in all technical educational institutions.

The entire history of the development of the drawing is inextricably linked with technical progress. At present, the drawing has become the main document of business communication in science, technology, production, design, and construction.

It is impossible to create and check a machine drawing without knowing the basics of the graphic language. Whom you will meet while studying the subject "Drawing"

Varieties of graphic images

Exercise: sign the names of the images.

The concept of GOSTs. Formats. Frame. Drawing lines.

Exercise 1

Graphic work No. 1

"Formats. Frame. Drawing lines»

Work examples

Test tasks to graphic work №1

Option number 1.

1. What designation according to GOST has a format of 210x297:

a) A1; b) A2; c) A4?

2. What is the thickness of the dash-dotted line if the solid main thick line in the drawing is 0.8 mm:

a) 1mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.3 mm?

______________________________________________________________

Option number 2.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

1. Where is the main inscription located on the drawing:

a) in the lower left corner; b) in the lower right corner; c) in the upper right corner?

2. How much should the axial and center lines protrude beyond the image contour:

a) 3…5 mm; b) 5…10 mm4 c) 10…15 mm?

Option number 3.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

1. What arrangement of the A4 format is allowed by GOST:

A) vertical b) horizontal; c) vertical and horizontal?

2. . What is the thickness of a solid thin line if the solid main thick line in the drawing is 1 mm:

a) 0.3 mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.5 mm?

Option number 4.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

1. At what distance from the edges of the sheet is the drawing frame drawn:

a) left, top, right and bottom - 5 mm each; b) left, top and bottom - 10 mm each, right - 25 mm; c) left - 20 mm, top, right and bottom - 5 mm each?

2. What type of line are axial and center lines in the drawings:

a) a solid thin line; b) dash-dotted line; c) dashed line?

Option number 5.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

1. What are the dimensions according to GOST in the A4 format:

a) 297x210 mm; b) 297x420 mm; c) 594x841 mm?

2. Depending on which line the line thicknesses of the drawing are selected:

a) dash-dotted line; b) a solid thin line; c) a solid main thick line?

Fonts (GOST 2304-81)

Font types:

Font sizes:

Practical tasks:

Calculations of parameters of drawing fonts

Test tasks

Option number 1.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What value is taken for the font size:

a) the height of a lowercase letter; b) height capital letter; c) the height of the gaps between the lines?

Option number 2.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What is the height of the capital letter of rift #5:

a) 10 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 5 mm; d) 3.5 mm?

Option number 3.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What is the height of lowercase letters with protruding elements c, e, b, r, f:

a) the height of the capital letter; b) the height of the lowercase letter; c) greater than the height of a capital letter?

Option number 4.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

Is there a difference between uppercase and lowercase letters? A, E, T, G, I:

a) are different b) do not differ; c) differ in spelling individual elements?

Option number 5.

Choose and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What does the height of the figures of the drawing font correspond to:

a) the height of a lowercase letter; b) the height of the capital letter; c) half the height of a capital letter?

Graphic Work No. 2

"Drawing of a flat part"

Cards - tasks

1 option

Option 2

3 option

4 option

Geometric constructions

Division of a circle into 5 and 10 parts

Dividing a circle into 4 and 8 parts

Division of a circle into 3, 6 and 12 parts

Dividing a segment into 9 parts

Fixing the material

Practical work:

According to the types, build a third. Scale 1:1

Option number 1

Option number 2

Option number 3

Option number 4

Fixing the material

Write your answers in your workbook:

Option number 1

Option number 2

Practical work No. 3

"Modeling by drawing".

Instructions for work

To make a model out of cardboard, first cut it out. Determine the dimensions of the workpiece according to the image of the part (Fig. 58). Mark (outline) cutouts. Cut them along the outlined outline. Remove the cut out parts and bend the model according to the drawing. To prevent the cardboard from straightening after bending, draw a line on the outside of the bend with some sharp object.

Wire for modeling must be used soft, of arbitrary length (10 - 20 mm).

Fixing the material

Option #1 Option #2

Fixing the material

In the workbook, draw a part drawing in 3 views. Apply dimensions.

Option #3 Option #4

Fixing the material

Card work

Fixing the material

Use colored pencils to complete the task on the card.

Amount (build-up)

clipping

Reinforcement task

Oval -

Algorithm for constructing an oval

1. Let's build an isometric projection of a square - a rhombus ABCD

2. Denote the points of intersection of the circle with the square 1 2 3 4

3. Draw a straight line from the top of the rhombus (D) to point 4 (3). We get the segment D4, which will be equal to the radius of the arc R.

4. Let's draw an arc that will connect points 3 and 4.

5. At the intersection of the segment B2 and AC, we get the point O1.

At the intersection of the segment D4 and AC, we get the point O2.

6. From the obtained centers O1 and O2 we draw arcs R1, which will connect points 2 and 3, 4 and 1.

Fixing the material

Perform a technical drawing of the part, two views of which are given in fig. 62

Graphic work No. 9

Detail sketch and technical drawing

1. What is called sketch?

Fixing the material

Tasks for exercises

Practical work No. 7

"Reading drawings"

Graphic dictation

"Drawing and technical drawing of the part according to the verbal description"

Option number 1

Frame is a combination of two parallelepipeds, of which the smaller one is placed with a large base in the center of the upper base of the other parallelepiped. A through stepped hole passes vertically through the centers of the parallelepipeds.

The total height of the part is 30 mm.

The height of the lower parallelepiped is 10 mm, the length is 70 mm, and the width is 50 mm.

The second parallelepiped is 50 mm long and 40 mm wide.

The diameter of the bottom step of the hole is 35 mm, the height is 10 mm; the diameter of the second stage is 20 mm.

Note:

Option number 2

Support is a rectangular parallelepiped, to the left (smallest) side of which is attached a half-cylinder, which has a common lower base with the parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. At the base of the part there is a through hole of a prismatic shape. Its axis coincides in the top view with the axis of the groove.

The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, the length is 65 mm, and the width is 40 mm.

Semi-cylinder height 15 mm, base R 20 mm.

The width of the prismatic groove is 20 mm, the depth is 15 mm.

Hole width 10 mm, length 60 mm. There is a hole at a distance of 15 mm from the right side of the support.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option number 3

Frame is a combination of a square prism and a truncated cone, which stands with a large base in the center of the upper base of the prism. A through stepped hole passes along the axis of the cone.

The total height of the part is 65 mm.

The height of the prism is 15 mm, the size of the sides of the base is 70x70 mm.

Cone height 50 mm, bottom base Ǿ 50 mm, top base Ǿ 30 mm.

The diameter of the lower part of the hole is 25 mm, the height is 40 mm.

The diameter of the upper part of the hole is 15 mm.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option number 4

Sleeve is a combination of two cylinders with a stepped through hole that runs along the axis of the part.

The total height of the part is 60 mm.

Height of lower cylinder 15 mm, base Ǿ 70 mm.

Second cylinder base Ǿ 45 mm.

Bottom hole Ǿ 50 mm, height 8 mm.

Upper part of hole Ǿ 30 mm.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option number 5

Base is a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. There are two through cylindrical holes in the groove. The centers of the holes are spaced from the ends of the part at a distance of 25 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, the length is 100 mm, and the width is 50 mm.

Groove depth 15 mm, width 30 mm.

Hole diameters 20 mm.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option number 6

Frame It is a cube, along the vertical axis of which there is a through hole: semi-conical at the top, and then turning into a stepped cylindrical one.

Cube edge 60 mm.

Semi-conical hole depth 35 mm, top base Ǿ 40 mm, bottom base Ǿ 20 mm.

The height of the bottom step of the hole is 20 mm, the base is Ǿ 50 mm. The diameter of the middle part of the hole is 20 mm.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option number 7

Support is a combination of a parallelepiped and a truncated cone. The large base of the cone is placed in the center of the upper base of the parallelepiped. Two prismatic cutouts run along the center of the smaller side faces of the parallelepiped. A cylindrical through hole Ǿ 15 mm was drilled along the axis of the cone.

The total height of the part is 60 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped is 15 mm, the length is 90 mm, and the width is 55 mm.

The cone base diameters are 40 mm (lower) and 30 mm (upper).

The length of the prismatic cutout is 20 mm, the width is 10 mm.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option number 8

Frame is a hollow rectangular parallelepiped. In the center of the upper and lower base of the case there are two conical lugs. A cylindrical through hole Ǿ 10 mm passes through the centers of the tides.

The total height of the part is 59 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped is 45 mm, the length is 90 mm, and the width is 40 mm. The thickness of the walls of the parallelepiped is 10 mm.

Cone height 7 mm, base Ǿ 30 mm and Ǿ 20 mm.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option number 9

Support is a combination of two cylinders with one common axle. A through hole runs along the axis: on top of a prismatic shape with a square base, and then a cylindrical shape.

The total height of the part is 50 mm.

Height of lower cylinder 10 mm, base Ǿ 70 mm. The base diameter of the second cylinder is 30 mm.

The height of the cylindrical hole is 25 mm, the base is Ǿ 24 mm.

The side of the base of the prism hole is 10 mm.

Note: when applying dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Test

Graphic work No. 11

"Drawing and visual representation of the part"

According to the axonometric projection, build a drawing of the part in the required number of views on a scale of 1: 1. Apply dimensions.

Graphic work No. 10

"Part sketch with construction elements"

Make a drawing of the part that has the parts removed according to the markup. The direction of projection for building the main view is indicated by an arrow.

Graphic work No. 8

"Drawing of a part with the transformation of its shape"

General concept on shape transformation. Linking a drawing to a markup

Graphic work

Making a drawing of an object in three views with the transformation of its shape (by removing part of the object)

Draw a technical drawing of the part by making notches of the same shape and size in the same place instead of the protrusions marked with arrows.

Task for logical thinking

Topic "Design drawings"

Crossword "Projection"

1. The point from which the projecting rays emanate during central projection.

2. What is obtained as a result of modeling.

3. Face of a cube.

4. Image resulting from projection.

5. In this axonometric projection, the axes are located at an angle of 120 ° to each other.

6. In Greek, this word means "double dimension."

7. Side view of the face, object.

8. Curve, isometric view circles.

9. The image on the profile plane of projections is a view ...

Rebus on the topic "View"

Rebus

Crossword "Axonometry"

Vertically:

1. Translated from French"front view".

2. The concept in drawing on what the projection of a point or object is obtained.

3. The border between the halves of a symmetrical part in the drawing.

4. Geometric body.

5. Drawing tool.

6. Translated from Latin"throw, throw forward."

7. Geometric body.

8. The science of graphic images.

9. Unit of measure.

10. Translated from Greek, "double dimension."

11. Translated from French, "side view."

12. In the drawing, “she” is thick, thin, wavy, etc.

Technical Dictionary of Drawing

Workbook

Practical and graphic work on drawing

The notebook was developed by a teacher of the highest category of drawing and fine arts Nesterova Anna Aleksandrovna, teacher of MBOU "Secondary School No. 1 of Lensk"

Introduction to the subject of drawing
Materials, accessories, drawing tools.

This book is the main textbook on drawing, which corresponds to the current program approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
Along with the theoretical material, the textbook includes questions and tasks, graphic and practical work necessary to consolidate and repeat the material covered. The book is well illustrated.

How to work with drawing tools.
Straight lines are first drawn along the edge of the ruler or square without pressure with a hard, sharply sharpened pencil, and then outlined with a soft or medium-hard pencil. In this case, the pencil is slightly tilted in the direction of movement, as shown in Figure 15. Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right, vertical and inclined lines are drawn from bottom to top (see Fig. 15, d, b, c).

To get clearer and smoother lines when tracing, the pencil can be drawn along these lines repeatedly and in the opposite direction. When drawing vertical and inclined lines, the square is moved along the edge of the T-square or ruler from left to right, and when drawing horizontal lines, from top to bottom.

Techniques for constructing straight, obtuse and acute angles are shown on the flyleaf at the end of the book. To draw arcs of circles, the leg of the compass is placed in the center. The compass is rotated by the head with a large and index fingers in the clockwise direction (Fig. 16). A short leg with a pencil insert and a compass needle in the working position should be parallel to each other. During rotation, the compass can be slightly tilted forward.

Content
Introduction
I. Technique for making drawings and rules for their design
1. Drawing tools, materials and accessories. Workplace organization
2. Rules for the design of drawings
II. Drawings in the system of rectangular projections
3. Projection
4. Rectangular projection
5. Location of views on the drawing. local views
III. Axonometric projections. technical drawing
6. Obtaining axonometric projections
7. Construction of axonometric projections
8. Axonometric projections of objects with round surfaces
9. Technical drawing
IV. Reading and executing blueprints
10. Analysis of the geometric shape of the object
11. Drawings and axonometric projections geometric bodies
12. Projections of vertices, edges and faces of an object
13. The order of construction of images in the drawings
14. Applying dimensions taking into account the shape of the object
15. Geometric constructions required when making drawings
16. Drawings of unfolded surfaces of geometric bodies
17. Order of reading parts drawings
V. Sketches
18. Making sketches of parts
19. Repetition of information about the methods of projection
VI. Sections and cuts
20. General information about sections and cuts
21. Assignment of sections
22. Rules for making sections
23. Appointment of incisions
24. Rules for making cuts
25. Connection of view and section
26. Thin walls and knitting needles in the cut
27. Other information about cuts and sections
VII. Determining the required number of images
28. Selecting the number of images and the main image
29. Conventions and simplifications in the drawings
VIII. assembly drawings
30. General information about the connections of parts
31. Image and thread designation
32. Drawings of bolted and stud joints
33. Drawings of key and pin connections
34. General information about assembly drawings of products
35. Order of reading assembly drawings
36. Conventions and simplifications on assembly drawings
37. The concept of detailing
IX. Reading construction drawings
38. Main features of construction drawings
39. Conditional images on construction drawings
40. Order of reading construction drawings
Appendix 1. Varieties of graphic images
Appendix 2. Note of computer technologies for performing graphic works.

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